THE FIRST GREEK BOOK
Copyright, 1896 by JOHN WILLIAMS WHITE, PH.D, LL.D.,    LITT.D.
Professor Of Greek At Harvard University
Revisel Copyright 2012 by Shawn Irwin 

Lesson I

The Alphabet.  Vowels, Consonants, Dipthongs.

S1. The Greek Alphabet has 24 letters.

Form            Phonetic Value         Name

Α, α		papa, father           	Alpha

Β, β		bed                         	Beta

Γ, γ			go, sing                  	Gamma

Δ, δ			do                              Delta

Ε, ε			met                            Epsilon

Ζ, ζ			adze                           Zeta

Η, η		prey              		Eta

Θ, θ		thin                            Theta

Ι, ι			pin, machine               Iota

Κ, κ		kill                            Kappa

Λ, λ		land                           Lambda

Μ, μ		men                           Mu

Ν, ν		now                           Nu

Ξ, ξ			wax                           Xi

Ο, ο		obey                          Omicron

Π, π		pet                             Pi

Ρ, ρ			run                             Rho

Σ, σ, ς		sit                         	Sigma

Τ, τ			tell                             Tau

Υ, υ		French u, German ό   Upsilon

Φ, φ		graphic                       Phi

Χ, χ		German  buch            Chi

Ψ, ψ		hips                            Psi

Ω, ω 		tone                            Omega

S2.  At the end of a word ς, elsewherε σ, as σκηνης, of a tent.

S3.  The vowels are α, ε, η, ι, ω, υ.  The remaining letters are consonants.

S4. Vowels are either short or long.  There are separate Greek characters (ε, η, ο, ω) for the e and o sounds, but not for a, i, and u sounds. In this book the long vowels are designated by α macron*, η, ι macron, ω, υ macron;  the short vowels are α, ε, ι, ο  υ.

* a macron is a line over the letter, a long vowel symbol.

S5. The consonants are divided into semivowe

s, mutes and double consonants.

S6. The semivowels are λ, μ, ν, ρ, σ, and γ-nasal (10).  λ, μ, ν, ρ  are liquids, σ is a siblant.

S7.  The mutes are of three classes, and of three orders.

Classes
Labial   or  π-mutes π, β, φ
Palatal  or  κ-mutes κ, γ, χ
Lingual or  τ-mutes 	τ, δ, θ

Orders
Smooth mutes   	π, κ, τ
Middle  mutes    β, γ, δ
Rough  mutes    	φ, χ, θ

S8. Mutes of the same class are called cognate, those of the same order co-ordinate.

S9. The double consonants are ξ (for κς), ψ (for πς), and  ζ.

S10.  The consonants are pronounced, in general like their English equivalents; but gamma before κ, γ, χ, or ξ equals (sounds like) the ng in sing, and is called gamma nasal.

S11. The Dipthongs are  αι, αυ, ει, ευ, οι, ου, ηυ, υι, ᾳ, ῃ, ῳ. The last three, formed by writing ι  under α, η, ω, are called improper  diphthongs.  Their second vowel is called iota subscript.

Give the phonetic value for each letter in the alphabet.

S12. The diphthongs are pronounced:

αι as in aisle

αυ  as ou in hour

ει as in eight

υι as in quit

οι as in oil

ου as in group

ευ as ĕh-oo *

ηυ as ĕh-oo *

* For these there is no exact equivalents in English.

S13. Give the name of each letter, and the phonetic value of each single vowel, consonant, and diphthong in the following words:

῾ημερα,  day
σκηνη, tent
᾿ανθρωπος, man
βουλευει,   he plans
῾οπλιτης,  hoplite
᾿εν  τη  χωρᾳ,   in the country		
῾υιος,  son
λογοι,  speeches
᾿ῳκησα,  I dwelt				
῾ωδε,  thus
θυρα,   door					
᾿εν σκηνη,  in a tent
᾿αγετε,  yous* lead
῾αμαξα,  wagon
῾αρπαζω, I plunder
 φοβερος,  frightful
᾿αυτος,  self,  Latin ipse
᾿εν λογῳ,  in a speech 		
῾Ελληνικος,  Greek
᾿αγαθος,   good
 θυραι,  doors
 λυουσι,  they loose
᾿αγγελος,  messenger
 δωρον,  gift
χορα,   country					
 ψελιον,  bracelet
 λογος,  speech
᾿οικεω,  I dwell
᾿Αρτεμις,  Artemis
᾿οικοι,   at home

* In certain dialects of English, the word yous as opposed to you is used denoting the second person plural.  This usage, while it may be slightly improper, can be very useful for distinguishing between the second person singular and the second person plural.

Lesson II

Breathings, Syllables, Elision, Accent, Punctuation.

S14.  Every vowel or diphthong at the beginning of a word has either the rough breathing ( ῾  ) or the smooth breathing (  ᾿  ).  The rough breathing shows that the vowel is aspirated, i.e. that it is preceded by the sound of h, as ῾ημέρα, day,  ῾υιόs,  son, ῾Ελληνικόs,  Greek,  the smooth breathing shows that the vowel is not aspirated, as ᾿άγω,  I lead,   ᾿Αρτεμις,  Artimis, ᾿ωκησα, I dwelt.

S15.  A Greek word has as many syllables as it has separate vowels or diphthongs.  A Syllable is long by nature when it has a long vowel or diphthong.

In dividing a word into syllables, single consonants and combinations of consonants which can begin a word are, with few exceptions,  placed at the beginning of the syllable; other combinations of consonants are divided.  Thus φο-βε-ρός, frightful  ῾ο-πλῑ-της, hoplite but ῾αρ-πά-ζω,  I plunder.

S16. A short final vowel may be dropped when the next word begins with a vowel, whether this has the rough or the smooth breathing.  This is called Elision.  An apostrophe marks the omission.  Thus ᾿επ᾿αυτόν, against him, for ᾿επι᾿αυτόν.

S17.  Most words ending in σι, and all the verbs of the third person ending in ε, generally add ν, when the next word begins with a vowel, as ᾿εχυοσιν᾿οικιᾱς, they have houses ᾿εχεν ᾿οικιᾱν,  he had a house.   This is called  ν movable.  It may also be added at the end of a sentence.

Note:  This text is in electronic format for the specific purpose of allowing searching and dictionary look-up; as a result, and to this end, most Greek accents and macrons are not shown in later chapters.
      Ancient Greek pronunciation is a subject which scholars still find to be uncertain, and this study guide is not  made for those who want to go into advance study of Ancient Greek pronunciation , it is for those who simply want to enjoy the pleasure of reading Ancient Greek.  Several accent rules will follow, but are not necessarily included in later chapters. 

S18. There are three accents: 
the acute (ό), as ᾿αγαθός,  good   ῾ημέρα, day  ῾ώστε,  so that, so as, wherefore  the grave 
(᾿ ), as σκηναὶ ᾿αγαθαι, good tents the circumflex ( ^ ), as  σκηνῆς*, of a tent ῾ῶδε,  thus ᾿εν σκηναῖς,  in tents.   

* Α trema (~) is used instead of a circumflex, due to font character limitiations. As stated above though, this text will not be including most accent marks in the following chapters. 

S19. The acute can stand only on one of the last three syllables of a word, the circumflex only on one of the last two, and the grave only on the last. 

S20. The circumflex can stand only on a long syllable.  When long ᾱ, ῑ, ῡ have the circumflex, the long mark is omitted, and the are written ᾶ, ῖ, ῦ.

Definition:  The ultima is the last syllable in a word, the penult is the second-to-last syllable in a word, and the antepenult is the syllable before the penult. i.e.

  (prefix)-antepenult-penult-ultima*

* a prefix may or may not exist.

S21. The antepenult, if accented, takes the acute, as ᾿άνθρωπος,  man; but it can have no accent if the last syllable is long or ends in ξ or ψ,  as ᾿ανθρώπου,  of a man. 

S22. An accented penult is circumflexed when it is long while the last syllable is short, as δῶρου, gift,  Otherwise, it takes the acute, δωρου, of a gift, χωρᾱ, land, country.

S23.  Final αι and οι  are counted as short in determining the accent, as ῾άμαξαι,  wagons  χῶραι, lands, except in the optative, and the adverb ᾿οικοι,  at home.

S24. An accented ultima has the acute when short, as ᾿αγαθός, good;  the acute or circumflex when
long, as σκηνή,  tent,  σκηνῆς,  of a tent.

S25. A word which, like σκηνή, tent, has the acute on the last syllable is called the oxytone (i.e. sharp-tones). An oxytone changes its acute to the grave before other words in the same sentence, as σκηνὴ ᾿αγαθῃ, a good tent.

S26. Some monosyllables  have no accent and are closely attached to the following word, as ᾿εν σκεν
in a tent.  These are called proclitics. 

S27. An enclitic is a word which loses its own accent and is pronounced as if it were part of the preceding word, as ᾿άνθρωποι τε,  hominesque in Latin.

S28. The Greek uses the comma and period as in English.  It also has a colon, ( · ) a point above the line, which is equivalent to the English colon and semicolon.  The mark of interrogation is ( ; ), it is the same as the English semicolon.  So in Greek,  “ ;” is equal to the English “?”.

Lesson III

S29. There are five cases in Greek, the nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, and vocative.

S30. The nominative and vocative plural are always alike.  In neuters, the nominative, accusative, and vocative are alike in all numbers; in the plural, these end in α.

S31. There are three numbers, the singular, the dual (which denotes two objects), and the plural.

S32.   There are three genders, masculine, feminine, and neuter.

S33. As in Latin, names of males, and of rivers, winds, and months are masculine; names of females, and of countries, towns, trees and islands, and most nouns denoting qualities or conditions are feminine.

S34.  There are three declensions, the First, or A-declension,
the Second, or O-declension, and the Third, or Consonant Declension.  The first two together are
sometimes called the Vowel Declension, as opposed to the Third.

S35. The place of accent in the nominative singular of a noun or adjective must generally be learned by observation.  The other forms accent the same syllable as the nominative, if the last syllable permits (21); otherwise the following syllable.

S36. In the genitive and dative of all numbers, a long ultima, if accented, takes the circumflex.

A-Declension - Feminines in ᾱ.

S37. Nouns of the a-declension end in ᾱ, η, or α (feminine), or in long ᾱς or ης (masculine).
Feminines generally end in ᾱ if ε, ι, or ρ precedes the ending.

S38.                                            Paradigms
			χωρα   country
Singular:
Nominative        χωρα             country
Genitive            χωρας        	of country
Dative               χωρᾳ      	to country, or,  for country
Accusative        χωραν     	country (as the object)
Vocative           χωρα      	oh, country

Plural:
Nominative    	χωραι     	countries
Genitive          	χωρων     of countries
Dative           	χωραις    	to counties of for countries
Accusative  	χωρας      countries (the object)
Vocative      	χωραι      	oh, countries

Dual:
Nominative, Accusative, 
or Vocative 
                          χωρα     	two countries,
 			  		oh, two countries

Genitive, Dative   
			χωραιν  	of two countries
					to two countries
					for two countries

		στρατια   soldier
Singular:
Nominative      στρατια  		soldier
Genitive           στρατιας    	of soldier
Dative              στρατιᾳ  		to soldier or for soldier
Accusative       στρατιαν      	soldier (as the object)
Vocative          στρατια  		oh, soldier

Plural:
Nominative  	στρατιαι     	soldiers
Genitive           στρατιων 	of soldiers
Dative              στρατιαις  	to soldiers, for soldiers
Accusative       στρατιας      	soldiers (the object)
Vocative          στρατιαι		oh, soldiers

Dual:
Nominative, Accusative, 
or Vocative
		      		στρατια   	two soldiers,
							oh, two soldiers

Genitive, Dative   	στρατιαν  	of two soldiers
							to two soldiers
							for two soldiers

		῾η  μικρα  θυρα  the small door
Singular:
Nominative	῾η  μικρα  θυρα		the small door
Genitive		της μικρας  θυρας  		of a small door
Dative		τη  μικρᾳ  θυρα 		to a small door
								for a small door
Accusative	την  μικραν  θυραν  	small door
								(as the object)
Vocative		μικρα  θυρα        		oh, small door

Plural:
Nominative	῾αι  μικρα  θυρα		small doors
Genitive		των μικρων θυρων  	of small doors
Dative	ταις  μικραις  θυραις    		to small doors
		         			     		for small doors
Accusative   τας  μικρας  θυρας  		small doors
Vocative	    μικραι  θυραι          		oh, small doors

Dual:
Nominative, Accusative, 
or Vocative
      		τω μικρα  θυρα     	two small doors,
			          		oh, two small doors

Genitive, Dative
		τοιν  μικρα  θυρα  	of two small doors
						to two small doors
						for two small doors

S39. The genitive plural of nouns of this declension always
has a circumflex on the last syllable.

a. For the accent of the other forms, see 35, 22 (final 	αι is  short, 23), 36.  The forms ῾η, ῾αι of 
the article are proclitic (26).  The vocative of the article does not occur.

b. The nominative and vocative of these nouns, both singular and plural, are alike (30).

S40.       	VOCABULARY
᾽αγορα, ας, ῾η  market-place
῾ημερα, ας, ῾η   day
 θυρα, ας, ῾η  door
᾽οικια, ας, ῾η   house
 στρατια, ας, ῾η   army
 χωρα, ας, ῾η  place, land, country
 μακρα   adjective, long
 μικρα   adjective, small
᾽εν   preposition with dative,  in (a proclitic).
᾽ην  (he, she, it) was
᾽ησαν   they were
᾽εχει  (he, she, it) has
᾽εχουσι   they have

a. The gender of a noun is indicated by placing after it the corresponding form of the definite article, as ᾽αγορα, ας, ῾η,  where ῾η signifies that ᾽αγορα is feminine.

S41. Read and Translate
1.  ᾽οικιαι μικραι.
     The small house.

2.  ᾽εν ταις ᾽αγραις.    
      Into the marketplace

3.  ᾽εν ᾽οικιᾳ μικρᾳ.   
      In small houses

4. ῾η ᾽οικια θυραν ᾽εχει.    
     The house α door it has.

5. ῾η ῾ημερα μακρα ᾽ην.    
    The day lengthy it was.

 6.  στρατιας μικρας ᾽εχουσι.  
      A small army they have.

7. ῾αι οικιαι θυρας ᾽εχουσι.   
    The houses doors they have.

8. ᾽εν τῃ χωπᾳ ᾽οικιαι ᾽ησαν.   
    For in the country houses they were.

9. ῾αι ᾽οικιαι μικραι ᾽ησαν.   
     The houses small they were.

10. ῾μικραι ᾽ησαν ῾αι θυραι των ᾽οικων.
      Small they were, the doors of the houses.

S42. Translate:
1. Of a long day.
    μακρας ῾ημερας.

2. For small armies.
    μικριαις στρατιαις.

3. In the market place.
    ᾿εν ᾿αγορα.

4. The country was small.
    ῾η χωρα μικρα ᾿ησαν.

5. He has a small house.
    ᾽εχιε μικριας οικιας.

Lesson IV

A-declension.  -  feminines in  η 

S43.   If ε, ι, or ρ does not precede (37),  feminines generally end in η.   This  η  appears only in the singular.

S44. PARAD	IGMS

SINGULAR    VILLAGE  
N.     κωμη      	village
G.     κωμης	of a village
D.     κωμῃ	to or for a village
A.     κωμην	village  (the object)
V.     κωμη	O village

PLURAL 		VILLAGES       
N.     κωμαι            	villages
G.     κωμων  		of villages
D.     κωμαις  		to or for villages
A.     κωμας   		villages  (the objects) 
V.     κωμαι  		O villages

DUAL
N.A.V.   κωμα  	two villages, 
				O, two villages

G.D.    κωμαιν  	of two villages, 
				to two villages
				for two villages

SINGULAR     THE FINE TENT
N.  	 ῾η καλη σκηνη		the fine tent
G.     της καλης σκηνης		of a fine tent
D.     τῃ καλῃ σκηνῃ		to a fine tent
						for a fine tent
A.     την καλην σκηνην    	the fine tent (the object)
V.      καλη σκηνη     		O, fine tent

PLURAL THE FINE TENTS        
N.      ῾αι καλαι σκηναι     	tents
G.      των καλων σκηνων 	of tents
D.      ταις καλαις σκηναις 	to tents
						for tents

A.      τας καλας σκηνας     	tents (the objects)
V.      καλαι σκηναι			O, tents

DUAL
N.A.V.     τω καλα σκηνα    two tents
					     O, two tents

G.D.        τοιν καλαιν σκηναιν   	of two tents
						       	to two tents
							for two tents

SINGULAR     THE SMALL TENT
N.  	 ῾η μικρα σκηνη		the small tent
G.     της μικρας σκηνης 	of a small tent
D.     τῃ μικρᾳ σκηνῃ		to a small tent
						for a small tent
A.   την μικραν σκηνην   	the small tent (the object)
V.    μικρα σκηνη     		O, small tent

PLURAL THE FINE TENTS        
Ν.      ῾αι μικραι σκηναι     	small tents
G.      των μικρων σκηνωn 	of small tents
D.      ταις μικραις σκηναις 	to small tents
						for small tents

A.    τας μικρας σκηνας     	small tents 
						(the objects)

V.      μικραι σκηναι		O, small tents

DUAL
N.A.V.     τω μικρα σκηνα    	two small tents
					        O, two small tents

G.D.        τοιν μικραιν σκηναιν      of two small tents
							to two small tents
							for two small tents

S45.		Vocabulary.

κραυγη, ης, ῾η  outcry, uproar
κωμη, ης ῾η   village
μαχη, ης, ῾η  battle, fight 
σκηνη, ης, ῾η  tent
σφενδονη, ης, ῾η   sling
κακη  adjective,  bad
καλη  adjective, beautiful, fine
φοβερα  adjective,   frightful, fearful
και  conjugation  and, also

S46.
1.  ᾽εν τῃ κωμῃ ᾽ησαν μικραι σκηναι.   
     In the village there are small tents.

 2.  ῾αι μικραι ᾽οικιαι κακαι ᾽ησαν.     
      The small houses were bad.

 3.  ῾αι σκηναι καλαι ᾽ησαν.
      The tents beautiful they were.

 4.  ᾽εν τῃ κωμῃ μαχη φοβερα ᾽ην.
       In the village a battle frightful it was.

 5.  ῾η κραυγη της στρατιας φοβερα ᾽ην. 
	The shouts of the soldiers fearful it was.

 6.  ᾽εν ταις καλαις  κωμαις ᾽ησαν ᾽οικιαι.
       In the beautiful villages there were houses.

 7.  σφενδονην ᾽εχει ᾽εν τη σκηνῃ
      Slings they had in the tent.

 8.  κραυγη φοβερα ᾽εν ταις κομαις ᾽ην. 
	A shout of fear in the villages it was.

 9.  ᾽εν ταις σκηνηαις ᾽ησαν ῾αι σφενδοναι.
	In the tents there were slings.

10.  ῾η οικια μικρα ᾽ην  και ῾η σκηνη κακη.   
        The house small it was and the tent bad.

S47.
1. In the villages were tents.    
   ᾽εν ῾αι κωμαι σκηνας ᾽ησαν.

2. They have slings in the tents.   
    ᾽εν τας σκηνας ᾽εσαν ῾αι σφενδοναι.

3. The battles were fearful.     
   ῾αι μαχαι φοβερα ᾽εσαν.

4. There was a small house in the village.  
    ᾽εσαν ῾η ᾽οικια μικρα ᾽εν την κωμην.

5. They have tents and slings.  
     ᾽εχουσι σκηναι και σφενδοναι

Lesson V

S48. The Greek verb has three voices, the active, middle and passive.

S49. There are four Moods - the indicative, subjunctive, optative, and imperative.  These are the finite moods.  To them are added, in the conjugation of the verb, the infinitive and participles.

S50. There are seven Tenses - the present, imperfect, future, aorist, perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect.  The present, future, perfect, and the future perfect indicative are called primary tenses; the imperfect, aorist, and pluperfect indicative are called secondary tenses.

S51. There are three Persons.

S52. There are three Numbers, as in nouns (31).

S53. The accent of verbs is recessive, i.e. it is thrown as far back as possible.

S54. The Stem of a verb is its fundamental part, from which its various tenses are formed.  
The stem of  λυο,  loose, is λυ. 
The stem of   βουλευω,  plan, is  βουλευ.
The stem of  πεμπω,  send, is  πεμπ.

Present Indicative Active
S55.               Paradigms
SINGULAR				PLURAL
λυο,  I loose			λυομεν,  we loose
λυιες, you loose		λυετε,  yous loose
λυει, he looses			λυουσι,  they loose

DUAL
λυετον   the two loose
λυετον

SINGULAR				PLURAL
βουλευω,  I plan		βουλευομεν,  we plan
βουλευιες, you plan	βουλευετε,  yous plan
βουλευει, he plans		βουλευουσι,  they plan

DUAL
βουλευετον   the two plan
βουλευετον

SINGULAR				PLURAL
πεμπω,  I send			πεμπομεν,  we send
πεμπιες, you send		πεμπετε,  yous send
πεμπει, he sends		πεμπουσι,  they send

DUAL
πεμπετον   the two send
πεμπετον

SINGULAR					PLURAL
῾αρπαζω,  I plunder	 	῾αρπαζομεν,  we plunder
῾αρπαζιες, you plunder  		῾αρπαζετε,  yous plunder
῾αρπαζει, he plunders   		῾αρπαζουσι,  they plunder

DUAL
῾αρπαζετον   the two loose
῾αρπαζετον

S56.        Vocabulary
᾽αγω,  lead, carry, bring
῾αρπαζω,  sieze, rob, plunder
 βουλευω,  plan, plot
᾽εχω,  have, hold
  λυω,  loose, destroy, break
  πεμπω,  send
῾Ελληνικη,  adjective, Greek
  πυλη, ης, ῾η,  gate
  φυλακη, ης, ῾η,  guard, garrison

᾽εξ,  (before vowel),  ᾽εκ, (before a consonant), preposition 
         with genitive, out of, from (a proclitic).

᾽ου, (before a consonant), ᾽ουκ, (before a smooth 
        breathing), ουχ, (before a rough breathing),  adverb,  
        not  (a proclitic).

S57.  	1.  βουλευει.    	He plans.
	2.  λυουσι.         	They destroy.
	3. ᾽εχεις.          	You have.
	4.  πεμπεις.      	You send.
	5. ᾽εχετε.                	Yous have.
	6.  βουλευομεν.      	We plan.
	7. ῾αγω.   		I lead.
	8. ῾αρπαζει.   		He siezes.
	9. ῾αρπαζετε.  		Yous sieze.
	10. πεμπουσι.		They send.

S58.  
1. He plunders.    		῾αρπαζει.
2. We lead.    			῾αγομεν.
3. They plan.   		βουλευουσι.
4. You send.			πεμπεις. 
5. I loose.				λυω.

S59.  
1. ᾽αγω στρατιαν ῾Ελληνικην.
     I lead the Greek army.

2.  τας καλας σκηνας λυουσι.
     The beautiful tents they destroy.

3.  ᾽ουχ ῾αρπαζω τας κωμας.
     I do not sieze the villages.

4.   την φυλακην ᾽αγουσιν ᾽εκ των σκηνων.
      The guard they lead out of their tents.

5.  ᾽εχουσιν ᾽οικιας καλας.
      They have homes beautiful.

6.  ῾αι κωμαι πυλας ᾽ουκ ᾽εχουσιν.
     Gates the villages they do not have.

7.  ᾽ου πεμπομεν την φυλακην.
      We do not send the guard.

8.  ῾αρπαζετε την χωραν.
     ῃou all plunder the place.

9.  ᾽εκ των κωμων πεμπει την στρατιαν.
      Out of the villages he sends the army.

10.  ᾽εκ της ᾽αγορας αγεις την  ῾Ελληνικην  φυλακην;
       Out of the fields you lead the Hellenic guard.

S60.  
1. Has he a Greek guard?   
    ᾽εχει ῾Ελληνικη  φυλακη;
   
2. We are not destroying the gates.
    ᾽ουκ ῾αρπαζομεν τας πυλας.

3. I am sending the garrison.   
    πεμπω τας φυλακας.

4. ῃou have a beautiful house.
    ᾽εχεις ᾽οικια καλαι.

5.  He is not plundering the houses in the village.
     ᾽ουκ ῾αρπαζει τας οικιας ᾽εν την κωμην.

Lesson VI

A-Declension.  Feminines in α.

S61. A few feminines end in  α  (short).  This  α  appears only in the nominative, accusative, and vocative singular.  The genitive and dative have  ᾱ, if  ε, ι, or  ρ precedes, otherwise η.

S62.                            Paradigms
				 γεφυρα  bridge
SINGULAR		
Nominative       	 γεφυρα  
Genitive			 γεφυρας  
Dative			  γεφυρᾳ
Accusative		  γεφυραν
Vocative			  γεφυρα   (Same as Nomanitive)

PLURAL
Nominative       	 γεφυραι  
Genitive			 γεφυρων  
Dative			  γεφυραις
Αccusative		  γεφυρας
Vocative			  γεφυραι   (Same as Nomanitive)

DUAL
Nominative, Accusative, Vocative		  γεφυρα
Genative, Dative					  γεφυραιν

				 θαλαττα  sea
SINGULAR		
Nominative     		θαλαττα  
Genitive			θαλαττης  
Dative			θαλαττῃ
Accusative		θαλατταν
Vocative			θαλαττα   (Same as Nomanitive)

PLURAL
Nominative       	 θαλατται  
Genitive			 θαλαττων  
Dative			  θαλατταις
Accusative		  θαλαττας
Vocative			  θαλατται   (Same as Nomanitive)

DUAL
Nominative, Accusative, Vocative		  θαλαττα
Genative, Dative					  θαλατταιν

			 μαχαιρα ᾿αγαθη  a good sabre
SINGULAR		
Nominative       	 μαχαιρα  ᾿αγαθη 
Genitive			 μαχαιρας ᾿αγαθης
Dative			  μαχαιρᾳ  ᾿αγαθῃ
Accusative		  μαχαιραν  ᾿αγαθην
Vocative			  μαχαιρα  ᾿αγαθη  

PLURAL
Nominative       	μαχαιραι  ᾿αγαθαι
Genitive			μαχαιρων  ᾿αγαθων
Dative			μαχαιραις  ᾿αγαθαις
Accusative		μαχαιρας  ᾿αγαθας
Vocative			μαχαιραι  ᾿αγαθαι

DUAL
Nominative Accusative Vocative	μαχαιρα ᾿αγαθα
Genative, Dative			  	μαχαιραιν ᾿αγαθαιν

S63.  Vocabulary
῾αμαξα, ης, ῾η,   wagon
 γεφυρα, ας, ῾η,  bridge
 θαλαττα, ης, ῾η,  sea
 μαχαιρα, ας, ῾η  (compare μαχη),   knife, sabre
 πελτη, ης, ῾η,  shield, target
 τραπεζα, ης, ῾η,  table
᾿αγαθη,  adjective,   good, brave
 στηνη,  adjective,   narrow
῾εις,   preposition with accusative, into, to  (a proclitic) ᾽επι,   preposition with genitive, on, upon  with dative,  on, by, at  with accusative,   upon, to, against.

S64.
1.  ῾η  θαλαττα  στηνη ᾽ην.
      The sea narrow it was.

2.  ᾽εχει ᾽οικιας ᾽επι  τῃ  θαλαττῃ;
      Does he have houses by the sea? 

3.   τραπεζας ᾽επι των ῾αμαξων ᾽αγετε.
      Τables on the wagons you all are carrying. 

4. ᾽εις την ᾽αγοραν πεμπουσιν ῾αμαξας.
     Into the market-place they send wagons.

5. ᾽επι τῃ γεφυρᾳ φυλακην ᾽εχει ᾽αγαθην. 
    On the bridge he has a brave guard. 

6. πελτας ᾽εχομεν  και μαχαιρας ᾽αγαθας.
    Shields we have,  and good sabres.

7. ᾽επι την  θαλατταν ᾽ουκ ᾽αγω την φυλακην.
     To the sea, I do not lead the garrison.

8. πεμπεις  μαχαιρας  τῃ  στρατιᾳ;
    Are you sending sabres to the army?

9. ᾽επι την γεφυραν ᾽ουκ ᾽αγει την στρατιαν.
     Upon the bridge he is not leading the army. 

10. την  χωραν ῾αρπαζεις ᾽εκ  θαλαττης ᾽εις  θαλατταν.
      The land you plunder from sea to sea.

S65. 
1. We are destroying the tables.
     λύομεν τὰς τραπέζας.

2. They are not plundering the wagons.
    οὐχ ἁρπάζουσι τὰς ἁμάξας.

3. The bridges are long and narrow.
     αἱ γέφυραι ἦσαν μακραὶ καὶ στεναί.

4. Is he bringing the sabres on the wagon?
    ἄγει τὰς μαχαίρας ἐπὶ τῆς ἁμάξης;

5. He does not lead the garrison from the villages to the sea.
    οὐκ ἄγει τὴν φυλακὴν ἐκ τῶν κωμῶν εἰς τὴν θάλατταν.

Lesson VII

Imperfect Indicative Active 

S66. In the secondary tenses (50) of the indicative, the verb 
receives an augment (i.e. increase) at the beginning.

S67. Augment is of two kinds:

1. Syllabic augment, which prefixes ε to verbs beginning with a consonant,  as  λυω, imperfect ᾽ε-λυον,   I was loosing.

2. Temporal augment, which lengthens the first syllable of verbs beginning with a vowel or diphthong, as ᾽αγω, imperfect  ᾽ηγον  I was leading.  When augmented, α and ε become η;   ι, ο, υ become  
ῑ, ω, ῡ;   αι and ᾳ become ῃ;   οι becomes ῳ.     a. ᾽εχω irregularly has the imperfect ᾽ειχον.

S68.  The imperfect indicative represents an action as going on in past time, as ᾽ελυον,  I was loosing,  I loosed.

S69. 			PARADIGMS
SINGULAR			PLURAL
᾽ελυον				᾽ελυομεν
᾽ελυες				᾽ελυετε
᾽ελυε				᾽ελυον

DUAL
᾽ελυετον
᾽ελυετην

SINGULAR			  PLURAL
᾽εβουλευον			᾽εβουλευομεν
᾽εβουλευες			᾽εβουλευετε
᾽εβουλευε			᾽εβουλευον

DUAL
᾽εβουλευετον
᾽εβουλευετην

SINGULAR			  PLURAL
᾽επεμπον				᾽επεμπομεν
᾽επεμπες				᾽επεμπετε
᾽επεμπε				᾽επεμπον

DUAL
᾽επεμπετον
᾽επεμπετην

SINGULAR			PLURAL
῾αρπαζον				῾αρπαζομεν
῾αρπαζες				῾αρπαζετε
῾αρπαζε				῾αρπαζον

DUAL
῾αρπαζετον
῾αρπαζετην

S70. Verbs have recessive accent (53).  But, under the general laws, the accent sometimes shifts (19), as ᾽ελυον,  ᾽ελουμεν, etc., sometimes changes  (21), as ᾽ειχον,  I had,  ᾽ειχομεν,  we had.

Review the meanings of all the words given in the vocabularies of Lesson III thru Lesson VI.

S71.
1.  ᾽ελυετε.     			ῃous were destroying.
2. ᾽ηγον.          		I was leading.
3.  ᾽ειχετε.       		ῃous were having.
4.  ᾽ελυον.        		I was destroying.
5.   ᾽ηγες.          		ῃou were leading.
6.   ᾽ειχε.            		He was having.
7.  ᾽εβουλευες.		ῃou were planning.
8. ᾽επεμπε.			He was sending.
9.  ῾ηρπαζομεν.		We were seizing.
10.  ᾽εβουλευομεν.		We were planning.

S72. 
1. I loosed.			᾽ελυον
2. We had			᾽ειχομεν
3. ῃou sent.			᾽επεμπες
4.  He planned.		᾽εβουλευε
5. They plundered.		῾ηρπαζον

S73.
1.  ῾η  οικια  θυρας  καλας  ᾽ειχε. 
      The house a doors beautiful it had.

2.  την  φυλακην  ᾽επεμπεν*  ᾽εις  την κωμην.
      The guard he sent into the village.

    * for  ν movable, see 17.

3.  ᾽εν  ταις  κωμαις  καλας  ᾽ειχεν ᾽οικιας.
      In the village, he had beautiful houses.

4. ῾ηρπαζες  τας  σκηνας;
      Were you seizing the tents?

5. ᾽εκ  της ᾽οικιας ᾽ουκ ᾽ηγες  την φυλακην.
      Out of the home you were not leading the guard.

6. ᾽ουχ ῾ηρπαζομεν  τας  μικπας  κωμας.
      We were not plundering the small villages.

7. ῾αμαξας ᾽εν  τῃ ᾽αγορᾳ ᾽ειχετε.
      The wagons in the market-place yous had.

8. ᾽επι  την  θαλατταν ᾽ηγον  την ῾Ελληνικην  φυλακην.
      To the sea I lead the Hellenic garrison.

9.  μαχαιρας  και  σφενδονας ᾽επι  της ῾αμαξης ᾽ηγεν.*
      Sabres and slings on the wagons he was carrying.

    * for  ν movable, see 17.

10.  φυλακην ῾Ελληνικην ᾽επεμπομεν ᾽εις  την ᾽αγοραν.
      The garrison Hellenic we sent into the market-place.

S74. 
1. He was destroying the tents.
    ῾αρπαζε την σκηνην.

2. We did not send the garrison to the bridge.
   ᾽ουκ ᾽επεμπομεν την φυλακην ᾽επι την γεφυραν.

3. They plundered the wagons.
    ῾αρπαζομεν την ῾αμαξην.

4. They did not lead the army from the village.
     ᾽ουκ ᾽ηγομεν την στρατιαν ᾽εις την κωμην.

5. ῃou lead the guard from the houses to the sea.
   ᾽ηγες την φυλακην ᾽εις τας ᾽οικιας ᾽επι την θαλαττην.

Lesson VΙΙΙ

O-Declension

S75. Nouns of the O-Declension end in  ος  (masculine, rarely feminine) or in  ον  (neuter).

S76.                     	Paradigms
  ῾ο  λογος   word

SINGULAR
Nominative		λογος   word
Genitive			λογου  of a word
Dative			λογῳ  to a word,  for a word
Accusative		λογον  word
Vocative			λογε  O, word

PLURAL
Nominative		λογοι     words
Genitive			λογων   of a words
Dative			λογοις    to words,  for words
Accusative		λογους     words
Vocative			λογοι      O, words

DUAL
Nominative, Accusative, Vocative     λογω  the two words
							              O, two words
Genitive, Dative     λογοιν	of the  two words
					    	to the two words
						for the two words

  ῾ο  αγαθος ᾽ανθροπος   the good man

SINGULAR
Nominative	῾ο αγαθος ᾽ανθροπος   
					the good man

Genitive	       του αγαθου ᾽ανθροπου  
				of a good man

Dative		τῳ  αγαθῳ ᾽ανθροπῳ  
			to a good man,  for a good man

Accusative	 τον  αγαθον ᾽ανθροπον
				  the good man

Vocative			αγαθε ᾽ανθροπε  oh, good man

PLURAL
Nominative	῾οι αγαθοι ᾽ανθροποι   good men

Genitive		των αγαθων ᾽ανθροπων   
				of a good men

Dative		τοις  αγαθοις ᾽ανθροποις
			    to good men,   for good men

Accusative	τους  αγαθους ᾽ανθροπους 
				good men

Vocative		αγαθοι ᾽ανθροποι      oh, good men

DUAL
Nominative Accusative Vocative
	τω αγαθω ᾽ανθροπω  
			the two good men
			O, two good man

Genitive, Dative    
	τοιν αγαθοιν ᾽ανθροποιν   
		of the  two good men
		to the two good man
		for the two good man

το  καλον  δωρον   the fine gift

SINGULAR
Nominative	το  καλον  δωρον
				the fine gift

Genitive	       του  καλου  δωρου
				of a fine gift

Dative		τῳ  καλῳ  δωρῳ
			to a fine gift,  for a fine gift

Accusative	 το  καλον  δωρον
				  the fine gift

Vocative			καλον  δωρον
				oh, fine gift

PLURAL
Nominative	τα  καλα  δωρα
			  fine gifts

Genitive		των  καλων  δωρων
			of a fine gifts

Dative		τοις  καλοις  δωροις
		    to fine gifts,   for fine gifts

Accusative	τα  καλα  δωρα
				fine gifts

Vocative		  καλα  δωρα
		          oh, fine gifts

DUAL
Nominative, Accusative, Vocative    
	τω καλω δωρω
		the two fine gifts
		oh, two fine gifts
Genitive, Dative    
	τοιν  καλοιν  δωροιν
		of the  two fine gift
		to the two fine gifts
		for the two fine gifts

a. The forms  ῾ο, ῾οι   are proclitic (26).

b.   Observe the cases that are alike (30).

S77. The masculine and neuter of the adjectives thus far giver follow the O-Declension, the feminine the A-Declension.  The nominative singular, therefore ends in  ος, η  or  α, ον   (Latin us, a, um), as follows:

 ᾽αγαθος, ᾽αγαθη, ᾽αγαθον,   good

῾Ελληνικος, ῾Ελληνικη, ῾Ελληνικον  Greek.

 κακος, κακη, κακον   cowardly, bad.

 καλος, καλη, καλον,   beautiful.

μακρος, μακρα, μακρον,   long

 μικρος,  μικα, μικρον,   narrow

 στενος, στενη, στενον,   narrow

 φοβερος, φοβερα, φοβερον,    frightful

S78.	Vocabulary
 ᾽ανθροπος, ου, ῾ο, ῾η,  man, human being.  Latin, homo.
 ῾ιππος, ου, ῾ο,   horse.
 λογος, ου, ῾ο,   word, speech.
 πολεμος, ου, ῾ο,   war
 συμμαχος, ου, ῾ο,    ally.
 δωρον, ου, το,    gift.
 πεδιον, ου, το,   plain.
 χωριον, ου, το (compare χωρα),  small place, place, 
        spot. 
 και.....και,    both.....and.

a.  The article placed after the noun indicates its gender,  ῾ο the masculine, ῾η  the feminine,   το the neuter.

S79.
1.  δωρα ᾽επεμπε  τῃ  στρατιᾳ;
     Gifts he is sending to the army? 

2. ᾽εν  τῳ  χωριῳ ᾽ηςαν ᾽οικιαι.
    In the country, there were homes.

3. ῾ο  πολεμος  φοβερος ᾽ην.
     The war fearful it was.

4. ᾽εις  το  πεδιον ᾽επεμπεν ᾽ανθροπους.
     To the plain he sent the men.

5.  τους ῾ιππους ᾽αγομεν ᾽εκ  του χωριου.
     The horses we were leading out of the place.

6. ᾽εν  τῳ  πεδιῳ ᾽ησαν  και ῾ιπποι  και ᾽ανθρωποι.
    In the plain there were horses and men.

7.  δωρα  πεμπομεν  μεν  τοις συμμαχοις.
     Gifts we are sending to the allies.

8. ῾οι  συμαχοι ᾽εν  πολεμῳ  κακοι ᾽εσαν.
    The allies for the enemy were cowards.

9.  ῾οι  των  συμαχων  λογοι  καλοι ᾽ησαν.
     The allies words beautiful they were.

10. ᾽εν τῳ  πεδιῳ ᾽ησαν ῾οι  των ᾽ανθρωπων ῾ιπποι.
      In the plain was the horses of the men.

S80.
1. The allies had horses.
    ῾οι  συμαχοι ῾ιππους ᾽ειχον.

2. I lead the horse into the village.
    ᾽αγον τον ῾ιππον ᾽εις την κωμην.

3. The place was narrow.
     το χορον στηνον ᾽ην.     

4. The man was a coward (i.e. cowardly) in war.
    ῾ο ᾽ανθροπος ᾽ην κακος ᾽εν πολεμῳ.

5. He sent the horses to the allies.
    ῾ιππους ᾽επεμπεν ᾽εις τοις συμαχοις.

Lesson IX

O-Declension (continued)

S81. Learn the declension of the definite article in 758.  The vocative does not occur.  Greek, like Latin, has no definite article.

S82.                     	Paradigms

  ῾ο  ᾽οινος   wine

				SINGULAR
Nominative		᾽οινος   wine
Genitive			᾽οινου  of wine
Dative			᾽οινῳ  to wine,  for wine
Accusative		᾽οινον  wine
Vocative			᾽οινε  oh, wine

				PLURAL
Nominative		᾽οινοι     wines
Genitive			᾽οινων   of  wines
Dative			᾽οινοις    to wines,  for wines
Accusative		᾽οινους     wines

DUAL
Nominative, Accusative, Vocative    ᾽οινω  the two wines
							     	      O, two wines

Genitive, Dative     ᾽οινοιν	of the  two wines
					        to the two wines
						for the two wines

  ῾η  στενη  ῾οδος   the narrow road

				SINGULAR
Nominative	῾η  στενη  ῾οδος
					the narrow road

Genitive	       της  στενης  ῾οδου
				of a narrow road

Dative		τῃ  στενῃ  ῾οδῳ
			to a narrow road,  for a narrow road

Accusative	 την  στενην  ῾οδον
				  the narrow road

Vocative			στενη  ῾οδε
				oh, narrow road

				PLURAL
Νοminative	῾αι  στενια ῾οδοι
			  narrow roads

Genitive		των  στενωn ῾οδων
			of a narrow roads

Dative		ταις  στεναις ῾οδοις
		    to narrow roads,   for narrow roads

Accusative	τας  στενας ῾οδυοs
				narrow roads

DUAL
Nominative Accusative Vocative    
	τω στενα ῾οδω
		the two narrow roads
		O, two narrow roads

Genitive, Dative    
	τοιν  στεναιν  ῾οδοιν
		of the  two narrow roads
		to the two narrow roads
		for the two narrow roads

   πλοιον μακρον  a long boat
SINGULAR		
Nominative       	 πλοιον  μακρον 
Genitive			 πλοιου μακρου
Dative			  πλοιῳ  μακρῳ
Accusative		  πλοιον  μακρον
Vocative			  πλοιον  μακρον  

PLURAL
Nominative       	 πλοια  μακρα
Genitive			 πλοιων  μακρων
Dative			  πλοιοις  μακροις
Accusative		  πλοια  μακρα

DUAL
Nominative, Accusative, Vocative	  	
	πλοιω  μακρω

Genative, Dative			  
	πλοιοιν μακροιν

a. Adjectives agree with their nouns not only in case and number but also in gender.   See the Rule of Syntax in 805.  The adjective therefore may be of the A-Declension while the noun is of the O-Declension, as in ῾η  στενη  ῾οδος  above.

b. A  postpositive word is one which is never placed first in a sentence, but generally second.

S83. 		Vocabulary

 Κυρος, ου,῾ο,   Cyrus.
῾οδος, ου, ῾η,  road, way.
᾽οινος, ου, ῾ο,   wine
 ποταμος, ου, ῾ο,   river
 στρατηγος, ου,῾ο,   general
 φανερος, α, ον,   adjective, in plain sight, visible, evident
 θηριον, ου, το,    wild beast.
῾οπλον, ου, το,  impliment,  plural, arms
 πλοιον, ου, το,    boat
 τοξον, ου, το,    bow
῾ο,   the     masculine definite article
῾η,    the    feminine definite article
 το,   the   neuter definite article
᾽ω,   O,    interjection with vocative 
 δε,   but, and   conjunction  (a postpositive)

S84.
1.  στενη  ᾽ην ῾η ῾οδοs.
     Narrow it was the road.

2. ᾽εν  τῳ πεδιῳ ᾽ην*  θηρια.
     * A neuter plural subject in Greek regularly has its verb in the singular.  See rule of Syntax in 802.  
     In the plain, there were beasts.

3.  τα  πλοια  μακρα  ᾽ην.
     The boats long they were.

4. ᾽επι  τῳ  ποταμῳ  ᾽ην ῾ο στρατηγος.
     (By or On) the river, there was the general.

5.  τοξα  δε,᾽ω  Κυρε, ᾽ουκ  ᾽εχομεν.
     Bows, O Cyrus, we do not have.

6. ῾οδος  φανερα ᾽αγει ᾽εις  τας  του Κυρου κωμας.
     The way one can see into the village of Cyrus.

7. ᾽εις  το  πεδιον ῾ο  στρατηγος ᾽επεμπε  τους ῾ιππους.
     Into the plain the general was sending the horses.

8.  τῳ  στρατηγῳ ᾽οινον  Κυρος ᾽επεμπε.
     For the general, wine Cyrus was sending. 

9. ῾η ῾οδος, ᾽ω  Κυρε,᾽αγει ᾽εις  πεδιον καλον. 
     The way, O Cyrus, leads into the plain beautiful.

10. ᾽ηγον ῾οι ῾ιπποι  και  τους  στρατηγους  και  τα ῾οπλα.
      The horses were carrying the generals and the arms.

S85. 
1. Cyrus sent gifts to the generals.
    κυρος ᾽επεμπεν δωρα τοισ στρατηγοις.

2.  He lead the horse into the river.
     ᾽ηγεν τον ῾ιππον ᾽εις τον ποταμον.

3.  The general had ships of war.   
     Note:   πλοια  μακρα.   (compare Latin  naues 
     longae.)
    ῾ο στρατηγος ᾽ειχεν πλοια μακρα. 

4. We are sending the wine to Cyrus.
     ᾽επεμπομεν κυρῳ τον ᾽οινον. 

5. The generals sent horses to Cyrus.
    ῾οι στρατηγοι κυρῳ ᾽επεμπον ῾ιππους. 

Lesson X

Future and First Aorist Indicative Active.

S86    Paradigms
 FUTURE
Singular				
λυσω		I shall loose		
λυσεις		you will loose		
λυσει		he will loose	

Plural
λυσομεν		we shall loose
λυσετε		yous will loose
λυσουσι 		they will loose

Dual
λυσετον
λυσετον

FIRST AORIST
Singular				
᾽ελυσα		I loosed
᾽ελυσας		you loosed
᾽ελυσε		he loosed	

Plural
᾽ελυσαμεν	we loosed
᾽ελυσατε		yous loosed
᾽ελυσαν	 	they loosed

Dual
᾽ελυσατον
᾽ελυσατην

FUTURE
Singular				
πεμψω		I shall send
πεμψεις		you will send
πεμψει		he will send	

Plural
πεμψομεν	we shall send
πεμψετε		yous will send
πεμψουσι 	they will send

Dual
πεμψετον
πεμψετον

FIRST AORIST
Singular	
᾽επεμψα		I had sent
᾽επεμψας		you had sent
᾽επεμψε		he had sent	

Plural
᾽επεμψαμεν	we had sent
᾽επεμψατε	yous had sent
᾽επεμψαν		they had sent

Dual
᾽επεμψατον
᾽επεμψατην

S87.  The aorist indicative expresses the simple occurrence of an action in past 
time;  the imperfect (68) expresses its continuance.

S88.  The future adds  σω   to the verb stem (54), the first aorist adds  σα.   The 
aorist, as a secondary tense, has augment (66,67).
 
S89. If the verb ends in a vowel, the stem may not be affected by the addition of  
σω and  σα  as  λυ-ω, λυ-σω, ᾽ελυ-σα;  βουλευ-ω, βουλευ-σω, ᾽εβουλευ-σα.

S90.   If the verb stem ends in a mute (7), euphonic changes 
       occur :  
		1. A  π-mute (π β φ) unites with σ and forms  
		    ψ (9),  as πεμπ-ω,  πεμψω, (πεμπ-σω),   
		   ᾽επεμψα,  (᾽επεμπ-σα).

		2. A  κ-mute (κ γ χ) unites with σ and forms  
		    ξ (9),  as  διωκ-ω, pursue,  διωξω, 
		 (διωκ-σω), ᾽εδιωξα, (᾽εδιωκ-σα).

		3. A  τ-mute (τ δ θ)  before σ is dropped, as  
		    ῾αρπαζω, (verb stem  ῾αρπαδ), ῾αρπασω, 
		   (῾αρπαδ-σω), ῾ηρπασα,  (῾ηρπαδ-σα).

               ᾽αξω	   Ι will lead		᾽αξομεν   we will lead
               ᾽αξες	   you will lead		᾽αξετε	yous will lead
               ᾽αξε	   he will lead		᾽αξουσι	they will lead

              ῾εξω   Ι will have		῾εξομεν	we will 
              ῾εξες  you will have 		῾εξετε	yous will 
              ῾εξε   	he will have 		῾εξουσι	they will 

S91. Some verbs lack the first aorist.   Such verbs often have a second aorist, which ends in ον,  and is conjugated exactly like the imperfect (69),  as  

᾽αγω,  ᾽αξω, second aorist:
                   ᾽ηγαγον  I led,             ᾽ηγαγομεν   we led
                   ᾽ηγαγες  you led,         ᾽ηγαγετε     yous led
                   ᾽ηγαγε,  he led             ᾽ηγαγον      they led

᾽εχω,  ῾εξω    second aorist:
                   ᾽εσχον    I had, 		᾽εσχομεν	 we had
                   ᾽εσχες,   you had,  	᾽εσχετε	 yous had
                   ᾽εσχε,    he had, 		᾽εσχον       they had	

S92. The present infinitive active ends in ᾽ειν,  as  λυειν, to loose,  πεμπειν,  
to send, etc.

S93. Compound verbs consist of a preposition and a simple verb.   If the 
preposition ends in a vowel and the the simple verb begins with one, the 
vowel of the preposition is generally elided (16).   Compound verbs take 
the augment between the preposition and the simple verb.    If the vowels 
are thus brought together, the first is generally elided,  as  ᾽επι-βουλευω,  
plot against,   imperfect ᾽επ-εβουλευον.

S94.			Vocabulary

᾽αθροιζω    ( Verb Stem  ᾽αθροιδ) ᾽αθροισω, ᾽αθροισα,   
     collect.
 διωκω,  διωξω,  εδιωξα,  pursue
᾽επι-βουλευω, ᾽επι-βουλευσω,᾽επι-βουλευσα,   plot against.
 κελευω,  κελευσω, ᾽εκελευσα, command.
᾽αδελφος,  ου, ῾ο,  brother
 βαρβαρος, ου, ῾ο,    barbarian
 μισθος,  ου, ῾ο,    pay.
 πολεμιος,  α, ον, (compare  πολεμος),   hostile.
     as a noun,  ῾οι πλοεμιοι,  the enemy.
 τοτε,  adverb,  then, at that time.

S95.
1.   ῾εξουσι.
       They will have.

2.  ᾽ηθροισαν.
      They had gathered.

3.   πεμψετε.
      ῃous will send.

4.  ᾽εκελευσας.
      ῃou had commanded.     

5.  ᾽επιβουλευσομεν.
      We will plot against.

6.  ᾽εδιωξατε.
      ῃous pursued.

7.  ᾽ηγαγομεν.
      We led

8.  ᾽αξετε.
      ῃous will lead.

9.  ᾽εσχες.
      ῃou had.

10.  ῾ηρπασαμεν.
       We seized.

S96.
1. I shall pursue.
    διωξω.

2. We shall have.
     ῾εξομαν.

3. We commanded.
     ᾽εκελυσαμεν.

4. He will collect.
    ᾽αθροισει.

5. They led.  (second aorist.)
     ᾽ηγαγον.

S97.
1.  ᾽ου  διωξω  τους  πολεμιους.
      I will not pursue the enemy.

2.  τα  δωρα ῾εξομεν;
      The gifts we will have?     

3.  τας  σκηνας ῾αρπασουσιν ῾οι  βαρβαροι.
     The tents they will plunder, the barbarians.

4.  κελευσει  τον  στρατηγον  τους ᾽ανθρωπους  λυειν.
    He will command the general the men to loose. or . .   He will command the 
    general the men to destroy.
 
5. τους συμμαχους ᾽ηγαγεν ᾽εις (among) τους βαρβαρους.
    The allies he led among the barbarians.

6.  Κυρος ᾽επιβουλευσει  τῳ ᾽αδελφῳ.
     Cyrus will plan against his brother.

7.  τοις ᾽ανθρωποις  τοτε ᾽επεμψε  Κυρος  μισθον.
      For the men at that time Cyrus sent their pay.

8.῾ο  δε  στρατηγος  την  φυλακην ᾽εσχε  την ῾Ελληνικην.*
         *We might have  την῾Ελληνικην  φυλακην or φυλακην  την ῾Ελληνικην.
    The general the Greek garrison he had.    

9. ᾽εις το πεδιον αθροισει  τους (his) ῾Ελληνικους συμμαχους.
     Into the plain he will gather his Hellenic Allies.

10. και ᾽επι  την  γεφυραν  τον στρατηγον  πεμπειν ᾽εκελευσε  Κυρος  φυλακην.
      Onto the bridge the general sends his garrison as he was ordered by Cyrus.

S98.
1. The barbarians sent the man.
    ῾οι βαρβαροι ᾽επεμψαν τον ανθρωπον.

2. The generals brought (second aorist) horses at that time.
    ῾οι στρατηγοι ᾽ηγαγον  τοτε ῾ιππους.

3. Will Cyrus send good wine to the general?
     πεμπψει Κυρος αγαθον ᾽οινον τῳ στρατηγῳ;

4. He will not plot against the allies.
    ᾽ουκ ᾽επιβουλευσιε ᾽εις τοις συμμαχοις.

5. He will command the general to pursue the enemy.
   κελυσει τον στρατηγον διωξειν  τους πολεμιους.

Lesson XI

A-Declension.     Masculines

S99. Masculines of the A-Declension end in  ας or  ης (37). If  ε, ι,  or  ρ  precedes they end in ας  otherwise in ης.

S100. Learn the declension of  νεανιας,  young man, στρατιωτης,  soldier,  πελταστης, targeteer,  and  Περσης,  Persian. in 740.

S101. Masculines in  ας or ης differ from feminines in α or ς  (38, 44) only in the nominative and genitive singular, except that those in της and names signifying nationality with nominative in  ης  have the vocative singular in α.  ( α short).

S102.           Vocabulary
᾽Ευφρατης, ου, ῾ο,  the Euphrates.
 νεανιας,  ου, ῾ο,  young man.
῾οπλιτης,  ου,῾ο, (compare ῾οπλον)
      heavily armed foot soldier, hoplite.
 πελταστης,  ου, ῾ο,   targeteer
      (named from his shield,  πελτη).
 Περσης,  ου, ῾ο,  a Persian
 στρατιωτης,  ου, ῾ο, (compare 
    στρατια),  soldier.
 τοξοτης, ου, ῾ο,  bowman  (named from his 
        bow,   τοξον).
 δεξιος, α, ον,  right (as opposed to left).
 τριακοσιοι, αι, α,  300
᾽ουτε....᾽ουτε,  adverb, neither . . . nor.
 συν,  preposition with dative, with, in company with,  
       Latin cum.

S103.
1.  στρατιωτας  και ῾ιππους ᾽αθροισω  τῳ*  Κυρῳ. 
     *Proper names may take the article.
     The soldiers and horses I gather for Cyrus.

2. ῾ο  δε  νεανιας  τοις  στρατιωτιας  ᾽επεβουλευε.
    The young man the soldiers he plots against.

3. ᾽επι  τον  ᾽ευφρατην  ποταμον ᾽αξει  τους  στρατιωτας.
     To the Euphrates River he will lead soldiers.

4. και  τους συν τῳ  στρατηγῳ ῾οπλιτας ᾽ηγαγον ᾽εις  
    κωμας.
    And with the general, the hoplites, [I / they] led to the 
     village.  ([I / they] led the general with the hoplites  
     into the village.)

5. τον  Περσην ᾽ηγαγεν  εις  την  του  στρατιωτου  σκηνην;
    The Persian did he lead into the soldier's tent?

6. ῾οι  στρατιωται ᾽εν  φυλακῃ ῾εξουσι  τους  Περσας.
     The soldiers in the garrison they will have Persians.
     The soldiers under guard they will have Persians.

7.  τον ᾽Ευφρατην  ποταμον ᾽εν δεξιᾳ* εχει.  
      *εν δεξιᾳ, on his right (hand)
      The Euphrates River on his right he has.

8. ῾ο  δε  στρατηγος ᾽ουτε  τοξοτην ᾽ειχεν ᾽ουτε  
     πελταστην.
     The general did not have a bowman or peltasts
     (targeteer).

9.  συν  τοις  (his)  πελτασταις  εδιωκε  τους  τοξοτας.
     With his peltasts (targeteers) he pursued the bowmen.

10. ῾ο  δε  στρατηγος  τριακοσιους ῾οπλιτας  και  
       πελταστας ᾽εχει.
       The general 300 hoplites and bowman he has.

S104.
1. The general was not leading the hoplites.
    ῾ο στρατηγος ᾽ουκ ᾽ηγαγε τους ῾οπλιτας.

2. Both the targeteers and the bowmen were brave.
    και ῾οι πελταστοι  και ῾οι τοξοται ᾽αγαθοι ᾽ησαν.

3. The young man was in the village.
    ῾ο νενιας ᾽εν τῃ κωμῃ ᾽ην.

4. They sent the hoplites and the targeteers.
     ᾽επεμψαν τας ῾οπλιτας και πελταστας.

5. He will send beautiful gifts to the Persians.
    πεμψει καλα δωρα τοις Περσαις.

Lesson XII

Perfect and Pluperfect Indicative Active.

S105. The perfect and pluperfect, in all the moods, have a reduplication, which is the mark of completed action.

S106. Verbs beginning with a single consonant (except  ρ) are reduplicated in the perfect by prefixing that consonant followed by ε as λυω, λε-λυκα.  A rough mute (7) is changed to the cognate (8) smooth, as  θυο, sacrifice, τε-θυκα.

S107. In verbs beginning with two consonants (except a mute and a liquid), with a double consonant  (ξ ψ ζ) or with  ρ  the reduplication is represented by a simple  ε  as  στρατευω, make an expedition,  ᾽εστρατευκα.

S108. In verbs beginning with a short vowel or diphthong the reduplication has the form of the temporal argument (67, 2), as  ῾αρπαζω, ῾ηρπακη.

S109. When the reduplicated perfect begins with a consonant, the pluperfect prefixes the syllabic augment  to the reduplication, as λελυκα, ᾽ελελυκη.  In other cases the pluperfect generally keeps the reduplication of the perfect without change, as ῾ηρπακα, ῾ηρπακη.

S110.			Paradigms

FIRST PERFECT
____  have loosed.
SINGULAR		  PLURAL
᾽λελυκα			᾽λελυκαμεν
᾽λελυκας			᾽λελυκατε
᾽λελυκε			᾽λελυκασι

DUAL
᾽λελυκατον
᾽λελυκατον

FIRST PLUPERFECT
____  had loosed.
SINGULAR		   PLURAL
᾽ελελυκη			᾽ελελυκεμεν
᾽ελελυκης		᾽ελελυκετε
᾽ελελυκει			᾽ελελυκεσαν

DUAL
᾽ελελυκετον
᾽ελελυκετην

FIRST PERFECT
____  have plundered.
SINGULAR		  PLURAL
῾ηρπακα			῾ηρπακαμεν
῾ηρπακας			῾ηρπακατε
῾ηρπακε			῾ηρπακασι

DUAL
῾ηρπακατον
῾ηρπακατον

FIRST PLUPERFECT
____  had plundered.
SINGULAR		  PLURAL
῾ηρπακη			᾽ηρπακεμεν
῾ηρπακης			῾ηρπακετε
῾ηρπακει			῾ηρπακεσαν

DUΑL
῾ηρπακετον
῾ηρπακετην

S111. The first perfect adds κα, the first pluperfect  κη,  to 
the reduplicated theme.

S112. In vowel verbs, the stem may not be affected by adding κα and κη as  βουλευω,  βεβουλευ-κα, ᾽εβεβουλευ-κη,  κελευω,  κεκελευ-κα, ᾽εκεκελευ-κη.

   a. ᾽εχω has the irregular forms ᾽εσχηκα, ᾽εσχηκη. 

S113. Verbs whose stem ends in  τ-mute (τ δ θ) drop the mute before κα and κη as ᾽αθροιζω  (᾽αθροιδ), ᾽ηθροι-κα, ᾽ηθροι-κη.

S114. Some verbs whose stem ends in a π-mute (π β θ) or a  κ-mute (κ γ χ) add α and η instead of κα and κη, and aspirate the final letter of the stem, changing π and β to φ, and κ and γ  to χ as 
πεμπω, πεπομφ-α  (with change of ε of the stem to ο),  επεπομφ-η   διωκω,  δεδιωχ-α,  εδεδιωχ-η.  ᾽αγω, ᾽ηχ-α, ᾽ηχ-η.

S115. The perfects and pluperfects just described (114) are called second perfects and pluperfects.

S116. 		Vocabulary.
 δι-αρπαζω,  δι-αρπασω, δι-ηρπασα,  δι-ηρπακα,  
     plunder completely, sack.
 θυω,  θυσω, ᾽εθυσα,  τεθυκα,  sacrifice.
 στρατευω, στρατευσω, στρατευσα, στρατευκα (compare  
     στρατια, στρατιωτης)  make an expedition.
 δαρεικος, ου,῾ο,  daric (a gold coin).
 διωκω,  διωξω,᾽εδιωξα, δεδιωχα, ᾽εδιωχθην,  pursue, go in  
     pursuit, chase, give chase, prosecute.
 θεος, ου, ῾ο, ῾η,  god, goddess.
 Κλεαρχος, ου, ῾ο,  Clearchus.
῾ορκος, ου, ῾ο,   oath.
 φοβος, ου,῾ο (compare φοβεροs),   fear.
 γαρ,  conjunction, for (a postpositive).
 δια,  preposition,  with genitive, through,  with accusative, 
    on account of.
 προς, preposition, with genitive, over against;  with 
    dative,  at;  with accusative,  to, against, towards.

S117.
1. ᾽εσχηκατε.   		ῃous have had.  

2. ᾽ελελυκει.     		He had loosed.

3. ᾽εστρατευκασι.		They have made and expedition.

4.  τεθυκε.			He has sacrificed.

5. ᾽εσχηκη.			I had had.

6. ῾ηρπακαμεν.		We have plundered.

7.  διηρπακεσαν.		They had sacked.

8.  πεπομφας.			ῃou have sent.

9. ᾽εκεκελευκεσαν.		They had commanded.

10. ᾽επιβεβουλευκασι.	They have plotted against.

S118.
1. We have had.			᾽εσχηκaμεν.

2. I have commanded.		᾽εκεκελελυεκη.

3. They have pursued.		᾽εδεδιωχεσαν.

4. ῃou have sent.			πεπομφας.

5. He has plotted against.	᾽επιβεβουλευκε.

S119.
1.  τους  πολεμιους  δεδιωχαμεν  δια  των  κωμων  εις  
     την  θαλατταν.
     The enemy we pursued through the village to the sea.

2.  και  τας ῾αμαξας ῾οι  βαρβαροι  διηρπακεσαν.
     The wagons, the barbarians had plundered completely.

3. τρικοσιους  δαρεικους ᾽επεπομφεμεν  τοις ῾οπλιταις. 
    Three hundred darics we had sent to the hoplites.

4. Κλεαρχος  δε ᾽επεβεβουλευκει  τοις  Περσιας.
    Klearchus, he had plotted against the Persians.

5. ῾οι  στρατιωται  τον ᾽ανθρωπον ᾽ηχεσαν  προς  Κυρον.
     The soldiers had led the man to Cyrus.

6. ᾽ουκ  εκεκελευκει ῾ο  Κλεαρχος τους στρατιωτας θυειν.
     He did not command (Clearchus) the soldier's to sacrifice.

7.᾽επι  την  των  πολεμιων  χωραν ᾽εστρατευκατε. 
    To the place of the enemy yous have made an expedition.

8. λελυκασι  τους  (their) ᾽ορκους ῾οι στρατηγοι. ᾽ου γαρ
    τεθυκασι τοις θεοις.
   They violated their oaths, those generals.  For they have not sacrificed to the gods.

9. ᾽ηθροικας, ᾽ω  Κυρε, ᾽επι  τους  βαρβαρους  τους   
     πελταστας  και τους  τοξοτας.
     ῃou gathered, O Cyrus, against the barbarians, the peltasts and bowmen.

10. ῾οι  δε  στρατιωται  τας  ῾αμαξας ᾽ελελυκεσαν  δια  
      τον  (their) των  πολεμιων  φοβον.
      But the soldiers their wagons they destroyed, for the enemy, they feared.

S120.
1. We have broken our oaths.
     τους ῾ορκους λελυκαμεν.

2. The soldiers had sacrificed to the gods.
    ῾οι στρατιωται ᾽ετεθυκεσαν τοις θεοις.

3. Have the peltasts sacked the villages?
   διηρπακασιν ῾οι πελτασται τας κωμας;

4. The soldier has plotted against Cyrus.
    ῾ο στρατιωτης ᾽επεβεβουλυεκε τῳ Κυρῳ. 

5. His brother had ordered Cyrus to send gifts.
   ῾ο αδελφος εκεκελευκει Κυρον δορα πεμπειν.

Lesson XIII

The Art Of Reading.

S121. In reading an inflected language such as Greek, the knowledge of three things are absolutely necessary:  first, of words; secondly of forms; thirdly of constructions.

S122. The acquisition of this knowledge is gradual.  The pupil should commit thoroughly to memory he meaning of each new word as it occurs; he should learn the forms of the different cases, tenses and numbers so accurately, the first time the paradigms occur, as to be able instantly to 
recognize these forms thereafter at sight; and as he reads, he should carefully note the laws of construction, especially those with differ from the corresponding constructions in Latin and English.

S123.			Directions For Reading.

1. Read each sentence aloud in the original.  Pronounce each word distinctly.

In reading,
    a.	Observe sharply the forms of the words, so as to 
     	become at once aware of their grammatical 
        relations.
   b. 	Make the utmost effort of memory to recall the 
	meanings of the words already met.
   c. Follow the Greek order strictly in arriving at the 
       though.

2. If the thought expressed in the sentence is not perfectly clear, repeat the whole process.

3. Translate the sentence into simple idiomatic English.

S124. 		Vocabulary.

᾽αρχη, ης,῾η,  rule, providence, satrapy.
 Δαρειος, ου, ῾ο,  Darius II.
 δεινος,῾η, ον,  terrible, skillful.
᾽ισχυρος,᾽α, ον,  strong,  
 χωριον ᾽ισχυρον,   stronghold.
 Περσικος, ῾η, ον, (compare Περσης),  Persian.
 σατραπης, ου,῾ο,  satrap, viceroy.
῾υιος, ου,῾ο,  son.
῾ωστε, conjunctive adverb,  so as, so that, wherefore.

			Reading Lesson

S125.	  The Parentage, Race, and Power of Cyrus the ῃounger.

      Κυρος, ῾ο  του  Δαρειου ῾υιος,  Περσης ᾽ην  καλος  και ᾽αγαθος.  σατραπην  δε  αυτον  ᾽εποιησεν ῾ο Δαρειος  της  Λυδιας  και  της  Φρυγιας και  της  Καππαδοκιας.  χωρια  δε ᾽ισχυρα ᾽ειχεν ᾽εν  τῃ ᾽αρχῃ ῾ο  Κυρος  και  πλοια  μακρα ᾽εν τῃ  θαλαττῃ,  και στρατιωται  δε  αυτῳ ᾽εν  τῃ  χωρᾳ ᾽ησαν ᾽αγαθοι, ῾οπλιται ῾Ελληνικοι  και  πελτασται  και  τοξοται  Περσικοι. 
    Τισσαφερνης  δε, ῾ο  της  Καριας  σατραπης, τῳ  Κυρῳ πολεμιος ᾽ην,  τοτε  δε ᾽ουτε ᾽εστρατευεν ᾽επ  αυτον ᾽ουτε  διηρπαζε  την  χωραν.  Κυρος  γαρ  στρατηγος  εν  πολεμῳ δεινος ᾽ην, ῾υιος  δε  του  Δαρειου.  ῾ωστε  φοβον  ᾽ειχεν ῾ο  Τισσαφερνης  προς  Κυρον.

Notes. 
᾽αυτον  him, accusative.    
᾽εποισεν  made  from  ποιεω,  future,  ποιησω,
                        aorist, εποιησα.
 Λυδιας, α, ον,    Lydian
 και στρατιωται δε -  και   in the sense of  also.
᾽αυτῳ  to him   dative
 στρατιωται ᾽αυτῳ ᾽ησαν  is equivalent to     
          στρατιωτας ειχε,   soldiers he had.  For the 
	       dative, see the rule of syntax in 862.
For the appositives ῾οπλιται,  πελταςται,  τοξοται, see the rule of syntax in 804.
᾽επ  αυτον: a case of elision (16). 

Cyrus was the son of Darius, was a persian brave and beautiful.  Darius made him satrap of Lydia, Phrygia and Cappadocia.  A stronghold he had in the satrapy, along with ship on the sea, and soldiers good he had, hoplites Hellenic, peltasts and bowmen Persian.  Tissaphernes, satrap of Caria, was an enemy to Cyrus then, but did not march against him nor plunder his satrapy.  Cyrus was a soldier skillful in war, the son of Darius, so Tissaphernes was fearful of Cyrus.

Lesson XIV

Adjectives of the Vowel Declension.

S126. Learn the declension of  ᾽αγαθος,  good,  and of ᾽αξιος,  worthy,  in 750.

S127. The masculine and neuter of these adjectives follow the O-Declension, the feminine the A-Declension.  They are, therefore, said to be of the Vowel Declension (34).

S128. If  ε, ι, or  ρ  precedes ος,  the nominative singular feminine ends in  α,  otherwise in  η  (37).

S129. The nominative, genitive, and vocative plural feminine follow the accent* of the masculine, as ᾽αξιαι  (following th e accent of ᾽αξιος, like ᾽αξιοι), not ᾽αξιαι   (from the nominative singular᾽αξια), and ᾽αξιων,  not ᾽αξιων  as in nouns of the A-Declension.
* because this text disregards most accents, section 129 is not relevant to the present study.

S130. Some adjectives of the Vowel Declension have the masculine and feminine alike, as ᾽απορος, ᾽απορος,᾽απορον,  impassable, impracticable.

S131.			Vocabulary.
᾽αγριος, α, ον,  wild
᾽αξιος, α, ον,  worthy, becoming, right.
᾽απορος, ον,   without resources,, impassible, 	impracticable.
᾽Αρταξερξης, ου, ῾ο  Artaxerxes II.
᾽επιτηδεινος, α, ον,  suitable, fit, deserving;
          τα ᾽επιτηδεια,   provisions, supplies.
᾽ονος, ου,῾ο,   ass
᾽ορθιος, α, ον,  steep
παιω, παισω, ᾽επαισα, πεπαικα,  strike, hit, 
	beat.
πανυ,  adverb,  very, altogether, wholly.
πιστος, ῾η, ον,  faithful, trustworthy.
φιλιος, α, ον,  friendly.

S132.
1. ᾽ονοι ᾽αγριοι  και ῾ιπποι ᾽εν  τy  πεδιῳ ᾽ησαν.
     Wild asses and horses in the plain they were.

2. ῾ο ᾽Ευφρατης  ποταμος ᾽απορος ᾽ην.
    The Euphrates a river impassable it was.

3.῾η δε ᾽οδος  στενη ᾽ην και ᾽ορθια.
    The road narrow it was and steep.

4.῾εξομεν  δε, ᾽ω Κυρε, τα᾽επιτηδεια;
    We will have, O Cyrus, the supplies?

5. ῾ο Αρταξερξης  τῳ ᾽αδελφῳ  πολεμιος ᾽ην.
     Artaxerxes to his brother, an enemy he was.

6. δια φιλιας ᾽αρχης ᾽αξει ῾ο  σατραπης  τους  στρατιωτας.
    Through friendly territory will lead satrap he, the 
     soldiers.

7. την  πολεμιαν  χωραν  Δαρεις  διηρπακει.
    The enemies place (country) Darius had plundered.

8.῾ωστε  τῳ ᾽Αρταξερξῃ  πανυ  πολεμιος ᾽ην, Κυρῳ  
    δε  πιστος.
    So that with Artaxerxes enemies he was, to Cyrus he was faithful.

9. ᾽ουκ ᾽αξιον ᾽ην  (it was not right)  τῳ ῾οπλιτῃ  παιειν  
     τον  Περσικον  τοξοτην.
      It is not right for the hoplite to hit the Persian bowman.

10. ῾οι  Περσαι ᾽ουτε  φιλιοι ᾽ουτε  πιστοι ᾽ησαν.
       The Persians were not friends and were not faithful. 

S133. 
1. The road was impassible.
    ῾h ῾οδος ᾽απορος ᾽ην.

2. Cyrus did not send provisions to the garrison.
    ῾ο Κυρος ᾽ουκ επεμψε τα ᾽επιτηδεια  τῃ φυλακῃ.

3. They will lead the men to strongholds.
     ᾽αγουσι τους ᾽ανθρωπους  χωριοις ᾽ισχυροις.

4. The hoplites were good and faithful soldiers.
    ῾οι ῾οπλιται  σταρατιωται ᾽αγαθοι και πιστοι ᾽ησαν. 

5. It was right for Cyrus to send gifts to his soldiers.
    ᾽αξιον ᾽ην τῳ Κυρῳ δορα πεμπειν τοις στρατιωταις.

S134.	  Artaxerxes becomes King and arrests Cyrus.

  Κυρος ᾽ουν σατραπης ᾽ην  της  Λυδιας  και  της  Φρυγιας  και της Καππαδοκιας. 
At the time Cyrus was satrap of Lydia, Phrygia and Cappadocia.  

᾽επει δε ετελευτησε Δαρειος, ᾽αρταξερξης ῾ο  του  Κυρου ᾽αδελφος ᾽εβασιλευσε  
Upon the death of Darius, Artaxerxes,                     brother of Cyrus, became king 

των  Περσων,  και Τισσαφερνης  διαβαλλει  τον Κυρον  προς  τον ᾽αδελφον 
of Persia, and Tissaphernes maligned Cyrus before his brother, 

῾ως ᾽επιβουλευει ᾽αυτω.  ῾ο  δ  ᾽Αρταξερξης  συλλαμβανει  Κυρον.
saying that he was plotting against him.    So Artaxerxes had Cyrus arrested.

Notes.
᾽ουν   then,  continuing the narrative.
᾽επει  when
᾽ετελευτησε  from  τελευταω,  die, 
  τελευτησω, ᾽ετελευτησα. Translate by the 
        English pluperfect, had died.
᾽εβασιλευσε  the aorist sometimes has an inceptive force, 
          as  βασιλευω,  be king,  ᾽εβασιλευσα,   
          became king.
Περσων  The genitive after a verb, signifying   to rule. (847).
διαβαλλω  throw over, throw at (with words), slander, 
		traduce.   διαβαλλει   Historical present.  
῾ως  that  For  ῾ως επιβουλευει    (literally, that he 
               was plotting) we should say, of plotting.

Lesson XV

Analysis of the Primary Tenses of the Indicative Active.

S135. To the verb stem (54) different TENSE SUFFIXES are added to form the TENSE STEMS of the verb, as  λυω, stem  λυ,  present tense suffix ο or  ε (for convenience written ο/ε), present tense stem λυο or λυε (λυο/ε).

S136. To form the complete tenses, PERSONAL ENDINGS are added to the different tense stems.  These distinguish the different persons of the verb.   The personal endings of the primary (50) tenses in the active voice are:

	Singular		Plural	Dual
1	 -μι			-μεν		
2	 -σ(σι)		-τε		-τον
3	 -σι(τι)		-νσι		-τον

S137. Review the conjugation of the present, future and first perfect indicative active of λυω in 765 (λυω) 766 (λυσω),  and 768 (λελυκα).

S138. The present stem of  λυω  is  λυο/ε (135);  λυο occurs before  μ  or  ν  in the endings. elsewhere  λυε.  In the singular, the terminations  ω, εις, ει,  are difficult  to analyze, but in the dual and plural, the tense stem and personal endings are easily distinguished.  λυοσι  is for  
λου-νσι.

S139. The future stem of  λυω  is  λυσο/ε,  formed by adding the tense suffix  σο  or  σε (σο/ε)  to the verb stem.

S140. The first perfect stem of  λυω  is  λε-λυκα,  formed by reduplicating the verb-stem  λυ  and adding the tense suffix  κα.  The endings  μι  and  σι  are dropped and in the third singular final  α  is changed to  ε.  λελυκασι  is for  λελυκα-νσι.

S141.			Vocabulary.
᾽αγγελος, ου,῾ο   messenger, scout.
᾽αντι,  preposition, with genitive, instead of 
᾽απο    preposition, with genitive,  off from, from 
᾽ατιμαξω (ατιμαδ)  ατιμασο, ᾽ητιμασα,
    ᾽ητιμακα,   dishonor, disgrace.
  δικη, ης,῾η,   justice, punishment.
᾽επει,  conjunction, when, since.
᾽επιστολη, ης,῾η,  letter.
 θηρευω, θηρευσω,᾽εθηρευσα,  τεθηρευκα,
       (compare θηριον) ,  hunt wild beasts,  hunt, catch.
᾽ολεθρος,  ου,῾ο,   destruction, loss.
᾽ουτως  (before a vowel)   ουτω  (before a consonant),   
        adverb,  thus, so.
 παλιν,  adverb,  back, again.
 φιλος, ου,῾ο,  (compare φιλιος),    friend. 

S142. 
1. ῾οπλιτας ᾽ηχασιν ᾽αντι  τοξοτων.
     The Hoplites they have sent  instead of the bowmen.

2. τοις  συμμαχοις ῾ουτως᾽επιβουλευετε.
   The allies thus yous plotted agianst.  

3.  Κυρον  δε ᾽ητιμακε.
     But Cyrus he dishonored. 

4.  θηρια  απο ῾ιππου (on horseback)  τεθηρευκα.
     Wild beasts on horseback I have hunted.     

5.  τας ᾽επιστολας  πεμψομεν  τοις φιλοις; 
     The letters we will send to the friends?

6. Κλεαρχος, ᾽ω  στρατιωται, ᾽επαι  τους ῾ορκους  λελυκε,  
    την  δικην ᾽εχει.
    Clearchus, O soldiers, when his oaths he broke, the punisment he has.    

7. την  δε  χωραν ῾ηρπακαμεν  δια  τον ᾽ολεθρον  των  
    στρατιωτων.
    The place we have plundered on account of the destruction (loss of) of the soldiers.

8. τον ᾽αγγελον  πεμπει  παλιν ᾽επι το ᾽ισχυρον  χωπιον.
     The messenger he sends back into the stronghold.

S143.
1. We shall collect the allies for our friends.
     ᾽αθροισομεν συμμαχους τοις φιλοις.

2. He has hunted wild beasts on horseback.
    τεθηρευκε θηρια  ᾽απο ῾ιππου.

3. The messenger will sacrifice to the gods.
    ῾ο ᾽αγγελος θυσει τοις θεοις.

4. I have commanded the soldiers to plunder the wagons.
    κεκελευκα τας στρατιωτας ῾ηρπαζειν τας ῾αμαξας.

5. Cyrus sends the general a letter.
    Κυρος πεμπει τῳ στρατηγῳ ᾽επιστολην.

S144. Cyrus escapes with his life, and plots against his brother.

῾ουτω  δη  (then) ᾽ητιμαζε  τον  αδελφον ᾽Αρταξερξης ῾η  δε μητηρ  (compare Latin mater)  
And so Artaxerxes was dishonoring his brother. But his mother was able to get Cyrus 

λυει Κυρον  και ᾽αποπεμπει  παλιν  επι  την  αρχην.  Κυρος δε επει ῾ηκεν 
released and sent back to his satrapy. While Cyrus was coming 

᾽εις  την  Λυδιαν,  βουλευει ῾οπως βασιλευσει αντι του αδελφου. (how he shall be king)
into Lydia, he began planning how he shall be king instead of his brother;

πολεμοις  γαρ ᾽αυτῳ ᾽ην.  ῾οι  δ᾽  ᾽εν  τῃ ᾽αρχῃ βαρβαροι  
for an enemy he was to him. And in the province the barbarians

Κυρῳ  φιλιοι  και  πιστοι ᾽ησαν.
were friendly and faithful to Cyrus. 

Lesson XVI

Analysis of the Secondary Tenses of the Indicative Active.

S145. The personal endings of the secondary (50) tenses in the active voice are:

	Singular		Plural			Dual
1	 -ν			-μεν		
2	 -ς			-τε				-τον
3	  -			-ν or σαν			-την

S146. Review the conjugation of the imperfect, first aorist, and first pluperfect indicative of  λυω in 765 (ελυον) 767  (ελυσα),  and 768 (ελελυκη).

S147. The imperfect is formed on the augmented present stem (138).

S148. The first aorist stem of  λυω  is  λυσα,  formed by adding the tense suffix  σα to the verb stem.  The aorist has augment.  The first person singular,  ν  is dropped and in the third  α  is changed to  ε.  

S149. The first pluperfect is formed on the first pluperfect stem (140), with κε for κα.   In the singular  ν is dropped and κε  appears as  κη, κη, κει.

S150.			Vocabulary.
᾽αλλος,᾽αλλη,῾αλλο,  other, another;  with the 
   article, the other, the rest of.
  δασμος, ου,῾ο,  tax, tribute.
῾ικανος,῾η,᾽ον,   sufficient, able, capable.
  λοχογος, ου, ῾ο,   captain.
᾽ουν,  conjunction, therefore, then, so  (a postpositive).
 σπονδη, ης,῾η,  libation;  plural,  truce
 συμ-πεμπω,   send with.
 τοξευω, ᾽ετοξευσα  (compare  τοξον,  
    τοξοτης),    use one's bow, shoot.
 φρουραρχος, ου,῾ο,   commander  of a garrison.
῾ωδε,  adverb,  thus, as follows.

S151.
1.  τον  φρουραρχον  επεπαικεσαν.
     The commander of the garrison they had struck.

2. Κυρος ᾽ουν  τῳ αδελφῳ κακον ᾽εβουλευεν.  
   (κακον,  evil,  neuter singular of κακος,  used as a noun.)
    Cyrus therefore his brother he was plotting evil against.

3. ῾οι  νεανιαι  τοξα  μακρα ᾽εχεσαν και  σφενδονας  αγαθας.
     The young men bows large they had and slings good.

4.  και ῾ο  στρατηγος ᾽εστρατευσαν ᾽επι  την του σατραπου χωραν.
     And the general was exploring since the country of the satrap.

5.  συνεπεμπομεν τῳ στρατηγῳ αλλους στρατιωτας ᾽αγαθους.
     We were sending with the general the rest of the soldiers brave.

6. ᾽επει ᾽ελυσαν  τας  σπονδας,  τας  κωμας  διαρπασομεν.
    Since they broke the truce, we will plunder the villages.

7. ῾οι  δε  βαρβαροι ᾽ετοξευσαν ᾽απο  των ῾ιππον.
    The barbarians using bows shot from their horses. 

8.  τον  λοχαγον ῾ωδε ᾽ηγον  προς  τον  Κλεαρχον.
     The captain thus I was leading to Clearchus. 

9. ῾ο γαρ ᾽Αρταξερξης  εκεκελευκει  τον  σατραπην δασμους  πεμπειν.
     For Artaxerxes had ordered the satrap the tributes he must send.

10.  στρατιωτας ᾽εν  τῳ ᾽ισχυρῳ  χωριῳ  ειχετε ῾ικανους  τας  κωμας διαρπαζειν. 
    (Dependent on ῾ικανους  enough to plunder.)
     ῃous have enough soldiers in the fortress to plunder the villages.
     Soldiers in the stronghold, yous have, enough for the villages to plunder. 

S152. 
1. I had collected hoplites and bowmen as follows.
    ᾽ηθροικη ῾οπλιτας και τοχοτης ῾ωδε.

2. They planned evil for the others.
    ᾽εβουλουσαν κακον τοις αλλοις.

3. The hoplites with Cyrus were plundering the wagons.
    ῾οι ῾οπλιται συν Κυρῳ ῾αρπαζον τας ῾αμαξας.

4. Both generals and captains had sacrificed.
    και στρατεγων κια λοχογων ᾽ετεθυκεσαν.

5. He bade the satrap send gifts.
    ᾽εκελευσε τον σατραπην δορα πεμπειν.

S153. 		Cyrus begins to take Active Measures.

    την δε στρατιαν την ῾Ελληνικην ῾ωδε ᾽ηθροιζε:  τους  των  φυλακων  
    So the army of the Greeks thus he was gathering:  The garrison 

φρουραρχους  κελευει ᾽αθροιζειν  στρατιωτας  Πελοποννησιους:  
commanders he ordered to gather the Peloponesian soldiers;

᾽ενομιζε  γαρ, ῾ως   (as)  ᾽ελεγε,  Τισσαφερνην ᾽επιβουλευειν τῃ ᾽αρχῃ.  
For he believed, as he said, Tissaphernes was plotting against his satrapy

και ῾η μεν ᾽αλλη ᾽Ιωνια  τοτε  τῳ  Κυρῳ  φιλια  και  πιστη ᾽ην,  Μιλητος  
And indeed while the rest of Ionia was friendly and faithful to Cyrus, Militus  

δε πολεμια.  Κυρος ᾽ουν την Μιλητον  πολιορκει  και κατα  (by)  γην (land)  
was hostile to him.  Cyrus so then Militus he besieges by land

και κατα θαλατταν.
and by sea.

Notes:

 Τισσαφερνην ᾽επιβουλευειν - translate  that Tissaphernes was plotting against.
      
μεν,  post-positive particle, never used as a conjunction to 	connect words and sentences, but to distinguish the word or clause with which it stands from something that is to follow, and commonly answered by δε  (sometimes by  αλλα,  μεντοι) in the corresponding clause,  on the one hand, indeed, truly  but often it is not to be translated, and its presence is to be shown merely by stress of voice;  
     
῾ο μεν . . .῾ο δε,  the one, the other,  plural,  some . . . 	others,  815;  αλλα μεν,  but certainly.

πολιορκει -  by contraction for  πολιορκεει,  	present third singular of  πολιορκεω,  besiege.

Lesson XVII

Demonstrative Pronouns -  αυτος.

S154. The principle demonstrative pronouns are: 
          ῾ουτος  this,  Latin, hic,  
          ῾οδε  this. 
          ᾽εκεινος  that,   Latin,  ille.

S155. The pronoun ᾽αυτος is properly intensive, self,  Latin 
     	ipse.

S156. Learn the declension of  ῾ουτος, ῾οδε,  and 
	᾽εκεινος in 762, and of  ᾽αυτος in 759.

S157. These pronouns are declined, in the main, like the adjectives 
	of the vowel declension (126 following);  ῾οδε  is 
	declined like the article  (758), with the enclitic suffix  δε 
	added.

S158. When a demonstrative pronoun agrees with a noun, it takes 
	the article and stands either before or after both article and 
	noun, not between them.

S159. 
	1.᾽εκεινος, that, (yonder) is used of something remote;  
	  ῾οδε, this (here), of something near and present. 
	2.῾ουτος  is used in referring to something which has 
	     already been mentioned; ῾οδε, in referring to 
	     something which is about to be mentioned.

	   Thus: 
	  ῾ουτος ῾ο  στρατηγος ῾ουτος ᾽αγαθος ᾽ην.  This general  (one already 
	         mentioned) was brave.    
  	  ᾽ελεξε ταδε,  he said this, i.e. he spoke as follows.
	  ᾽εν ᾽εκεινῃ  τῃ  κωμῃ  θυσομεν, we will offer sacrifice in that village. 
                (yonder).

S160. In all its cases, ᾽αυτος  may mean  self;  when preceded 
	by the article, it means  same;  in its oblique cases it may 
	mean  him, her, it, them.

	Thus: 
            ῾αυτος ῾ο  στρατηγος ᾽ελεξε ταυτα.  This general  himself said this;

 	     but,  ῾ο  ᾽αυτος στρατηγος ᾽ελεξε ταυτα,  the same general said this;

	   ῾οι στριωται᾽αυτους ᾽επαιον, the soldiers struck them.

S161. 		Vocabulary.
᾽Αριστιππος, ου,῾ο,   Aristippus
᾽αυτος, ῾η, ῾ο,  pronoun,  self, same, him, her, it. 	
᾽εκιεινος, η, ο,   pronoun,  that.   (used for something that is remote)
᾽επιβουλη, ης, ῾η,  compare (᾽εοιβουλευω),  
        plot, sceme, design. 
Θετταλος, ου,῾ο,  a Thassalian.
λεγω, λεξω,᾽ελεξα, (λογος), say, speak, tell, state, 
       report. 
μετα, preposition,  with genitive, with, in company with,   with 
      accusative,  behind, after.
ξενος, ου,῾ο,  stranger, guest friend, guest, host.
῾οδε, ῾ηδε, τοδε (compare῾ωδε) pronoun,  this, the 
        following.  (Used when referring to something which is about to be mentioned.)
῾ουτος, ῾αυτη, τουτο,   (compare ῾ουτως) pronoun,  this   (for something previously mentioned.)
τε, conjunction,  and  (enclitic and postpositive).
τε . . . και,   both . . . . and.

S162. 
1.  ῾αυται ῾αι ᾽οικιαι  θυρας ᾽εκουσι.
      These houses themselves have doors.

2. ῾ουτοι ῾οι  στρατιωται ᾽επαιον  τον  ξενον.
     These soldiers have struck the guest.

3. ᾽Αριστιππος  δε ῾ο Θετταλος  ξενος ᾽ην ᾽αυτῳ.
     Aristippus the Thassalian was a stranger to him.

4.  μετα δε τουτον  Κλεαρχος ᾽αυτος ᾽ελεξε ταδε.
     Afterward Clearchus himself spoke thus.

5.  και ᾽ηθροιζον  τους  πελταστας  ῾ουτως ῾ουτοι.
     And (I/they) gathered the slingers in this manner.

6.  τα ᾽αυτα  ταυτα  βουλευουσι. 
      note:  τα ᾽αυτα  ταυτα,  these same (plans),  a 
      cognate accusative (833).
     These same things they are planning.

7.  και  κελευει ᾽αυτους  λεγειν  ταυτα.
     And he commanded them to speak thus. (say these things)

8.῾αυτη ῾η ᾽επιβουλη ᾽ουκ ᾽ην  φανερα.
    This plot was in secret.

9. ῾ουτος  δε ῾ο ᾽αυτος  κελευει ᾽εκεινους ῾αρπαζειν  την  χωραν.
     This he himself commanded that the place be plundered.

10. ταυτα ᾽ελεξε  Κλεαρχος: ῾οι  δε στρατιωται, ῾οι  τε ᾽αυτου ᾽εκεινου  
     και ῾οι ᾽αλλοι, ᾽εκελευον ᾽αυτον ᾽αγειν την στρατιαν.

      Note:  ῾οι  τε   both the (soldiers).  The proclitic  ῾οι
                    receives and accent from the following enclitic.

                ᾽αυτου  Agrees with᾽εκεινου  and  =  ipsus.
       Thus spoke Clearchus: But the Soldiers, both of these soldiers and other ones,
       commanded him to lead the army.

S163. 
1. These soldiers were friendly.
     ῾ουτοι ῾οι στρατιωται φιλιοι ᾽ησαν.

2. Cyrus sent these soldiers their pay.
    Κυρος ᾽επεμψε τουτοις τοις στρατιςτιας τον μισθον.

3. But the general spoke to them as follows.
    ῾ο δε στρατεγος ᾽ελεξε ταδε.

4. They conduct him to the same general.
     ᾽αγουσι ᾽αυτον προς τον αυτον στρατηγον.

S164.   He hoodwinks the King.
῾ουτως ᾽ουν ᾽επι  Μιλητον  την  στρατιαν ᾽ηθροιζεν ῾ο  Κυρος.  
προς  δε τον ᾽αδελφον ᾽αγγελους ᾽επεμψε  και ᾽ελεξε  ταδε:  
"᾽επιθυμω, ᾽ω ᾽αρταξερξη, και  (also)  της ᾽Ιωνιας  σατραπευειν,  
Τισσαφερνην  δ᾽ ᾽εκ  της  χωρας ᾽εκβαλλειν."  και ῾η  μητηρ  
συμπραττει ᾽αυτῳ  ταυτα. ῾ωστε ᾽ουκ ῾υποπτευει ῾ο ᾽Αρταξερξης  
την  του  Κυρου ᾽επιβουλην: ᾽απεπεμπε  γαρ ᾽αυτῳ  τους  δασμους 
᾽εκεινος.

Notes:  ᾽επιθυμω : by contraction for  ᾽επιθυμεω  I desire
᾽Ιωνιας :  the genitive follows verbs signifying  to rule (847).
συμ-πραττει :  does this with him,  i.e.  cooperates with him in this (865).

So thus, against Miletus, Cyrus was collecting his army. 
And he sent messengers to his brother and said: "I desire, 
O Artaxerxes, also to be satrap of Ionia and to throw Tissaphernes
out of the country." His mother also cooperates with him
in this. And so Artaxerxes does not suspect Cyrus' plan; for he
(Cyrus) was sending tribute to him (Artaxerxes).

Lesson XVIII

Present and Imperfect Indicative of ᾽ειμι,  be.

S165. Learn the conjugation of the present and imperfect indicative of 
᾽ειμι,  be, in 795.

S166. All the forms of the present indicative of ᾽ειμι  are enclitic except ᾽ει.  
The third singular ᾽εστι takes ν-movable (17)  like words in  σι.  Further,᾽εστί  becomes ᾽εστι:

1. At the beginning of a sentence, as ᾽εστι δε Κυρῳ βασιλεια,  Cyrus has a palace.

2. When it signifies existence or possibility, as᾽εν  τοις  βαρβαροις ᾽εστιν λεγειν.  it is possible to speak     thus among the barbarians.

3. When it follows ᾽ουκ, ᾽ει,῾ως,  και,  τουτο,  and some other words, as᾽ουκ ᾽εστι  Κυρῳ πλοια.  Cyrus has no boats.

S167. Proclitics (26) have no effect on the accent of the following word.  The proclitics 
are forms ῾ο, ῾η, ῾οι, ῾αι of the article;  the prepositions ᾽εις, into, ᾽εξ, out of,  ᾽εν,  in; the 
conjunctions  ᾽ει,  if,  and  ῾ως, as, that;  and the negative  ᾽ου, ( ᾽ουκ, ᾽ουχ ),  not.

S168. An enclitic(27) generally loses its own accent, but in the following cases, it retains it:

1. When a dissyllabic enclitic follows a word with the acute on the penult, as  
    φιλοι  εστε,  you are friends.

2. When the preceding syllable is elided (16), as ταυτ  εστι  κακα,  this is bad.

S169. The word before an enclitic always retains its own accent, and never 
changes an acute to the grave (25).  Further :
      
  1. If it has the acute on the antepenult or circumflex on the penult, it receives 
      from the enclitic and acute on its last syllable as a second accent, as ᾽αξιον ᾽εστι,  
      it is right, ᾽αγαθος ᾽ουτος ᾽εστι,  he is brave.

  2. If it has the acute on the penult or the acute or circumflex on the ultima, it 
     receives no additional accent, as ᾽ξενοι ᾽εσμεν  (168,1)  we are friends, κακοι
    ᾽εστε,  you are cowards,  των  στρατιωτων τινες,  some of the soldiers.

3. If it is a proclitic or enclitic, it receives and acute, as  ᾽ει τις,  if anybody;  
   ᾽ει τις φησι (enclitic) ταυτα if anybody says this.

S170.        Vocabulary.
βασιλειος, ον  (130)  royal;  neuter plural;  βασιλεια
       as a noun, palace.
᾽ειμι,  imperfect ᾽ην,   future ᾽εσομαι,  be.
᾽ενταυθα,  adverb, there, here, in this place.
᾽η,  conjunction, than,  Latin, quam.
 Μαιανδρος, ου, ῾ο,   the Maeander, a winding river in Asia Minor.
 μαλλον,  adverb, more, rather.
 μυριοι, αι, α,  10,000
 παραδεισος, ου,῾ο,   park.
 παραδος, ου,῾η,  way by or along, passage, pass.
 πηγη, ης,῾η,   fountain, head, spring, source.

S171. 
1. ᾽ει  ᾽επι   (in the power of )  τῳ  αδελφῳ.
     ῃou are in the power of your brother.

2. ᾽ουκ ᾽αξιον  εστι  τας  σπονδας  λυειν.
    Not right it was the truce to break.

3.᾽ενταυθα  γαρ ᾽εστιν ῾η  παραδος  στενη.
    In this place there is a passage narrow.

4.  Κυρῳ  μαλλον φιλοι ᾽εστε ᾽η  τῳ ᾽αδελφῳ.
     For to Cyrus more of a friend yous are than to his brother.

5. ᾽ημεν ᾽εν  τῳ  παραδεισῳ.
     We were in the park.

6.  Κλεαρχy  δε  μυριοι  δαρεικοι ᾽εισι.
     Clearchus 10,000 dariks he has.

7.  ξενοι ᾽εσμεν, ᾽ω  Κυρε,  τῳ  σατραπῃ.
     Strangers (or Guests) we are, O Cyrus, to the satrap.

8.῾αι  δε πηγαι  του  Μαιανδρου  ποταμου ᾽εισιν ᾽εκ  των  βασιλειων.
    The spring (or source) of the Maeander River it flows out of the palace.

9.  Κυρῳ ᾽εστε, ᾽ω  στρατιωται,  και φιλοι  και συμμαχοι.
     For Cyrus yous are, O soldiers, both friends and allies (of his).

10. ᾽εστι  δε  Κυρῳ  και βασιλεια  και χωριον ᾽ισχυρον ᾽επι  ταις  του  
      ποταμου πηγαις.
      And Cyrus has both a castle and a stronghold on the river source.

S172. 
1. This country is hostile to Artaxerxes.
     ῾αυτη χωρα πολεμια ᾽Αρταξερξῃ ᾽εστι.

2. The soldiers have arms and horses.
     ῾οι στρατιωται ῾οπλον και ῾ιπποι ᾽εχουσι.

3. The friends of Cyrus were soldiers.
     ῾οι φιλοι Κυρου στρατιωται ησαν.

4. For you are in a hostile land.
    ᾽ει γαρ ᾽εν χορᾳ πολεμιᾳ.

5. In this place there was a beautiful park.
    ᾽ενταυθα ᾽ην παραδεισος καλος.

S173.         He continues to collect Forces.
  
  ᾽αλλους  δε  στρατιωτας  Κυρῳ ᾽ηθροιζε  Κλεαρχος ῾ο Λακεδαιμονιος 
᾽εν Χερρονησῳ:  τουτῳ  γαρ ῾ως  (as)  φιλῳ  παρεσχε  μυριους  δαρεικους. 
᾽Αριστιππος  δε ῾ο  Θετταλια  ξενος ᾽ην ᾽αυτῳ, και ᾽εν θετταλιᾳ  στρατιαν 
᾽ηθροιζεν. ᾽εκελευσε  δε  και  Προξενοn  και  Σοφαινετον  μετα  των  
᾽αλλων  στρατευειν:  και ᾽εποιουν ῾ουτως ῾ουτοι.

Notes.
 παρεσχε   : second aorist (91) of παρ-εχω  hold beside  or  near,  furnish,  
give.  The preposition  παρα  signifies beside.  The accent of a compound 
verb cannot go further back than the augment.  ᾽εποιουν :  by contraction 
for᾽εποιeον, third plural imperfect indicative active of  ποιεω,  do.

Clearchus the Lacedaemonian was gathering the rest of the soldiers for Cyrus
in the Chersonese; for this friend Cyrus had given 10,000 darics.  Aristippus
the thessalian was a guest of his, and in Thessaly was gathering soldiers.
He ordered Proxenus and Sophaenetus with others to make an expedition,
and they did in this manner.

Lesson XIX

Present, Imperfect, and Future Indicative Middle.

S174. In the middle (48) voice, the subject is represented as acting: On himself, as  πορευω,  make go, middle, make oneself go, proceed,  πειθω,  persuade,  middle,  persuade oneself, 
trust, obey.

2. For himself, as ᾽αγοραζω,  buy, middle, buy for oneself;  μεταπεμπω,  send after, middle,  send for a person or thing to come to oneself, summon, send for;  στρατευω,  make war, 
middle, take the field, march.

3. On something belonging to himself, as  λυω,  loose, middle, lose one's own, ransom; ᾽αγω,  bring, middle, bring one's own.

S175. The personal endings (136) in the indicative middle are:

                                    Primary
              SINGULAR             PLURAL                  DUAL
     1.          -μαι                       -μεθα
     2.          -σαι                       -σθε                           -σθον
     3.          -ται                       -νται                           -σθον

                            Secondary
      SINGULAR        PLURAL    DUAL
     1.       -μην            -μεθα
     2.       -σο              -σθε            -σθον
     3.       -το              -ντο              -σθην

S176. Learn the conjugation of the present imperfect, and the future indicative middle of λυω, in 765  (λυομαι and᾽ελυομην) and 766 (λυσομαι).

S177. The present stem, found in the present and imperfect, is λυο/ε  (138 and 147),  the future stem is λυσο/ε (139).  The forms λυει, ᾽ελυου,  and λυσει, are the shortened forms of  λυεσαι, ᾽ελυεσο and  λυσεσαι.

S178.                        Vocabulary.
᾽αγοραζω, (᾽αγοραο), αγορασω, ᾽ηγορασα, ᾽ηγορακα, 
     (compare ᾽αγορα),  frequent the market-place, buy.
᾽αληθεια, ας,῾η,  truth.
 βαρβαρικος, ῾η, ον, (compare βαρβαροs), barbarian;  
 το βαρβαρικον,  the Persian force of Cyrus.
῾ετοιμος,῾η, ον, or ος, ον,  (130)  ready, prepared.
 μετα-πεμπομαι,  send for, summon.
 πειθω, πεισω,᾽επεισα, πεπεικα,  persuade, middle, obey.
 περαν,  adverb, across, beyond. 
 πιστευω, πιστευσω,᾽επιστευσα, (compare πιστοs)  put faith 
       in, trust. 
 πορευομαι, πορευσω,᾽επορευμαι,  proceed.
 συμ-βουλευω,   plan with, advise, middle, consult with.
 συστρατευομαι,  serve in war with, take the field with.

S179.     
1. συστρατευσεται  συν  Κυρῳ:  πιστευει γαρ᾽αυτῳ.
    He will take the field (or serve in war) with Cyrus, for he trusts in him.

2. ᾽ουκ ᾽επειθον  τοις  θεοις.   Note: The dative of 
     direct objects follows verbs signifying to trust and obey (860).
    ῃou did not obey the gods.

3. τῃ  δ᾽  ᾽αληθειῃ*  ᾽επορευοντο ᾽επι τον ποταμον.  
    Note:  re vera,  dative of  manner.  Abstract nouns in Greek often take the article.
    For in truth they were proceeding to the river.

4.᾽Αρταξερξης  την  στρατιαν ᾽αξεται.
    Artaxerxes the army he himself will lead.

5.  τους  στρατιωτας ῾ετοιμοι ᾽εσμεν  λυεσθαι*.   
     Note:  to ransom,  present infinitive middle, ending in  εσθαι.
     ῾ετοιμος,῾η, ον, or ος, ον,  (130)  ready, prepared.
     Of the soldiers, prepared we are to ransom them.

6. Κυρος  δε  μεταπεμπεται  το  βαρβαρικον.
    Cyrus he sent for the Persian contingent of his soldiers.

7. δια του  πεδιου ᾽επορευομεθα ᾽εις  κωμας. 
    Through the plain we proceeding into the village.

8. Κυρος  δε  τοις  στρατηγοις  και τοις  λοχαγοις  συμβουλευεται.
    Cyrus the generals and the garrison commanders he consulted with.

9. περαν  δε  του ᾽Ευφρατου ᾽ην  κωμη. ᾽εκ ταυτης ῾οι  στρατιωται ᾽ηγοραζοντο τα  
  ᾽επιτηδεια.  
       Note:  Adverbs of  place  may be followed by the genitive (856).
    Beyond the Euphrates was a village.  Out of this the soldiers bought their provisions.

S180.
1. And he was proceeding on the wagon.
    και ᾽επορευετο  δ᾽  ᾽επι των ῾αμαξων.

2. The bowmen sent for their bows.
    ῾οι τοξοται μεταπεμπονται τα τοξα.

3. He did not obey his brother.
    ᾽ουκ ᾽επειθετο τον αδελφον.

4. ῃou did not proceed to Cyrus.  
    ᾽ουκ ᾽επορευεoυ προς τον κυρον.

5. The targeteers will purchase provisions for themselves.
    ῾οι πελτασται ᾽αγορασονται τα ᾽επιτηδια.

S181.      All his troops muster at Sardis.

   ᾽επει  δ᾽  ῾ετοιμος ᾽ην  Κυρος  πορευεσθαι ᾽ανω,  λεγει  μεν  ῾οτι στρατευεται 
᾽επι  Πισιδας:  τῃ  δ᾽ ᾽αληθειᾳ ᾽επι  τον ᾽αδελφον ᾽επορευετο.   και ᾽αθροιζει 
῾ως  (as if ) ᾽επι  τουτος  το  τε βαρβαρικον  και το ῾Ελληνικον.   ᾽ενταυθα  και  
κελευει  τον  τε  Κλεαρχον ῾ηκειν  και τον Αριστιππον ᾽αποπεμπειν ᾽εις Λυδιαν 
τους ᾽εν Θετταλιᾳ στρατιωτας.  ᾽εκελευσε δε και  τους ᾽αλλους ξενους 
συστρατευεσθαι. ῾οι δε ᾽επειθοντο:  ᾽επιστευον γαρ ᾽αυτῳ.

And when Cyrus was ready to proceed up country, he said he was making an expedition against the people of Pisidia, but in truth he was proceeding against his brother. And he gathers them as if against these, both his Persian force and his Greek force.  Then he  orders Clearchus to come and for Aristippus to send to Lydia the soldiers that were in Thessaly.  He commanded the other mercenaries to join the expedition.   And they obeyed, for they trusted him.

Lesson XX

Aorist, Perfect, Pluperfect and Future Perfect Indicative Middle.

S182. The future perfect indicative denotes that an action will be already finished  at some future time. as  λελυσομαι,   I shall be ransomed.   This tense is not found in the active voice.

S183. Learn the conjugation of the first aorist, perfect, pluperfect and future perfect indicative middle of  λυω  in 767 (᾽λυσαμεην) and 769  (λελυμαι, ᾽ελελυμην,  and λελυσομαι).  (The perfect, and pluperfect middle and passive of mute verbs are reserved for lessons XXII.  and  XXIII.)

S184. The first aorist middle uses the first aorist stem λυσα (148).

S185. The perfect, and pluperfect middle use the perfect middle stem λελυ,  formed simply by reduplicating the verb stem.  The pluperfect has augment.

S186. The future perfect uses the perfect middle stem with  σο/ε added,  λελυσο/ε.  A short final vowel is always lengthened before  σο/ε.  

S187. For the personal endings, see 175.  The forms ᾽ελυσω  and  λελυσει  are shortened forms of  ᾽ελυσα-σο and  λελυσε-σαι.

S188.                         Vocabulary.
᾽ακρος, α, ον,  at the top, topmost;  
᾽ακρον,  neuter, as noun, summit.
᾽απο-πεμπω,  send off  or  away;  middle,  send away from oneself, dismiss.
῾ηδεως,  adverb,  gladly.
᾽ολιγος, η, ον,   little, small,  plural,  few
῾ολος, η, ον,   whole, entire.
 παρα,   preposition:  with genitive,  from beside, from;  with dative,  
    beside, with, at
 παρασκευη, ης, ῾η,  preparation, equipment.
 παρ-ειμι,  be beside or  present.
 παυω,  παυσω,᾽επαυσα, πεπαυκα, πεπαυμαι,  cause to cease, stop;  middle,  cease, desist.
 πεντε,  indeclinable,  five.
 σταθμος, ου, ῾ο,  stopping place,  stage, one day's march.
 Φρυγια, ας, ῾η,  Phrygia.

S189.
1.  πεπορευνται  παρα  τον  Κυρον.
     They were proceeded to Cyrus.

2.῾ουτος  του  προς  τους βαρβαρους  πολεμου ῾ηδεως πεπαυσεται.
     Note:  πολεμου  from war,  a genitive of  separation.
    He will gladly cease from war with the barbarians.

3. τον τε στρατηγον και τον σατραπην ᾽απεπεμψατο.
    The general and the satrap he had dispatched.

4.῾οι δε στρατιωται ᾽επεπορευντο  σταθμους πεντε δια φιλιας χωρας.
    Note:  σταθμους  Accusative of  extent of space (836).
    The soldiers had marched five stadia (days march) through friendly territory.

5.᾽ολιγοι  των  στρατιωτον τα ᾽επιτηδεια ᾽ηγορασαντο.
    Few of the soldiers bought their provisions at the market.

6.῾οι ῾οπλιται  πεπορευνται ᾽επι  το ᾽ακρον. 
   The hoplites have proceeded to the heights.

7. και ῾ο  σατραπης  μετεπεμψατο ῾ιππους  και ῾οπλα  και την ᾽αλλην  παρασκευην  ᾽εις  Φρυγιαν. 
    And the satrap sent horses, arms and other equipment to Phrygia.

8.῾οι πολεμιοι ᾽ουκ ᾽επαυσαντο  της κραυγης  δια ῾ολης  της ῾ημερας.
    The enemy did not pause from shouting all day.

9.᾽επει  δε και ῾ουτοι  παρησαν,  ᾽εστρατευσατο  Κυρος ᾽εις  την  των πολεμιων  χωραν.
    And when the others arrived, they left on an expedition with Cyrus into hostile land.

S190. 
1.  Cyrus summoned few of the captains.
     Κυρος μεταπεμψατο ᾽ολγους των λοχαγων.

2. They have proceded to the sources of the river.
    πεπορευνται ᾽επι του ποταμου πηγας.

3. He has consulted with Cyrus.
    συμβουλευται τῳ κυρῳ.

4. ῃou will gladly have ceased from battle.
     της μαχης ῾ηδεως πεπαυσεθε.

5. The army had advanced five days' march.
    ῾οι στρατιως εχελαυν σταθμους πεντε.

S191.           Tissaphernes warns the King.

   ῾ουτοι  μεν  παρησαν ᾽αυτῳ ᾽εις  Σαρδεις.  Τισσαφερνης  δε ᾽επορευτο  παρα  τον ᾽αρταξερξην:  
᾽ου γαρ ᾽ενομιζε  την  παρασκευην  ταυτην ᾽ειναι ᾽επι  Πισιδας.  και ᾽Αρταξερξης, ᾽επει ταυτ᾽  
᾽ελεξε  Τισσαφερνης, ᾽αντιπαρασκευαζεται.
    Κυρος  δε ᾽εχων  τουτους  τους  στρατιωτας ᾽εξελαυνει ᾽απο  Σαρδεων  δια της Λυδιας 
σταθμους τρεις ᾽επι τον  Μαιανδρον  ποταμον.  ᾽επι  δε  τουτῳ  γεφυρα  ᾽επην. ᾽εντευθεν 
᾽εξελαυνει  δια  Φυργιας ᾽εις  Κολοσσας.

Notes:  Σαρδεις : Sardis, accusative plural.  The genitive plural Σαρδεων   occurs in 6.   
᾽ειναι:  to be, present infinitive of  ᾽ειμι. Translate,  that it was, etc.
᾽εχων:  having,  present participle =  with.
᾽εξ-ελαυνει:  the verb ᾽ελαυνω here means march.  
 ᾽επ-ην:  imperfect of  ᾽επ-ειμι, be on or over.

Thus indeed they arrived to him at Sardis.   Tissaphernes was proceding to Artaxerxes, 
for he knew that these preparations were not against Pisidia.   And Artaxerxes
heard what Tissaphernes said, and was making preparations against them.   
   Cyrus with these soldiers marched from Sardis thru Lydia, three stadia, to the
Meander river.  Here a bridge crossed over the river.   From there they marched through
Phryigia in Collossae.

Lesson XXI

Indicative Passive.

S192. In the passive (48) voice, the subject is represented as acted on, 
as  λουμαι,  I am loosed, ᾽ελουμην,  I was loosed, etc.

S193. The present, imperfect, perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect 
have the same forms in the passive voice as in the middle.  The first 
aorist and first future are different.

S194. Learn the conjugation of the first aorist and first future indicative 
passive of  λυω  in 770 (᾽ελυθην  and  λυθησομαι).

S195. The first aorist passive uses the first passive stem, formed by 
adding the tense suffix  θε  (lengthened to  θη  in the indicative) to 
the verb stem, as λυθε (λυθη).  As a secondary tense, it has augment 
in the indicative.  It uses the active secondary endings (145).

S196. Before the suffix  θε  a labial mute (π β φ) becomes (or remains)  
φ as ᾽επεμφθην  (verb stem πεμπ);  a palatal mute (κ γ χ) becomes (or 
remains χ,  as ᾽ηχ-θην (verb stem αγ);  a lingual mute (τ δ θ) becomes σ,  
as ᾽πεισ-θην (verb stem πειθ), a palatal mute (κ γ χ) becomes (or remains χ,  
as ᾽ηχ-θην (verb stem αγ);  lingual mute (τ δ θ) becomes  σ  as᾽επεισ-θην 
(verb stem πειθ), ῾ηρπασ-θην  (verb stem ῾αρπαδ).

S197. Some verbs form the aorist passive with the tense suffix ε (lengthened 
to η in the indicative) instead of θε (θη), as γραφω, write (verb stem γραφ),
᾽ε-γραφη-ν.   These are called SECOND aorist passive.

S198. The first future passive uses the first passive stem with σο/ε  added to θη,  
as λυθησο/ε.  It uses the middle primary endings (175).

S199. The PRINCIPLE PARTS of a verb are the first person singular 
indicative of the following tenses:  present active, future active, aorist active, 
perfect  active, perfect middle, aorist passive, as λυω, λυσω,᾽ελυσα,  λελυκα,  
λελυμαι,  ᾽λυθην.

S200. The second aorist active (91), second perfect (115), and second 
aorist passive (197) may occur in place of the corresponding first tenses 
or in addition to them.

S201. Not all verbs have all the principle parts, that is, some verbs are 
defective.   In the following vocabularies, if parts are not given, it is 
understood that they do not occur in Attic prose.
	     
S202. The agent is usually expressed, in the passive construction,  by
῾υπο  with the genitive, as  ῾οι ῾οπλιται ῾υπο  του στρατηγου  πεμφθησονται,  
the heavy-armed men will be sent by the general.

S203. The perfect and pluperfect passive may have the dative of the agent, 
as ῾αι σπονδαι τοις πολεμιοις λελυται,  the treaty has been broken by the enemy.

S204.                        Vocabulary.
 γραφω, γραψω,᾽εγραψα, γεγραφα, γεγραμμι, εγραφην,  write.
 δη,  intensive postpositive particle,  now, indeed, accordingly, so, then.
᾽εικοσι,  indeclinable,  twenty.
᾽ενταυθεν,  adverb,  thence, from this place.
῾επτα,  indeclinable,  seven.
῾ηκω,῾ηξω,  come, be or have come.
  παρασαγγης, ου, ῾ο,  Persian road measure.
  πειζω  (πειδ),  πεισω, ᾽επεισα, ᾽επεισθην, press hard,   passive,  be hard pressed.
῾υπο,   preposition:  with genitive, under,  from under;  of agency,  by, through;  
           with dative, under, beneath;  with accusative,  under, down under.

S205. 
1.  λυθησομεθα ᾽εκ  τουτων των  δεινωn.  
     Note:  δεινωn, used as a neuter noun.
     We will be freed from these dangers.

2. ᾽εν  δε  τῃ  στενῃ ῾οδῳ ᾽επιεσθημεν ῾υπο των  πολεμιων.
     On the narrow road, we were hard pressed by the enemy.

3. λεγεται ᾽αγγελος ῾ηκειν  παρα  Δαρειου.
    The messenger is reported to have come from Darius.

4. ῾ουτω  δη  μετεπεμφθησαν ῾οι  τοξοται.
     And in this way the bowmen were summoned.

5.᾽εδιωκοντο  δια  του πεδιου  παρασαγγας ῾επτα.
    They were pursued through the plain for 7 parasangs.

6. ᾽επιστολη ᾽εγραφη  παρα  τον  Κλεαρχον.
     A letter was written for Clearchus.

7. ᾽εκ  των  κωμων  διηρπασθη ῾υπο  των βαρβαρων τα ῾οπλα.
    From the villages, the weapons were siezed by the barbarians.

8.᾽επι  των  δεξιῳ ᾽ετοξευθησαν ῾οπλιται ᾽εικοσιν.   
    Note: ᾽επι  των  δεξιῳ  on the right (wing).   Note: for ᾽εικοσιν  see 17.
    On the right wing, they were struck by arrows, twenty of the hoplites. 

9.᾽εντευθεν  πεμφθησονται ῾υπο  Κυρου ᾽εις Φρυγιαν.
    From there, they will be sent by Cyrus to Phrygia.

S206.
1. Twenty heavy-armed men were brought from this place.
     Note:  For brought, use ᾽αγω.  Note: from this place, 
     Put the Greek word for this phrase first.   compare, 205, 9.
     ᾿εντευθεν ᾿ηχθησαν ῾οπλιται ᾿εικοσιν.

2. The bridge will be destroyed.
    ῾η γεδυρα λυθησεται.

3. He was persuaded by the general.
    ᾿επεισθε ῾υπο  του στρατηγου.

4. Five targeteers on the right (wing) were shot.
    ᾽ετοξευθησαν πελτασται πεντε ᾽επι  των  δεξιῳ. 

5. They will be hard pressed by the soldiers.
     ᾽πιεσθησανται ῾υπο των  στρατιωτων.

S207.               The Palace and Park of Cyrus at Celaenae.

     ᾽ενταυθα  Κυρος  μεναι ῾ημερας ῾επτα:  και ῾ηκε  Μενωn ῾ο  Θετταλος 
῾οπλιτας ᾽εχων  και  πελταστας. ᾽εντευθεν ᾽eξελαυνει  παρασαγγας 
᾽εικοσιν ᾽εις  Κελαινας.  ᾽ενταυθα  Κυρῳ  βασιλεια ᾽ην  και  παραδεισοs. 
᾽εν δε  τουτῳ ᾽ην ᾽αγρια  θηρια:  ταυτα ᾽εκεινος ᾽εθηρευεν ᾽απο ῾ιππου. 
῾ουτω  γαρ ᾽εγυμναζε  τους ῾ιππους.  δια  δε  του  παραδεισου ῾ρει ῾ο 
Μαιανδρος  ποταμοs:  ῾αι  δε  πηγαι ᾽αυτου ᾽εισιν ᾽εκ  των  βασιλειων: 
῾ρει  δε  και  δια  Κελαινωn.

Notes:  
1.  ῾ημερας:  accusative of  extent of time (836).
7.  ῾ρει,  by contraction for῾ρεει,  from ῾ρεω,  flow.
   In that place Cyrus remained for seven days.   And Menon the Thessalian 
arrived with hoplites and peltasts.  From there he marched twenty parasangs
to Celaenae.  In this place Cyrus had a palace and a park.  In it were wild 
beasts, which he would hunt on horseback.  In this manner he exercised 
the horses.  Thru the park flowed the Meander River, which originated 
from a spring within the palace and flows thru Celaenae.

Lesson XXII

Perfect, Pluperfect and Future Perfect Indicative Middle and
Passive of Labial Mute Verbs.

S208. Learn the conjugation of the perfect, pluperfect, and future 
perfect indicative middle and passive of λειπω,  leave,  in 775 
(λελειμμαι, ελελειμμην, and (λελειψομαι).

S209. The concurrence of consonants in the stem and endings (note 
the forms in parenthesis)  occasions euphonic changes, according to the 
following principles:

1. A labial mute (π β φ) before μ  changes to  μ;  with σ it forms ψ;  
before τ and ξ it becomes (or remains) respectively π  and  φ.
	
a. When  μμμ would thus result, one μ  is dropped, as
    πεμπω,  send,  (πεπεμ-μαι),  πεπεμψαι,  πεπεμπ-ται, etc.

2.  σ  between two consonants is dropped.

S210. The third person plural of the perfect and pluperfect is a compound 
form, consisting of the perfect middle or passive participle and ᾽εισι  in the 
perfect, and of this and ᾽ησαν  in the pluperfect.

S211. Conjugate also the perfect and pluperfect indicative middle and 
passive of  πεμπω, (πεπεμμαι  etc.) and of γραφω (γεγραμμαι,  etc.).

S212.    Vocabulary.

῾αμα,  adverb,  at the same time.
᾽αριθμος, ου, ῾ο,   number, enumeration.
  δενδρον, ου, το,  tree.
  κατα,  preposition:  with genitive, down from;  with accusative, down along, over, by.
  κατα-λειπω,  leave behind, abandon.
  κατα-κοπτω,  cut down or in pieces.
  κοπτω, (κοπ), κοψω, ᾽εκοψα,  κεκοφα, κεκομμαι,  ᾽εκοπην,  cut, fell.
  λειπω, (λιπ), λειψω, ᾽ελιπον,  λελοιπα, λελειμμαι,  ᾽ελειφθην,  leave
  Προξενος, ου, ῾ο,   Proxenus.
  τριακοντα,  indeclinable,  thirty.
  χιλιοι,  αι, α,  1000

S213. 
1.  καταλελειμμενοι ᾽εισι  τριακοντα  τοξοται;
     Have they been left behind, the thirty bowmen?

2.῾αμα  δε ᾽επεπεμψο, ᾽ω  Προξενε, ᾽επι την  γεφυραν.
    At the same time you were sent, O Proxenius, to the bridge.

3. κατακεκοπται  τοις  πολεμιοις ῾η  στρατια. Note: The agent (203).
    Cut down by the enemy the army has been.

4.῾οπλιται  χιλιοι  πεπεμμενοι ᾽ησαν κατα θαλατταν.
    One Thousand hoplites were sent down to the sea.

5.᾽ολιγοι  των  Κυρου  φιλων καταλελειμμενοι ᾽εσαν.
   A few of Cyrus's friends had been left behind.

6.  λελειμμενοι ᾽ησαν ῾οι  στρατιωται.
    Left behind they had been, the soldiers.

7. ᾽εκ  ταυτης  της  κωμης ᾽αγγελος ᾽επεπεμπτο  προς  Κυρον.
    Out of the village the messenger was sent to Cyrus.

8. τα  δενδρα  κεκοπται.
    The trees have been cut down.

9. Κυρος ᾽αποπεπεμπται  τον ᾽αγγελον.
    Note:  ᾽αποπεπεμπται   Middle.
    Cyrus sent away the messenger.

10. τους ῾οπλιτας μεταπεπεμμεθα ᾽εκ  της  Φρυγιας
      The hoplites we sent for, out of Phrygia.

S214.  
1. The army had been cut to pieces by the satrap.
     ῾η  στρατια κατακεκοπτω  ᾿ην των σατραπην.  

2. Twenty bowman had been left behind in the plain.
     ᾿εικοσι τοξοται καταλελειμμενοι ᾿εν των πεδιων.

3. A letter had been written at the same time.
    Note:  For the order, compare 213, 2.
    ᾿επιστολη ῾αμα ᾿εγεγραπτο. 

4. A messenger has been sent away to the satrap.
    ᾿ανγγελος αποπεμπται προσ τον σατραπην.

5. For a thousand soldiers had been sent to the stronghold.
     γαρ χιλιοι στρατιωται πεμπεμμενοι ᾽επι το ᾽ισχυρον  χωπιον.

S215.  A Thirty Day's Halt, and Enumeration of the troops.

  ᾽εστι  δε  και ᾽Αρταξερξου  βασιλεια ᾽εν  Κελαιναις ᾽ερυμνα ᾽επι  ταις 
 πηγαις  του  Μαρσυου  ποταμου. ῾ρει  δε  και ῾ουτος  δια  Κελαινων.
  ᾽ενταυθα  μενει  Κυρος ῾ημερας  τριακοντα:  και ῾ηκε  Κλεαρχος ᾽εχων 
῾οπλιτας  χιλιους  και πελταστας  και τοξοτας. ῾αμα  δε  και  Σοφαινετος  
παρην ᾽εχων ῾οπλιτας  χιλιους.  και ᾽ενταυθα  Κυρος ᾽αριθμον  των 
῾Ελληνικων  στρατιωτων ᾽εποιησεν ᾽εν  τῳ  παραδεισῳ,  και ᾽ησαν 
῾οπλιται  μεν  μυριοι  και  χιλιοι,  πελτασται  δε  δισχιλιοι.

Notes: 1.᾽εστι- For the accent, see 166, 1.
           9.  δισχιλιοι -  The numeral adverb δις  means  twice.

And there is Artaxerxes's palace in Celaenae from which flows the source 
of the Marsyus River.  This river also flows thru Celaenae.   In this place 
Cyrus remained for thirty days; Clearchus arrived with one thousand
hoplites, peltasts and bowmen.  At the same time Sophaenetus was 
there with a thousand hoplites.  And in this place, Cyrus a count of the
Greek soldiers he made, in the park, and there were on the one hand 
11,000 hoplites, and on the other hand 2,000 peltasts.

Lesson XXIII

Perfect, Pluperfect Indicative Middle and Passive of
          Palatal and Lingual Mute Verbs.

S216. Learn the conjugation of the perfect and pluperfect indicative 
  	middle and passive of ᾽αγω,  lead, bring, in 776 
       (᾽ηγμαι,  and ᾽ηγμην).

S217. 1.  A palatal mute (κ γ χ) before  μ becomes (or remains) γ; 
	     with σ it forms ξ;  before τ and ξ it becomes (or 
  	     remains) respectively κ and  χ.
	2.  σ between two consonants is dropped.

S218. Conjugate also the corresponding perfect and pluperfect of  
	ταττω (ταγ),  arrange, draw up (πεπεισμαι and
	᾽ετεταγμην).

S219. Learn the conjugation of the perfect and pluperfect indicative 
	middle and passive of πειθω  persuade, middle,  obey, in 
	777 (πεπεισμαι and ᾽επεπεισμην).

S220. 1.  A lingual mute (τ δ θ) before  μ becomes σ; 
	     before  σ it is dropped;  before τ and θ it becomes  σ.
	2.  σ between two consonants is dropped.

S221. Conjugate also the corresponding perfect and pluperfect of 
	῾αρπαζω (῾αρπαδ) rob  (῾ηρπασμαι and  	῾ηρπασμην).

S222.				Vocabulary.

᾽ευ,  adverb, well.
᾽ευωνυμος, ον  (130),  of a good name or  omen, euphemistic 
	for left, on the left side,  as contrasted with  δεξιοs.
 μεσος, η, ον,  middle; το μεσον, the middle, center.
 παρασκευαζω,  παρασκευασω,  etc. (compare 
	παρασκευη),  get or  make ready, prepare.
 συνταττω,  draw up together, marshal.
 ταττω, (ταγ), ταξω, ᾽εταξα,  τεταχα,  
	τεταγμαι, ᾽εταχθην,  arrange, order, especially of 
	troops,  draw up, marshal, post.
῾υποζυγιον, ου, το,  beast of burden,  plural,  baggage 
	animals.
  φυλαττω  (φυλακ),  φυλαξω, ᾽εφυλαξα,  
	πεφυλαχα,  πεφυλαγμαι, ᾽εφυλαχθην,
	guard, watch, defend;  middle,  defend oneself against, guard 
	against.

S223. 
1.  τουτον  δη  ᾽ευ  πεφυλαγμεθα.
     We have well defended ourselves against him.

2. ᾽ηκτια ῾η  στρατια  κατα (against) το  των  πολεμιων  μεσον.
     The army has been led against the center of the enemy.

3.῾οι  δε  πολεμιοι ᾽ηθροισμενοι ᾽εισι  και συντεταγμενοι.
    The enemies have gathered and drawn up in battle order.

4.᾽Αρταξερξης ᾽εις  μαχην  παρεσκευαστο.
    Artaxerxes, for the battle he has prepared.

5.῾ουτοι ῾οι  στρατιωται ᾽ευ  τεταγμενοι ᾽εισιν.
    These soldiers have been well marshalled.

6. τῳ  δε  λοχαγῳ* τουτῳ ῾ηδεως πεπεισμαι.
     Note:  Verbs signifying to obey take the dative. (860). 
     For this captain, I have gladly obeyed.

7.᾽ετετακτο  δε ᾽επι  τῳ ᾽ευωνυμῳ* ῾ουτος ῾ο  στρατηγος.
     Note:  on the left (wing).
     Posted on the left wing, thus the general was.

8.῾οι  στρατηγοι ᾽ηγμενοι ῾ησαν ᾽εις  την ᾽αρταξερξου  σκηνην.
    The generals had been lead into the tent of Artaxerxes.

9.  και τα ῾οπλα  τοις στρατιωταις* ᾽επι ῾αμαξων ᾽ηκτο  και ῾υποζυγιων.
     Note:  for the soldiers,  a dative of  advantage (861).
     And the weapons for the soldiers had been carried on the wagons
     and the baggage animals.

10. ῾αι δε  σκηναι  πεφυλαγμεναι ᾽εισι  τοις βαρβαροις.
      Note:  The agent  (203).
      The tents were guarded by the barbarians.

S224. 
1. The fellow had been lead into the presence of Clearchus.

2. But we had obeyed Cyrus.

3. The men on the left (wing) had been posted on the bridge.

4. ῃou have prepared yourselves against dreadful foes.

5. The horses and the beasts of burden had been led through a hostile 
    country.

S225. 	The march continues.  Review of troops.

   ᾽εντευθεν ᾽εξελαυνει ᾽εις  Θυμβριον. ᾽ενταυθα ᾽ην  παρα  την ῾οδον  κρηνη:
᾽επι  δε  ταυτῃ  λεγεται  Μιδας  τον  Σατυρον  θηρευσαι.  ᾽εντευθεν ᾽eξελαυνει ᾽εις  Τυριαιον,  και  εξεταζει ᾽εν  τῳ  πεδιῳ  την  στρατιαν. ᾽εκελευσε  δε τους ῾Ελληνικους  στρατιωτας  ταχθηναι ῾ωσπερ ᾽εις  (for)  μαχην. ᾽εταχθησαν ᾽ουν ᾽επι  τετταρων  (four deep) :  ᾽ειχε  δε  το  μεν
δεξιον  Μενωn  και ῾οι  συν ᾽αυτῳ,  το  δε ᾽ευωνυμον  Κλεαρχος και ῾οι  ᾽εκεινου,  το  δε  μεσον ῾οι ᾽αλλοι  στρατηγοι.

Notes:   
	3. θηρευσαι - to have caught,  aorist infinitive active.
	5. ταχθηναι - first aorist infinitive passive,  to be drawn 
	    up.    ῾ωσπερ - as if.

Lesson XXIV

Prepositions

S226. Prepositions are use with the genitive, dative and accusative.  Some prepositions are used with onlῳ one of these cases, others with two, others 
with all three.

S227. The prepositions ᾽αντι  instead of, ᾽απο  off from, from,  Latin ab, ᾽εξ  out of, from, Latin ex,  and προ before,  Latin  pro,  take only the genitive.  ᾽εξ 
signifies from within, out of, ᾽απο off from, away from.

S228.  ᾽εν, in,  Latin in  with the ablative, and συν, with,  Latin cum,  take only the dative.

S229. ᾽ανα, up, and ᾽εις,  into,  Latin  in  with the accusative, take only the accusative.

S230. ᾽αμφι,  about, δια, through, on account of  κατα, down  μετα, in company with, after, and ῾υπερ, over, Latin  super,  take the genitive and the accusative.

S231.᾽επι, on, upon, παρα, alongside of, beside, περι, round, about  προς, over against, at, to, and ῾υπο, under, Latin  sub, take the genitive, dative and accusative.   
Note (compare 202)

S232. In general, the genitive with prepositions denotes that from which something proceeds, the dative that in or by which something is or takes place, the accusative that  towards, over, along or upon  which motion occurs as:

	᾽αγγελος ᾽εςτι  παρα Κυρου,  he is a messenger from (beside)  Cyrus.

	 παρα  τῳ  Κυρῳ ᾽ησαν ῾οι  στρατηγοι.  the generals were beside Cyrus.

      ᾽αγουσι  τον ᾽ανθρωπον  παρα  Κυρον,  they bring the fellow to Cyrus.

S233. The chief relations expressed by the prepositions are place and time; but they express also  cause, origin, means, agency, condition, purpose, and other important ideas,  The original 	force of the preposition shades off into many meanings.

S234. Prepositions are used in forming compound verbs (93).  

	a. In determining the force of a preposition in any sentence, the 
	    pupil should study the connection of the preposition with the 
	    other words in the sentence, or with the verb to which it is 
  	    prefixed, keeping the original meaning of the preposition in 
	    mind.  The general vocabulary must be constantly consulted.

S235.				Vocabulary.

᾽αλλα,  conjunction, but, yet, stronger than  δε.
᾽αμφι,  preposition:  with genitive,  about, concerning;  with 
	           accusative,  about, round.
᾽ανα,  preposition with accusative, up, up along , up to, with 
		  numerals, at the rate of.
᾽αρχω, ᾽αρξω,  ηρξα, ᾽αργμαι, ᾽αρχθην
		(compare ᾽αρχη),  be first, rule, reign over, command, 
		 middle, begin.
᾽αυ,  adverb,  again, in turn, moreover.
᾽ειτα,  adverb,  then, thereupon.
᾽ευθυς,  adverb,  at once, immediately.
 περι,  preposition:  with genitive,  about, concerning,  with 
		 dative,  round, about,  with accusative,  about, all round, 
		 round.
 προ,  preposition with genitive,  before, in front of, for.
 πρωτος, η, ον,  (compare προ),  first, foremost;    
  πρωτον  as adverb,  first.
῾υπερ,  preposition: with genitive,  over, above, in  behalf of;
		  with accusative, over, above.

S236. 
1. συμμαχοι ᾽αγαθοι ᾽εισιν ῾οι ᾽αμφι Κυρον.
     Note:  those about Cyrus,  i.e.  his attendants.

2. ῾οι δε ᾽αλλοι ᾽εθηρευον  τα  θηρια ᾽απο῾ιππων.

3. ῾οι Κυρου  φιλοι ῾εστρατευμενοι ῾εισιν ῾υπερ ᾽αυτου.

4.  ταυτα  περι  της  στρατιας ᾽αγγελοι παρα  του ᾽αδελφου ᾽ελεξαν  Κυρῳ  
    προ της μαχης.

5.  μετα τουτο πορευονται ῾επτα σταθμους ᾽ανα  πεντε  παρασαγγας  της ῾ημερας 
     παρα  τον  ποταμον.
	Note: each day, genitive of the  time within which (854).

6.  Κυρος ᾽ουκ ᾽εστιν  επι  τῳ ᾽αδελφῳ, ᾽αλλ᾽   ᾽αξιος ᾽εστιν ᾽αρχειν ᾽αντ᾽ 
    ᾽εκεινου.   
	   Νοte:  compare 171.

7.᾽εκεινος  δε  των ῾οπλιτων ᾽ηρχεν:  ῾ουτοι  δ᾽   ᾽αυ προ ᾽αυτου ᾽Αρταξερξου 
   τεταγμενοι ᾽ησαν.
   Note:  The genitive follows ᾽αρχω (847).

8.  Κυρος ᾽εκελευσε  τον  Κλεαρχον πρωτον μεν  ταττειν  τους  στρατιωτας, ᾽ειτα  
     δε ᾽αγειν  δια του  πεδιου.
 
9.῾ο  δε  σατραπης  πορευεται ᾽ευθυς παρα τον ᾽αρταξερξην,  και  στρατιωτας 
   ᾽εχει ᾽αμφι  τους  τριακοσιους.

S237. 
1. The messengers will proceed from the market place to the tents.

2. Cyrus and his staff proceed immediately to the palace.
    Note: and his staff  i.e. those about Cyrus.

3. He had a stronghold above the village.

4. Before the battle, the generals sacrificed in their tents to the gods.
    Note: Dative without a preposition.

S238.      The Greeks inspire the Barbarians with Fear.

   ᾽εξεταζει ᾽ουν ῾ο  Κυρος  πρωτον  μεν  τους  βαρβαρους: ῾οι δε  παρελαυνουσι  τεταγμενοι  κατα ᾽ιλας: ᾽ειτα  δε  τους ᾽αλλους  στρατιωτας.  μετα δε ταυτα ᾽επεμψεν ᾽αγγελον παρα τους στρατηγους  τους ῾Ελληνικους και ᾽εκελευσε πορευεσθαι ῾ωσπερ ᾽εις μαχην: ῾οι δε ταυτα ᾽ελεξαν τοις στρατιωταις:  και ᾽επει ᾽εσαλπιγξεν ῾ο σαλπικης, προβαλλονται τα ῾οπλα και συν κραυγῃ τρεχουσιν ᾽επι τας σκηνας.  τουτο δε τοις βαρβαροις φοβον παρειχε.

Notes:  2. ῾οι δε and they,  the article being used as a demonstrative. 
                 τεταγμενοι: having been drawn up, perfect passive participle.  
                 κατα᾽ιλας: by companies. (᾽ιλη).
	    6.᾽εσαλπγξεν: aorist of σαλπιζω. For a picture of a trumpeter (σαλπικτης), 
                see No. 55.
	    8. παρ-ειχε:  caused  (παρ-εχω).

Lesson XXV

Labial and Palatal Mute Stems of the Consonant Declension.

S239. The Third or Consonant Declension includes all nouns whose stems end in a consonant or in  ι or  υ.  The stem may generally be found by dropping the case ending of the genitive singular.

S240. The case ending are:

	MASCULINE AND FEMININE

           Singular            			Plural
N. -ς 		(-s or -)		-ες			(-es)
G. -ος 		(-is)			-ων			(-um)
D. -ι 		(-i)			-σι			(-ibus)
A. -α or ν 	(-em)		-ας or  νς		(-es)
V. -ς or -  	(s or -)		-ες			(-es)

				 NEUTER
           Singular            			Plural
N. - 		( - )			-α			(-a)
G. -ος 	(-is)			-ων			(-um)
D. -ι 	(-i)			-σι			(-ibus)
A. - 		( - )			-α 			(-a)
V. - 		( - )			-α			(-a)

a. The corresponding forms in Latin are added in parenthesis.

S241. The dual has N.A.V. -ε,  G.D. -οιν, in all genders.

S242. Learn the declension of  κλωψ, thief,  φυλαξ, guard, φαλαγξ, phalanx, and  διωρυξ, canal, in 743.

S243. In the nominative singular and dative plural  ς unites with a final labial (π β φ) in the stem to form ψ, with a final palatal (κ γ χ) to form ξ.

S244. Monosyllabic stems of the consonant declension accent the last syllable in the genitive and dative of all numbers.  The endings οιν and ων are circumflexed.

S245.				Vocabulary.

 διωρυξ, υχος, ῾η,  canal, ditch.
᾽εισβολη, ης, ῾η,  entrance, pass
᾽επειμι, be on or  upon,  be over.
 Θρᾳξ, Θρᾳκος,῾ο, a Thracian.
 θωραξ, ακος,῾ο,  breastplate.
 κηρυξ, υκος,῾ο,    herald.
 Κιλιξ, ικος,῾ο,    Cilician.
 κλωψ, κλωπος,῾ο,   thief.
 φαλαγξ, φαλαγγος,῾η,   line of battle, phalanx.
 φυλαξ, ακος,῾ο, (compare φυλαττω), watcher, guard.

S246. 
1. Κλεαρχος ᾽ειχεν ῾οπλιτας χιλιους και πελταστας Θρᾳκας.

2.᾽εκελευσε πορευσθαι την φαλαγγα.

3. δια του θωρακος ᾽ετοξευθη ῾υπο του Κιλικος.

4. τοτε δε ῾αμα τῃ ῾ημερα κηρυκας ᾽επεμψε περι σπονδων.

5.᾽εν δε τῃ ᾽εις το πεδιον ᾽ειςβολῃ τεταγμενιο ᾽εισι των Κιλικων φυλακες.

6. ᾽αλλ᾽ ᾽εν μεσῳ ᾽ημεν του ποταμου και της διωρυχος.

7.῾οι γαρ τοξοται τους κλωπας ᾽εδιωξαν.

8. το δε ᾽ευωνυμον της φαλαγγος ᾽αυτων παρα τῳ ποταμῳ ᾽ην.

9. τοις γαρ Θρᾳξι πολεμιος ᾽ην.

10. ᾽ειτευθεν ᾽επορευντο ᾽επι την διωρυχα:  γεφυραι δ᾽ ᾽επησαν.

S247. 
1. This thief was dishonored.

2. The Cilicians have horses.

3. He sent Thracians (as) guards.

4. The heavy armed men wore breastplates.

5. The canal is long and narrow, and upon it is a bridge.

S248.  The Troops are Forced to Halt at Cilician Pass.

   ᾽εκ δε Τυριαιου ᾽εξελαυνει προς Δανα.  και Λυκαονιαν διηρπασαν ῾οι στρατιωται.  πολεμια γαρ ᾽αυτῳ ᾽ην. ᾽εν δε Δανοις μενει ῾ο Κυρος ῾ημερας τρεις, και ᾽αποκτιενει Μεγαφερνην, φοινικιστην βασιλειον: ᾽επεβουλευε γαρ αυτῳ. ᾽εντευθεν ᾽εισεβαλλον ᾽εις την Κιλικιαν: ῾η δε ᾽εισβολη ᾽ην ῾οδος ῾αμαξιτος, ᾽ορθια και στηνη: ᾽ελεγετο δε και Συεννεσις ῾ο Κιλιξ ᾽ειναι ᾽επι των ᾽ακρων, φυλαττων την ᾽εισβολην.  δια τουτο ᾽εμενον ῾ημεραν ᾽εν τῳ πεδιῳ.

Notes:
        1.   Study the route on the map.
	5. ᾽εισβαλλον, they tried to enter, imperfect of 
            ᾽εισβαλλω, expressing attempted action.
	6. ῾αμαξιτοs: compare ῾αμαξα.
	7.  φυλαττων: guarding, present participle active.

Lesson XXVI

Lingual Mute Stems of the Consonant Declension.

S249.  Learn the declension of  νυξ,  night,  ᾽ασπις,  shield,   ᾽ορνις,   bird 
γερων,  old man,  and ῾αρμα,  chariot, in 744.

S250. In the nominative singular and dative plural of the first three 
nouns the final lingual (τ δ θ) of the stem is dropped before ς.  νυξ 
therefore stands for νυκτ-ς, νυκ-ς,  κς becoming ξ. So νυκτ-σι, νυκ-σι, νυξι.

S251. The fourth noun γερων rejects σ in the nominative, and lengthens  
ο to ω. Final τ is dropped, since this letter cannot stand at the end of a word.  
In the dative plural both ν and τ are dropped before σ and ο is lengthened to ου.

S252. In the accusative singular most masculines and feminines add α to 
consonant stems, but nouns in ις, except oxytones (25), drop the final τ δ θ 
of the stem and add ν. Thus᾽ορνις (stem ᾽ορνιθ), ᾽ορνιν, but ᾽ασπις, oxytone 
(stem ᾽ασπιδ),  ᾽ασπιδα.

S253. The vocative singular of most masculines and feminines with mute 
stems is like the nominative, but the vocative singular of stems in ιδ, and of 
those in ντ except of oxytones, is the mere stem.   Final δ or τ  is dropped, 
since neither of these letters can stand at the end of a word.  Thus vocative 
᾽ασπι, γερον.

S254. The nominative, accusative and vocative singular of neuters, such as 
῾αρμα, are the simple stem.  Final τ is dropped.  In the dative plural τ is 
dropped before σ.

S255. 			Vocabulary.

῾αρμα, ατος, το,   chariot.
᾽ασπις, ιδος,῾η,  shield.
 γερων, οντος,῾ο, old man.
᾽ελπις, ιδος,῾η,  hope.
 νικη, ης,῾η, victory.
 νυξ, νυκτος, ῾η,  night.
᾽ορνις, ιθος,῾ο, ῾η,  bird.
 στομα, ατος, το, mouth, of an army, van.
 στρατωυμα, ατος, το, (compare στρατια, στρατιωτης)   army.
 χαρις, ιτος,῾η, grace, favor, gratitude; 
 χαριν ᾽εχω,  be or feel grateful.

S256.
1.᾽εν δε ταις σκηναις ᾽ησαν ᾽ασπιδες.

2.᾽εστι δε στρατευμα Περσικον ᾽εν τῳ παραδεισῳ.

3. τοις ᾽ουν θεοις χαριν ᾽ειχον της νικης.

4. την γεφυραν ταυτην λελυκεν ῾ο σατραπης της νυκτοs.

5. τῳ δε γεροντι τουτῳ ᾽εκεινοι πολεμιοι ᾽ησαν.

6.᾽επορευοντο δε ᾽ευθυς ᾽επι το του ποταμου στομα.

7. συν τοις θεοις καλαι τῳ στρατευματι ᾽ελπιδες ᾽εισι νικης.

8.᾽εν δε ταις ᾽οικιαις ᾽ησαν ᾽ορνιθες.

9.᾽εχομεν και ῾οπλα και ῾αρματα και ῾ικανα τα ᾽επιτηδεια.

S257.
1. We feel grateful to the old man.

2. At night they ceased from battle.

3. Cyrus had twenty chariots.

4. The bowman shot birds and wild asses in the plain.

5. The army was cut to pieces by these barbarians.

S258.     Cyrus reaches Tarsus, which the Troops destroy.

   τῃ δ᾽ ῾υστεραιᾳ ῾ηκεν ᾽αγγελος λεγων ῾οτι πεφευγε Συεννεσις.  
Κυρος ᾽ουν ᾽αναβαινει ᾽επι τα ᾽ακρα, ᾽εντευθεν δε καταβαινει εις 
πεδιον καλον.  δια δε τουτου ᾽ελαυνει παρασαγγας πεντε και 
εικοσιν ᾽εις Ταρσους, ᾽ενθα ᾽ην βασιλεια. ᾽εν δε τῃ ῾υπερβολῃ τῃ 
᾽εις το πεδιον κατεκοπησαν, ῾ως λεγεται, ᾽εκατον ῾οπλιται του 
Μενωnος στρατευματος ῾υπο των Κιλικων. ῾οι δε αλλοι ᾽επει ῾ηκον, 
Ταρσους διηρπασαν δια τον ᾽ολεθρον των στρατιωτων.

Notes: 
	1. τῃ ῾υστεραια:  the next (day),  ῾ημερᾳ being understood, a
            dative of the time when. (870).   
            πεφευγε: second perfect of φευγω, flee.
	2.᾽ανα-βαινει: the  verb  βαινω means  go.

Lesson XXVII

Adjectives of the Consonant Declension.

S259. The feminine of Adjectives of the Consonant Declension, when 
it differs from the masculine, follows the A-Declension.  It's nominative singular ends in  α (short).

S260. Learn the declension of  χαριεις, graceful, πας, all, and 
῾εκων, willing, in 752, and of the participle λυωνμ loosing, in 754.  
These have stems in ντ.

S261. The feminines of these adjectives is declined like θαλαττα (62).

S262. The nominative singular masculine ends in ς  before which 
ντ is dropped and the preceding vowel lengthened (ε to ει and  α to α), 
or rejects ς like γερων (744).  For the vocative singular masculine of 
χαριεις and ῾εκων, see 253.

S263. In the dative plural masculine and neuter of χαριεις, ε is not 
lengthened, although ντ is dropped. πας lacks the vocative singular 
and dual.  The forms παντων and πασι are irregular in accent 
(compare 244).

S264.		Vocabulary.
῾απας, ῾απασα, ῾απαν, all together, all.
῾εκων, ουσα, ον, willing, of one's own accord; in the predicate, willingly.
᾽ετι, adverb, yet, still, longer.
᾽ηδη,  adverb, already, now, forthwith.
 θαυμαζω, (θαυμαδ), θαυμασομαι, 
    ᾽εθαυμασα, τεθαυμακα, 
    ᾽εθαυμασθην, wonder at, admire, wonder.
᾽ουκ-ετι,  adverb, no longer.
 πας, πασα, παν (compare πανυ), all, entire.
 στολος, ου, ῾ο,   armed force, expedition.
 συναγω, bring together, collect.
῾υστερος, α, ον,   later; ῾υστερον as adverb, later, 
	afterwards.
 χαριεις, εσσα, εν  (compare χαρις), graceful, 
	accomplished, clever.
 χρημα, ατος, το, something one uses, plural, things, 
	money.

S265. 
1.῾ηκει ῾εχων παν το στρατευμα.

2. ταυτα δε ᾽ελεξε πασι τοις στρατιωτας.

3.῾οι δε ῾οπλιται ῾απαντες ᾽ησαν μυπιοι και χιλιοι.

4.῾ο νεανιας χαριεις ᾽εστι.

5.῾υστερον δε χρηματα ᾽επεμψεν ῾εκων παντι τῳ στρατευματι.

6.᾽εις δε τον παραδεισον ᾽ετι συναγει παν το στρατευμα.

7.῾αι ςπονδαι ᾽εισι και τοις ᾽αλλοις ῾απασιν.

8. στρατηγος ᾽ηδη ᾽ην ῾ο Κυρος παντων των εν τῳ πεδιῳ βαρβαρων.

9.᾽αλλα, ᾽ω Κλεαρχε, ᾽ουκετι πορευσομεθα ῾εκοντες συν Κυρῳ.

10. παντες γαρ θαυμασονται τουτον τον στολον.

S266. 
1. Everything has been done by the generals.

2. All the soldiers were proceeding willingly.

3. The gifts of the satrap were all beautiful.

4. Afterwards all the guards were drawn up.

5. The entire army proceeded through the plain twenty-five parasangs.

S267. 		The Troops refuse to advance.

  ᾽ενταυθα μενει Κυρος και ῾η στρατια ῾ημερας ᾽εικοσιν. ῾οι γαρ 
στρατιωται ᾽ουκετι ᾽ηθελον πορευεσθαι. ῾υπωπτευον γαρ ᾽ηδη ᾽επι  
᾽Αρταξερξην τον στολον ᾽ειναι. πρωτος δε Κλεαρχος τους ῾αυτου 
στρατιωτας ᾽εκελευε πορευεσθαι. ῾οι δε ᾽αυτον τε ᾽εβαλλον και τα 
῾υποζυγια τα ᾽εκεινου.  ῾υστερον δε συνηγαγε τουσ στρατιωτας, και 
πρωτον μεν ᾽εδακρυεν: ῾οι δε ᾽εθαυμαζον.  ᾽ειτα δε ᾽ελεξε ταδε.

Notes:
   	2.᾽ηθελον:  imperfect of ᾽εθελω. 	
           ῾υπωπτευον: imperfect of ῾υποπτευω. 
	3.᾽ειναι:  translate  that is was, etc. compare 191, 3.
	4. ῾αυτου of himself, his own.
	5. ῾οι δε but they,  compare 238, 2.

Lesson XXVIII

Contract Verbs in αω  in the Indicative.

S268. Two successive vowels, or a vowel and a diphthong, within a 
word, may be united by CONTRACTION in a single long vowel or 
diphthong.

S269. Verbs in αω, εω, and οω contract the final α, ε, ο of the verb 
stem with the following vowel or diphthong in the present and imperfect.

S270. Learn the conjugation of the present and imperfect indicative, 
active, middle, and passive of τιμαω, honor, in 781.

S271. Observe that:

	(1)  α + ο, ου,  or ω = ω;  
		α +   ε  = α long;
		α +   ει  = ᾳ.

S272. A contracted syllable is accented if either of the original 
syllables had an accent.  A contracted penult or antepenult is 
accented regularly. (21,22).  A contracted final syllable is circumflexed; 
but if the original word is oxytone (25), the acute is retained.

S273. A verb is called a vowel verb, a mute verb, or a liquid verb, 
according to the final letter of its stem.  This may be a vowel, a mute 
or a liquid (λ μ ν ρ).

S274. Most stems ending in a short vowel lengthen this vowel in all
tenses except the present and imperfect, α or ε  to η, and ο to ω; 
but α after ε, ι, or ρ generally 	becomes α long.

      Thus, τιμαω, τιμησω, ᾽ετιμησα, τετιμηκα, τετιμημαι, ᾽ετιμηθην.

S275. 			Vocabulary.

 βοαω, βοησομαι,᾽εβοησα, shout, cry out, call out.
᾽ει, conjunction, if, whether (a proclitic).
᾽ερωταω,᾽ερωτησω, etc,   ask a question, inquire.
 νικαω, νικησω, etc., (compare νικη),  conquer, surpass, be victorious.
 Ξενοφων, ωντος, ῾ο,  an Athenian, author of Anabasis.
῾ορμαω, ῾ορμησω, etc., set in motion, rush; middle, set out or forth, start.
 πολλακις, adverb, often, frequently.
 τιμαω, τιμησω, etc. (compare᾽ατιμαζω), value, esteem, honor.

S276.  
1.᾽ενικατε τους μετα Κυρον φυλακας.

2. νικωμεθα ῾υπο των κιλικων.

3.῾ο δε Ξενοφων αυτον ᾽ηρωτα, "Τι (why) βοᾳς;"

4. Κυρος δε ῾ωρματο ᾽απο της κωμης της νυκτος μετα Ξενοφωντοs.
       Note: νυκτος Genitive of the time within which (854).

5.῾οι ᾽αμφι Κυρον λεγουσιν῾οτι τα παντα νικωσι.
	Note: Adverbial accusative (835)  are completely victorious.

6. Κυρος Κλεαρχον πολλακις ᾽ετετιμηκει: παντας γαρ τους 
  ᾽αγαθους ᾽εις πολεμον ᾽ετιμα.

7.᾽ερωτᾳ ᾽ει και τοις ᾽αλλοις στρατιωταις ῾αι σπονδαι ᾽εισιν.

8.῾ουτοι ῾οι στρατιωται ᾽ενικων τους θρᾳκας.

9.᾽εν τοις Περσαις ῾οι γεροντες τιμωνται.

10. και ᾽ευθυς τῳ Κλεαρχῳ ᾽εβοα  ᾽αγειν το στρατευμα κατα μεσον
      το των πολεμιων.
	Note:  Note the position of the article (812).

S277.
1. He conquers the enemy.

2. And he honored the general with other gifts.
    Note:  Use the dative. (866).

3. But the soldiers were shouting to the guards to stop.

4. This man asks whether you admire the army.

5. When Cyrus set out, I proceeded at once to Phrygia.
     Note:  for "proceed" and "set out", use the imperfect.

S278. 	The Speech of Clearchus, and its Effect.

     ᾽ανδρες (fellow) στρατιωται, ᾽εμοι ξενος ᾽εστιν ῾ο Κυρος και 
πολλακις ᾽ηδη τετιμηκε. βουλομαι ᾽ουν συμπορευεσθαι ᾽αυτῳ. 
᾽επει δε ῾υμεις ᾽εμοι ᾽ουκ ᾽εθελετε πειθεσθαι, ᾽εγω συν ῾υμιν 
῾εψομαι: ῾υμεις γαρ ᾽εμοι ᾽εστε και φιλοι και συμμαχοι.
   ταυτα ᾽ελεξεν. ῾οι δε στρατιωται  ῾οι τε ᾽αυτον ᾽εκεινου
και ῾οι ᾽αλλοι ᾽επαινουσι:  παρα δε των ᾽αλλων στρατηγων
δισχιλιο ᾽εχοντες τα ῾οπλα και τα σκευοφορα στρατπεδευοντι
 παρα Κλεαρχον.

Notes:
	1. ᾽εμοι: dative of the first personal pronoun ᾽εγω,  I  (Latin ego).  
             For the case, see 862.
	3.῾υμεις: you  (plural), genitive῾υμων, dative῾υμιν, accusative῾υμας.
	4.῾εψομαι: future of ῾επομαι, follow
	7.᾽επαινουσι: by contraction for᾽επαινεουσι, from᾽επαινεω, praise.

Lesson XXIX

Contract Verbs in εω and οω in the Indicative.

S279. Learn the conjugation of the present and imperfect indicative 
active, middle and passive of ποιεω, do, make, in 782, and of 
δηλοω, manifest, in 783.   

S280. Observe also that 

	(2)	ε + ω  = ω;  ε + ο or ου = ου;  ο + ε  or ει = ει.

S281. Observe also that 

	(3)  ο + ω  = ω;  ο + ο, ε or ου = ου;  ο + ει = οι.

		a. Review the rule for accent in 272.

S282. 			Vocabulary.

᾽αδικεω, ᾽αδικησω, etc. (compare ᾽αδικος), be unjust, do 
            wrong, wrong, injure.
᾽αδικος, ον, (᾽α - a negation, +  δικη),  unjust.
᾽αρχων, οντος, ῾ο, (compare ᾽αρχω), ruler, commander.
 δηλοω, δηλωσω, etc., make clear, show, manifest.
῾Ελλας, αδος,῾η, (compare῾Ελληνικος),  Greece.
 κακως (compare κακοs), adverb,  badly, ill.
 καλεω, καλω, ᾽εκαλεσα, κεκληκα, κεκλημαι, ᾽εκληθην,  call, 
          summon, name.
῾οτι,  conjunction, that, because, since.
 ποιεω, ποιησω, etc., do, make.  κακως ποιεω,  treat badly, harm, 
          injure, ravage.
 πολεμεω, πολεμησω, etc.,  (compare πολεμος), war, make war, fight.
 φιλεω, φιλησω, ᾽εφιλησα, πεφιλημαι, ᾽εφιληθην, 
       (compare φιλος, φιλιος),  love.

S283.
1.῾ο δε ποταμος καλειται Μιαινδρος.

2.῾ο δε ᾽αρχων ᾽επολεμει ᾽αδικον πολεμον.
     Note:  πολεμον A cognate of the accusative.

3. τους Κυρου φιλους κακως ποιειτε.

4. τουτους γαρ τους ᾽αρχοντας ῾οι στρατιωται μαλλων ᾽εφιλουν 
    ᾽η τους αλλους.

5.῾υπο Κυρου Προξενος ᾽ουκ ᾽ηδικειτο.

6. κακως ᾽εποιεις την του σατραπου χωραν.

7. φοβον ποιουσι τοις ῾ιπποις τῃ κραυγῃ.
    Note: Dative of means (866).

8. παλιν δε ῾ο Κυρος ᾽ηρωτα, "᾽Ηδικουν  τον ᾽ανθρωπον;" 

9. δηλιο δε ῾οτι ᾽απορον ᾽εστιν ᾽αγειν το στρατευμα ᾽εις την ῾Ελλαδα.

10.῾υπερ της ῾Ελλαδος ᾽επολεμουν μετα των αλλων: ᾽επει δε Κυρος 
     ᾽εκαλει, ᾽επορευομην προς  ᾽αυτον.

S284.
1. Are the other soldiers doing this?

2. The barbarians are wronged by the guards.

3. You love these more than (you love) the others.

4. The Thracians are wronging the allies.

5. They ask whether you were calling the bowman.

S285.   Cyrus is perplexed, but states his professed purpose.

     Κυρος δε μετεπεμπετο τον Κλεαρχον:  ῾ο δε ᾽ιεναι μεν ᾽ουκ 
᾽ηθελε, λαθρᾳ δε των στρατιωτων πεμπων ᾽αυτῳ ᾽αγγελον 
᾽ελεγε θαρρειν.
     μετα δε ταυτα συνηγαγε τους στρατιωτας και δηλοι ῾οτι ᾽απορον
᾽εστι παλιν πορευεσθαι ᾽εις την ῾Ελλαδα ᾽ανευ των ᾽επιτηδειων: ῾η δ᾽
᾽αγορα ᾽ην ᾽εν τῳ βαρβαρικῳ στρατευματι. ῾οι δ᾽ ᾽ερωτωσι Κυρον ᾽ει
῾η ῾οδος μακρα ᾽εστιν: ῾ο δ᾽ ᾽αποκρινεται (answers) ῾οτι Αβροκομας 
᾽εχθρος ᾽ανηρ ᾽επι τῳ ᾽Ευφρατῃ  ποταμῳ ᾽εστι: προς τουτον ᾽ουν βουλεται πορευεσθαι.

  Notes:
	1. ᾽ιεναι: to go (to him),  present infinitive of ᾽ειμι, go.
	2. στρατιωτων:  the genitive follows the adverb λαθρᾳ secretly, 
             without the knowledge of (856).
	3. θαρρειν: by contraction for θαρρεειν,  and dependent on 
            ᾽ελεγε, bade him be of good courage.
	4. συνηγαγε:  compare 267, 6.
	7. ῾οι δε,῾ο δε: compare 238, 2.
	8.᾽εχθρος ᾽ανηρ: a man (who is his) enemy.

Lesson XXX

Contract Nouns and Adjectives of the Vowel Declension.

S286.  Most adjectives in εος and οος suffer contraction.

S287.  Learn the declension of  χρυσους,  golden, ῾απλους,  simple, 
sincere,  and ᾽αργυρους, of silver, in 751.

S288. These adjectives, in their contracted forms (which alone occur in 
Attic Greek), differ from ᾽αγαθος and ᾽αξιος (750) only in the following 
particulars:
             (1)  They have ους  and  ουν  for ος and ον;
             (2)  No distinct vocative forms occur;
             (3)  They circumflex the final syllable throughout,
		    except in the nominative and accusative masculine
		    and neuter dual.

S289. Compound adjectives in οος  are of two terminations (130) and 
keep the accent on the same syllable as in the contracted nominative 
singular, as  (ευνοοs) ευνους, (ευνοον) eυνουν,  well disposed,  genitive 
(ευνοον) eυνου, etc.

S290. Some contract nouns are declined like the adjectives in 287.

S291. Learn the declension of  νους, mind,   μνα, mina,  and  γη,  
earth, in 742.

S292.			Vocabulary.
᾽ακινακης, ου,῾ο short sword.
᾽απλους, η, ουν, simple, sincere.
᾽αργυρους, α, ουν, of silver, silver.
 γη, γης, ῾η earth, ground, land. 
᾽εκαστος, η, ου, each, every	 
᾽ευ-νους, ουν (᾽ευ + νους),  well disposed.
 μνα, μνας, ῾η  mina = $18.00
 νους, νου ῾o, mind; 
᾽εν νῳ ᾽εχω, have in mind, intend.
 στρεπτος, ου,῾ο, necklace, collar.
 χαλκους, η, ουν, of bronze, bronze.
 χρυσους, η, ουν, of gold, gold.

S293.
1. ᾽ευνοι δε Κυρῳ ῾οι ᾽αρχοντες ᾽ειστιν.

2. φιλοις ᾽ευνοις Κυρος πιστος ᾽ην.

3.᾽απλους ᾽ην ῾ο του φυλακος λογοs.

4. τα δε δωρα ᾽ησαν στρεπτοι χρυσοι.

5. Κυρος ῾οπλιτῃ ᾽εκαστῳ πεμψει πεντε μνας.

6. τι  (what)᾽εν nῳ ᾽εχετε;
 
7. τοτε ᾽εν τῃ γῃ πρωτοι ᾽ησαν ῾ουτοι και᾽εν τῃ θαλαττῃ.

8.῾αι δε πελται χαλκαι ᾽ησαν.

9. δωρα δ᾽ ᾽αυτῳ ᾽επεμψαμεν στρεπτον χρυσουν και 
᾽ακινακην ᾽αργυρουν.

10.᾽επολεμει τοις Θρᾳξι και κατα γην και κατα θαλατταν.

	Notes:  Θραξι with the Thracians. For case see 864.

S294.
1. Each of the heralds has five minas.

2. Cyrus sent the old man a gold collar.

3. What does the commander intend?

4. For Cyrus had a short sword of gold.

5. The other generals were well-disposed to Xenophon.

S295. Cyrus promises additional pay.  Syennesis becomes friendly.

    τοις δε στρατιωταις ῾υποψια ᾽εστιν ῾οτι ᾽αγει προς ᾽αρταξερξην, 
῾ομως δε ῾επονται.  προσαιτουσι δε μισθον. ῾ο δε Κυρος ῾υπισχνειται 
῾εκαστῳ στρατιωτῃ ᾽αντι δαρεικου τρια ῾ημιδαρεικα: ῾οτι δε ᾽επι 
τον αδελφον ᾽εν νῳ ᾽εχει πορευεσθαι ᾽ενταυθα ᾽ακουει ᾽ουδεις 
(nobody) ᾽εν γε τῳ φανερῳ.
    ᾽εν δε Ταρσοις Συεννεσις μεν ᾽εδωκε (gave) Κυρῳ χρηματα᾽εις 
την στρατιαν, Κυρος δε ᾽εκαινῳ ῾ιππον και στρεπτον χρυσουν και 
ψελια και ᾽ακινακην χρυσουν.

Notes:
	1. τοις στρατιωτας: dative of possessor (862),  the 
		soldiers have their suspicions, i.e. they suspect.
	3. τρια:  Latin  tria.
	4. ῾ημιδαρεικα:  ῾ημι- equals Latin  semi-.
	5. ᾽εν γε τῳ φανερῳ: at least (γε, enclitic) publicly.
	8. ψελια:  for a picture of  ψελιον, armlet.

Lesson XXXI

Deponent verbs.   Conditional Sentences.

S296. Review the indicative of λυω in 765 - 770, and of the 
perfect and pluperfect indicative middle and passive of mute 
verbs in 775 - 777.

S297. Many verbs called DEPONENT Verbs, have no active voice, 
but are used in the middle or in the middle and passive in an active sense.

S298. In most deponent verbs the principle parts are the present, 
future, aorist, and perfect of the indicative middle.  These are 
called middle deponents.  Thus, ῾ηγεομαι, lead, conduct, ῾ηγησομαι, 
῾ηγησαμην,   ῾ηγημαι.

S299. A few deponent verbs have the aorist passive instead of the 
aorist middle.  These are called passive deponents. Thus βουλομαι, 
will, wish,   βουλησομαι, βεβουλημαι, ᾽εβουληθην.

S300. Some verbs which have active forms are nevertheless used 
almost exclusively in the middle, or middle and passive, and practically 
become deponents, as μεταπεμπομαι, and  συστρατευομαι, used as 
middle deponents, and πορευομαι, as a passive deponent.

S301. In the conditional sentences the clause containing the condition 
is called the protasis, and that containing the conclusion is called the 
apodosis.  The protasis is introduced by some form of  ᾽ει, if.

S302. The supposition contained in the protasis may be either 
particular or general.  A particular supposition refers to a definite 
act supposed to occur at a definite time.  A general supposition 
refers indefinitely to any act, which may be supposed to occur 
at any time.

S303. The negative of the protasis is regularly μη, that of the 
apodosis is ᾽ου.

S304. 1.᾽ει πραττει τουτο, καλως ᾽εχει, if he is doing this, it is 
well,  si hoc facit, bene est.  2.᾽ει ᾽επραξε τουτο, καλως᾽εχει, if 
he did this, it is well,  si hoc fecit, bene est.

S305. When the protasis simply states a present or past particular 
supposition, implying nothing as to the fulfillment of the condition, 
it has the indicative with᾽ει. Any form of the verb may stand in the 
apodosis.

S306. 
1.᾽ει ᾽επραξε τουτο, καλως᾽αν᾽εχεν, if he had done this, it 
would have been well,  si hoc fecisset, bene fiusset.

2.᾽ει᾽επραττε τουτο, καλως᾽αν᾽εχεν, if he were (now) doing 
this, it would be well,  si hoc faceret, bene esset;  or, as in 
306, 1, if he had done this, it would have been well.

	The protasis in these examples has a secondary tense of 
	the indicative; it states a supposition in the present or past, and 
	implies that the condition is not or was not fulfilled.  The 
	apodosis has a secondary tense of the indicative with ᾽αν.

S307. 1. When he protasis states a present or past supposition, 
implying that the condition is not or was not fulfilled, the secondary 
tenses of the indicative are used in both protasis and apodosis.  
The apodosis has the adverb ᾽αν.

2. The imperfect here refers to the present time or to an act as 
going on or repeated in past time (compare 306, 2), the aorist to 
a simple occurrence in the past time.

S308.                  Vocabulary

᾽απαγω, lead away or back.
 βουλομαι, βουλησομαι, βεβουλημαι, ᾽εβουλησην, will, wish, desire.
῾ηγεομι,῾ηγησομαι,῾ηγηαμην,῾ηγημαι,   (compare᾽αγω), lead the 
      way, lead, guide, conduct.
 καλως  (compare  καλοs), adverb, beautifully, bravely, finely, 
     successfully, well; καλως᾽εχει it is well.
 μη, adverb, not.
 πειραομαι, πειρασομαι, πεπειραμαι, ᾽επειραθην, (274) try, attempt.
 πραττω (πραγ), πραξω,᾽επραξα, πεπραγα, and πεπραχα, πεπραγμαι,
  ᾽επραχθην, do, act, accomplish.
 χραομαι, χρησομαι,᾽εχρησαμην, κεχρημαι, (compare χρημα),  use, 
     make use of, employ.

S309. 
1. Κυρος τοις῾ιπποις καλως᾽εχρησατο.

    Note:  χραομαι use (serve oneself by) takes the dative of means 
    (866). Compare Latin utor with the ablative.

2.᾽ει ταυτα᾽επραξαν, καλως᾽εσχεν.

3.᾽ει ταυτα᾽επραξαν, καλως αν᾽εσχεν.

4. Ξενοφεν ᾽εβουλετο μετα των᾽αλλων πορευεσθαι.

5. τῳ στρατευματι᾽ηγηται᾽εις το πεδιον.
	Note: Dative of advantage. (861).

6.᾽εβουληθη πεμπειν᾽απο του στοματοs῾οπλιτας.

7. τον δε στρατηγον᾽επειρατο πειθειν.

8.᾽ει μη βουλεται Κλεαρχοs᾽αυτος ᾽απαγειν,᾽αλλοι στρατηγοι
   ῾ηγησονται.

9.᾽επορευετο᾽αν᾽επι τους πολεμιους,᾽ει στρατευμα᾽ειχεν.

10.᾽αλλ᾽ ᾽ει βουλονται συν τοις᾽αλλοις πορευεσθαι᾽εις την
    ῾Ελλαδα,῾ηκειν κελευει᾽αυτους της νυκτοs.

S310. 
1. If he has the money, he will send (it) to the army.

2. He has attempted to cut the enemy's army to pieces in the night.

3. If this were so, I will lead the troops at once to the stronghold.
    Note:῾ουτως᾽εχει.

4. He would not have done this if I had not bidden him.

5. He wished to dismiss all the guards.

S311.  Arrival of the Fleet at Issus with Reinforcements.

   ᾽ενταυθεν ᾽εξελαυνει σταθμους πεντε παρασαγγας 
τριακοντα ᾽εις Ισσους.  ᾽ενταυθα μενουσιν῾ημερας τρεις:  
και Κυρῳ παρησαν ῾αι ᾽εκ Πελοποννησου νηες τριακοντα 
και πεντε και ᾽επ᾽ ᾽αυταις ναυαρχος Πυθαγορας Λακεδαιμονιοs. 
῾αι δε νηες ῾ωρμουν παρα την Κορου σκηνην. παρην δε και 
Χειρισοφος Λακεδαιμονιος, μεταπεμπτος ῾υπο Κυρου, 
῾ερτακοσιους ᾽εχων ῾οπλιτας:  τουτων ᾽εστρατηγει παρα Κυρῳ.

Notes:
	3. νηες: nominative plural of  ναυς. Compare Latin naues.
	4.᾽αυταις: refers to νηες, which is feminine.
	5.῾ωρμουν: see ῾ορμεω.
	6. μεταπεμπτοs:  verbal adjective from μεταπεμπομαι.
	7.᾽εστρατηγει: compare στρατηγοs.  The genitive follows 
            στρατηγεω.  (847).

Lesson XXXII

Subjunctive Active.  Vivid Future Conditions.

S312. Only the present, aorist, and perfect tenses occur in the 
subjunctive.  The perfect is rare.

S313. The time expressed by the present and aorist subjunctive is
generally future, the present expressing the action as going on or 
repeated, the aorist expressing simply its occurrence, as᾽εαν 
κωλυσῃ if he shall be hindering, or if he shall hinder (habitually), 
but᾽εαν κωλυση, simply if he shall hinder.

S314. Learn the conjugation of the subjunctive active of λυω in 
765 (λυω), 767 (λυσω), and 768 (λελυκω).

S315. The subjunctive has the long vowel ω or η in place of the 
final vowels ο or ε and α of the tense suffixes found in he indicative 
(138, 140, 148).  The form is ω before μ or ν in the personal endings, 
elsewhere η.  The subjunctive uses the endings of the primary 
tenses (136).

S316.᾽εαν πραττῃ (or πραξῃ) τουτο, καλως ῾εξει, if he shall do this 
(if he does this), it will be well, si hoc faciet, bene erit.

	The protasis is here introduced be᾽εαν if, and and has the 
	subjunctive; it states a supposed future case vividly.  The 
	apodosis has its verb in the future indicative, but any other 
	future form might occur.

S317. When a supposed future case is stated distinctly and vividly 
(as in English, if I shall go, or if I go), the protasis has the 
subjunctive with᾽εαν, and the apodosis has the future indicative or 
some other form of future time.

S318.				Vocabulary.

᾽απο-χωρεω, ᾽απο-χωρησω, etc. (compare χωρα, χωριον),  give place, 
       go away, withdraw.
 βασιλευω, βασιλευσω, ᾽εβασιλευσα,(compare βασιλειοs),  be king.
᾽εαν, by contraction ᾽αν or᾽ην (᾽ει + ᾽αν), conjunction, if, with 
        subjunctive.
᾽εμποριον, ου, το, trading place, emporium.
 παρ-᾽εχω, hold beside or near, furnish, supply, give, cause.
 πολιορκεω, πολιορκησω, etc., hem in a city, besiege.
 πραγμα, ατος, το, (compare πραττω), deed, thing, affair, 
     difficulty; plural, affairs, trouble.
᾽ωφελεω, ᾽ωφελησω, etc., help, assist, benefit.

S319.
1.᾽ην παρεχωμεν᾽αγοραν,῾eξετε τα ᾽επιτηδεια.

2.᾽εαν μη ταυτα ποιησῃ, αδικησει.

3.᾽ην δε᾽αποχωρησωσι, Κυροs᾽αυτους ᾽ου τιμησει.

4.᾽εαν φιλον ποιησῃς τουτον,᾽ωφελησει.
	Note: Verbs signifying to make may take a predicate accusative 
	(here φιλον) besides the object accusative (840).

5.᾽εαν nικησωμεν, την χωραν ᾽ου διαρπασει.

6.᾽εαν᾽ου πεμψητε τουτον προς Κυρον, πλοια ῾εξετε.

7.᾽εαν δε μη πλοια᾽αγῃ ῾ικανα, τοις ᾽αλλοις χρησομεθα.

8.᾽εαν το ῾οι Κιλικες πραγματα παρεχωσι, Κυρος πορευσεται
   ᾽επ᾽ ᾽αυτους.

9.᾽εαν nικησω, βασιλευσω ᾽αντι του ᾽αδελφου.

10.᾽εαν το ᾽εμποριον πολιορκησῃς ᾽αποχωρησουσιν ῾οι Κιλικες.

S320. 
1. The messenger shall have ten minas, if he does this.
    Note: (if he does this) use the aorist.

2. If he does not collect an army, his brother will be king.

3. If we proceed to this height, those above the road will withdraw.  
    Note: ῾οι῾υπερ της῾οδου.

4. If he does not collect hoplites, he will not defeat his brother.

5. If we have troops and boats, we will besiege the emporium by land 
    and sea.

S321. 	Safe Passage of the Syrian Gateway.

    ᾽εντευθεν᾽εξελαυνει᾽επι πυλας της Κιλικιας και της Συριας. 
᾽ησαν δε ῾αυται δυο τειχη, και το μεν προ της Κιλικιας τειχος 
Συννεσις᾽ειχε και Κικιλων φυλακη, το δε προ της Συριας 
᾽Αρταξερξου᾽ελεγετο φυλακη φυλαττειν.  δια μεσου δε 
τουτων ῾ρει ποταμοs. και ῾η παραδος ᾽ην στενη και τα τειχη 
᾽εις την θαλατταν καθηκεν. ταυτας τας πυλας ᾽ουκ ᾽εφυλαξεν 
᾽αβροκομας, ᾽αλλ᾽ ᾽επει ᾽ακουει ῾οτι  Κυρος ᾽εν Κιλικιᾳ ᾽εστι, 
παρα ᾽αρταξερξην ᾽απελαυνει.

Notes:
	1. πυλας: the article is omitted, since the word is used 
		almost as a proper name.
	2.᾽ησαν:  were, consisted of.    
	    τειχη:  nominative plural of the neuter noun τειχος, wall.  
	    προ:   facing.
	5. δια μεσου:   between.

Lesson XXXIII

Subjunctive Action (continued).   
Subjunctive in Exhortations and in Final Cases.

S322. Learn the conjugation of the present subjunctive of᾽ειμι, in 795.

S323. 1. τον ξενοn τιμησωμεν,  let us honor our guest.
2. μη λυσωμεν την γεφυραν,  let us not destroy the bridge.

	Both of these sentences express exhortation; the verb in each is 
	in the first person plural of the subjunctive.  If the exhortation is 
	negative, μη, not, is used.

S324. The first person of the subjunctive (generally plural) is used in 
exhortations.  Its negative is μη.

S325. 1. την γεφυραν λυσομεν,῾ινα (also῾ως or ῾οπως) τους 
πολεμιους κωλυσωμεν we will destroy the bridge, that we may check 
the enemy.

2. τουτον ᾽απαγομεν,῾ινα μη (also῾ως μη or ῾οπως μη  or simply μη) 
κακως τους φιλους ποιησῃ, we are leading him away, that he may 
not do our friends harm.

	    The subordinate clauses here express purpose and take the 
	subjunctive; they are introduced by the final participle ῾ινα 
	(also ῾ως or ῾οπως), that, in order that, or, if negative, 	by 
       ῾ινα μη (also῾ως μη, or῾οπως μη, or simply μη),  that not, 
        in order that not.  The verb of the principle clause is in the 
        primary (50) tense.

S326. Clauses which denote purpose (or  final clauses) are introduced 
by the final particles῾ινα,῾ως or῾οπως, and take the subjunctive after 
the primary tenses.  The negative is μη.

S327. 			Vocabulary
᾽αιτεω, ᾽αιτησω, etc., ask, ask for, demand.
᾽ακουω, ᾽ακουσομαι, ᾽ηκουσα, ᾽ακηκοα, ᾽ηκουσθην,  hear, learn, 
               hear of, give heed to.
᾽απ-ελαυνω, drive away, intransitive,  ride, march, or  go away.
᾽εαω, ᾽εασω, ᾽ειασα, ᾽ειακα, ᾽ειαμαι,᾽ειαθην, (274),  permit, allow, 
           let go. 
᾽εκει (compare᾽εκεινοs), adverb,  in that place, there.
᾽ελαυνω, (᾽ελα),᾽ελω,᾽ηλασα,᾽εληλακα,᾽εληλαμαι,᾽ηλαθην, drive;  
            intransitive, drive, ride, march.
 κωλυω, κωλυσω, etc., hinder, prevent, check.
᾽ουδε (῾ου + δε),  negative conjugation,  but not, and not, nor yet, 
          nor; as adverb,  not even, not at all.
 συγ-καλεω, call together, summon.
 φευγω (φυγ), φευξομαι and φευξουμαι, ᾽εφυγον, πεφευγα, flee, 
           run away, flee from, flee  from one's country,  be an exile.

S328. 
1. μη τουτον ᾽εασωμεν εευγειν.

2. παντας ᾽ωφελειν πειραται,᾽ινα᾽αυτῳ φιλοι ᾽ωσι.

3. δια του πεδιου ᾽ελαυνωμεν.

4. Κυρον ᾽αιτουσι πλοια,῾ως τους πελταστας ᾽αποπεμψωσι.
      Note: Verbs signifying to ask take two object accusatives (838).

5. πολεμησωμεν ᾽ουν τοις βαρβαροις, ῾ινα μη τους φιλους κακως 
    ποιησωσιν.
     Νοτε: Ξομπαρε 293, 10.

6. ᾽εαν δε ῾ο σατραπης ᾽ῃ ᾽επι τῳ ᾽Ευφρατῃ ποταμῳ ᾽απελω.

7.᾽ην δε φευγῃ, ᾽εκει προς ταυτα βουλευσομεθα.

8.᾽ουδ᾽ ᾽εαν ταυτ᾽ ᾽ακουσῃ, συγκαλει τους στρατιωτας.

9. μη κωλυωμεν το Κυρου στρατευμα ᾽απελαυνειν.

S329.  
1. Cyrus, let us honor our guest
    Note: Use the aorist.

2. Let us besiege the emporium both by land and by sea.
    Note: besiege - use the aorist.

3. And let us send with Anabasis the peltasts from the van.
    Note: Anabasis - use the dative (865).

4. What (τι) will the soldier have, if they conquer?
     Note: Use the aorist

5. He calls the generals together to persuade them to take the field 
    with him.

S330.  		Xenias and Pasion Desert.

   ᾽εντευθεν ᾽εξελαυνει δια Συριας ᾽εις Μυριανδον: ᾽εμποριον δ᾽ 
᾽εστι το χωριον ᾽επι τῃ θαλαττῃ, και ᾽οικειται ῾υπο Φοινικων. 
᾽ενταυθα μενουσιν ῾ημερας ῾επτα:  και Ξενιας και Πασιων 
πλοιον λαβοντες και τα χρηματα ᾽αποπλεουσι, χαλεπαινοντες 
῾οτι Κυρος τον Κλεαρχον ᾽εια τους στρατιωτας ᾽εχειν.  Κυρος 
δε συνεκαλεσε τους στρατηγους και ελεξε ταδε:  "᾽Απολελοιπασιν 
῾ημας  (us) Ξενιας και Πασιων. ᾽αλλα μα τους θεους ᾽ουκ  
᾽αυτους διωξω, ᾽ουδε αυτους κακως ποιησω." ῾οι δ᾽ ᾽αλλοι 
στρατηγοι ᾽επιε ᾽ηκουσαν την Κυρου ᾽αρετην,
῾ηδεως συνεπορευντο.

    Notes:
	2.᾽οικειται: passive,  is inhabited.
	4. λαβοντες: having taken, second aorist active participle 
	     of λαμβανω,  declined like῾εκων (752), λαβων, λαβουσα, 
             λαβον, etc.
	8. θεους: accusative in the negative oath (837).

Lesson XXXIV

Subjunctive Middle and Passive.
Subjunctive after Verbs of Fearing.

S331. Learn the conjugation of the subjunctive middle and passive 
of λυω in 765 (λυωμαι), 767 (λυσωμαι), 769 (λελυμενοs᾽ω), and 
770 (λυθω).

S332. The long vowel ω or η (315) is used also in the middle and 
passive in all the tenses.  But in the aorist passive it is added to the 
tense stem (195), as λυθε-ω, λυθω (by contraction).  The 
subjunctive uses the endings of the primary tenses (315), here the 
middle and passive endings (175), except in the aorist passive 
where the active ending occur (136).

S333. 1. δεδοικα μη τας γεφυρας λυωσι, I fear that they will 
destroy the bridges.

2. δεδοικαμεν μη᾽ου πιστοι᾽ητε, we fear that you will not be faithful.

	The subordinate clause, which expresses the thing feared and is 
	the object of the leading verb, takes the subjunctive; it is 
	introduced by μη, that or lest (Latin ne), or if negative by
	μη᾽ου that not (Latin ut).  The verb which denotes fear is 
	in the primary tense.

S334. After verbs denoting fear, caution, or  danger, μη,  that or  
lest, takes the subjunctive after primary tenses.  The negative form 
is μη ᾽ου.

S335.				Vocabulary.
 δεδοικα, a perfect with force of present, aorist, ᾽εδεισα
      (compare δεινοs),  fear, of reasonable fear.
 δια-σπαω, draw apart, separate.
῾εξ-απαταω,᾽εξ-απατησω, etc., deceive grossly, mislead.
῾επι-κινδυνος, ον (compare κινδυνοs),  dangerous, perilous.
 κινδυνος, ου,῾ο,   danger, peril.
 νομιζω, (νομιδ), νομιω, etc.,  regard, consider, think.
 σπαω,᾽εσπασα,᾽εσπακα,᾽εσπασμαι, ᾽εσπασθην,   draw.
 σχολη, ησ,῾η, leisure; σχολῃ, slowly.
 φοβεω, φοβησω,᾽εφοβησα, (compare φοβος, φοβεροs),  
      frighten;  commonly passive deponent,  be frightened, fear 
    of unreasoning fear.

S336.
1. παυσωμεθα,᾽ω φιλοι, ταυτης της μαχης.
	Note: A genitive of separation (849).

2. σχολῃ πορευονται ῾ινα μη῾η φαλαγξ διασπασθῃ.
	Note: A dative of manner (866).

3. Κυρος τον σατραπην φιλον ᾽ου νομιει, ᾽εαν ᾽επι την 
    ᾽αρχην πορευηται ᾽εκεινοs.
	Note: Α predicate accusative (840).
        νομιει future third singular.

4. βοωσι παντες, ῾ινα ῾οι πολεμιοι ᾽εξαπατηθωσι.

5. φοβουνται γαρ μη ᾽ου ῾ο σατραπης του πολεμου παυηται.

6.᾽ην δε ῾η γεφυρα λυθῃ, ῾οι πολεμιοι ᾽αποχωρησουσι.

7. ῾η δε χωρα πολεμια ᾽εστιν: ᾽επικινδυνοn ᾽ουν ᾽εσται ᾽εαν 
     πορευησθε δι᾽ ᾽αυτης.
     Note: Third singular of the future (᾽εσομαι) of ᾽ειμι 
                (for᾽εσεται).

8. δεδοικα μη σπασηται τον᾽ακινακην.

9. κινδυνοs᾽εστι μη της νυκτοs ῾οι πολεμιοι πορευωνται ᾽επ᾽ ᾽αυτους.

S337. 
1. I fear that the satrap will be sent.

2. Let us deliberate about this.

3. We will destroy the bridge, that the enemy may not send for the 
     peltasts.

4. I do not fear that this man will be made a satrap.
    Note: Use the aorist.

5. There is no danger that Cyrus will wish to pursue these generals.

S338.			Advance to the Euphrates

    μετα ταυτα Κυρος ᾽εξελαυνι παρασαγγας ᾽εικοσιν ᾽επι τον Χαλον 
ποταμον.᾽ενησαν δε ᾽εν τy ποταμῳ ᾽ιχθυες,῾ους  (which) ῾οι Συροι 
θεους ᾽ενομιζον και ᾽αδικειν ᾽ουκ ᾽ειων. ᾽εσκηνουν δε ῾οι στρατιωται 
᾽εν ταις Παρυσατιδος κωμαις. ᾽ενταυθα ᾽εξελαυνει ᾽επι τας πηγας 
του Δαρδατος ποταμου. ᾽ενταυθα ᾽ησαν βασιλεια και παραδεισος 
καλοs.  Κυρος δ᾽ ᾽αυτον᾽εκκοπτει και τα βασιλεια κατακαει. 
᾽εντευθεν ᾽eξελαυνει σταθμους τρεις ᾽επι τον ᾽Ευφρατην ποταμον.

Notes: 
	2.᾽ιχθυες: fish, nominative plural of᾽ιχθυς, ους, ῾ο.
	4.᾽ουκ ᾽ειων: i.e. they permitted nobody.   
  	    Παρυσατιδοs: the mother of Cyrus.  The income from 
	    these villages supplied her with "pin money."
	7. ᾽αυτον:  the park.

Lesson XXXV

Contract Verbs in the Subjunctive.

S339. Learn the conjugation of the present subjunctive active, middle, 
and passive of τιμαω in 781, of ποιεω in 782, and of δηλοω in 783.

S340. Observe that
	(1) α + ω = ω;		α + η = α long;	a + ῃ = ᾳ;
	(2) ε + ω = ω; 		ε + η = η; 		ε + ῃ = ῃ;
	(3) ο + ω = ω; 		ο + η = ω; 		ο + ῃ = οι;

S341.				Vocabulary.
᾽α-μαχει (᾽α negative + μαχη), adverb, without fighting.
᾽αργυριον, ου, το (compare᾽αργυρους), silver money, money.
᾽εθελω,᾽εθελησω,᾽ηθελησα,᾽ηθεληκα, be willing, wish.
῾επομαι (σεπ), ῾εψομαι,῾εσπομην, follow, accompany.
 κατ-αγω, bring back, restore.
 λοιπος, η, ον, (compare λειπω), remaining;  with 
	the article,  the rest.
 νυν, adverb,  now, just now.
 παρα-καλεω, call to one's side, summon.
 συμ-πορευομαι, accompany.
 φυγας, αδος,῾ο, (compare φευγω), fugitive, exile.

S342. 
1. ᾽εαν δε τους στρατιωτας ᾽αδικῃ, ᾽ουκ ᾽εθελησομεν ῾επεσθαι.

2. φοβουνται ην τους Κυρου φιλους πειρασθε κακως ποιειν.

3. ᾽εαν δε τουτους νικωμεν, παντες ῾εψονται.

4. ᾽ερωτωμεν τον ᾽αγγελον ᾽ει τα ᾽αργυριον ᾽εχει.

5. φοβειται μη πειρωνται καταγειν τους φυγαδας.

6. ᾽εν τῳ φανερῳ λεξει῾ινα πασι δηλοι τι  (what) ᾽εν nῳ ᾽εχει. 

7. ᾽εαν τα στρατευμα ᾽αποχωρῃ της νυκτος, ῾εψονται ῾οι πολεμιοι.

8. ᾽ην δε τους ᾽αλλους στρατιωτας παρακαλητε, πειρασονται 
    παντες αγαθοι ᾽ειναι.
    Note: ᾽ειναι, to be.

9. ᾽ην δε Κυροs ᾽εᾳ τον Κλεαρχον τους στρατιωτας ᾽εχει, ᾽ουκετι 
    συμπορευσονται ῾οι ᾽αλλοι στρατηγοι.

10. ᾽εαν nυn τους φιλους παρακαλωμεν, ᾽αμαχει την λοιπην
      ῾οδον πορευσομεθα.
      Note:῾οδον A cognate accusative.

S343. 
1. Let us ask Cyrus what he intends.

2. He fears that the troops will demand their pay.

3. Let us set forth, soldiers, against the Cilicians.

4. With the help of the gods, let us conquer the enemy.
    Note:  with the help of,   συν.

5. We fear that the soldiers may wrong our allies.

S344.  The real Object of the Expedition is disclosed.

    ᾽ενταυθα μενοισιν῾ημερας πεντε, και τοις στρατηγοις τοις
῾Ελληνικοις Κυρος λεγει῾οτι ῾η ῾οδοs᾽εσται προς τον᾽
Αρταξερξην᾽εις Βαβυλωνα:  και κελευει᾽αυτους λεγειν ταυτα 
τοις στρατιωταις και πειθειν῾επεσθαι.῾οι δε στρατιωται 
χαλεπαινουσι τοις στρατηγοις, και᾽ουκ᾽εθελουσιν῾επεσθαι
᾽εαν μη Κυροs᾽αυτοις χρηματα διδῳ῾ωσπερ και προτερον. 
ταυτα῾οι στρατηγοι Κυρῳ᾽ελεγον. ῾ο δ᾽ ῾υπισχνειται 
στρατιωτῃ῾εκαστῳ πεντε ᾽αργυριου μνας᾽επην᾽εις Βαβυλωνα 
῾ηκωσι. το μεν δε᾽Ελληνικον῾ουτως ᾽επεισθη.

Notes:
	5. στρατηγοις:  dative of indirect object after χαλεπαινουσι 
            (860).
	6. διδῳ:  give, third singular present subjunctive of διδωμι.
	7. προτερον:  previously, an adverb in the comparative 
	    (compare προ).
	8.᾽επην: whenever, followed by the subjunctive, like ᾽εαν.

Lesson XXXVI

Liquid Stems of the Consonant Declension.

S345. Learn the declension of᾽αγων, contest,῾ηγεμων, 
guide, μην, month,῾ρητορ, orator in 745.

S346. The nominative singular rejects ς and lengthens the vowel 
of the stem, if it is not already long.  In the dative plural ν is 
dropped before σ. The vocative singular is like the nominative 
in oxytones; in other liquid stems it is like the stem.

S347. Learn the declension of πατηρ, father, μητηρ, mother,
᾽ανηρ, man,  in 746. 

S348. 1. πατηρ and ματηρ  drop ε of the stem in the genitive 
and dative singular and accent the last syllable.   Elsewhere 
they retain ε  except in the dative plural, where ερ  is changed 
to ρα; ε is accented except in the cases named and in the 
vocative singular, which is the mere stem and has recessive accent.

2. ῾ανηρ  drops ε wherever a vowel follows ερ  and inserts 
δ  in its place.   δ is inserted also in the dative plural. The accent 
is thrown back except in the genitive and dative. 

S349. 			VOCABULARY. 

᾽αγων, ωνος, ῾ο  (compare ᾽αγω), gathering, assembly, contest, 
	games;  αγωνα ποιεν,  hold games. 
᾽ανηρ,᾽ανδρος, ῾ο,  man,     Lat, vir. 
῾Ελλην, ηνος,῾ο (compare ῾Ελληνικος,῾Ελλας), a Greek. 
῾ηγεμων, ονος, ῾ο   (compare ῾ηγεομαι),  leader, guide. 
 μην, μηνος, ῾ο, month.
μητηρ, μηρος, ῾η,   mother, Latin, mater, 
οικαδε (compare οικια), adverb,  home, home-ward.
πατηρ, πατρος, ῾ο,   father,  Latin, pater. 
῾ρητωρ, ορος, ῾ο, speaker, orator. 
ψηφιζομαι (ψηφιδ), ψηφιουμαι,  etc.,  middle,  deponent  
    vote, decide.

S350. 
1.᾽αγωνα δε ᾽εποιησαντο ῾οι ῾Ελληες.

2. ταυτῃ τῃ ῾ημερᾳ μεθ᾽ ῾ηγεμονος ᾽επορευοντο ᾽οικαδε.
    Note: ῾ημερᾳ, dative of the time when (870).

3. λεγει Κυροs ῾οτι ῾ο ᾽ανηρ ᾽επι τῳ ᾽Ευφρατῃ ποταμῳ ᾽εστιν.

4.῾η δε μητηρ Κυρον ᾽αποπεμπει παλιν 	᾽επι την αρχην.

5.᾽αλλα και Κυρον πατερα Ξενοφωντα ᾽εκαλουν.
    Note:   πατερα, predicate accusative (840).

6. και ᾽αριθμον των ῾Ελληνων ᾽εποιησεν ᾽εν τῳ παραδεισῳ.

7. ᾽εψηφισαντο δε ῾οι ῾Ελληνες πορευεσθαι μετα του ᾽ανδροs.

8. και ᾽επεμψε Κυρος πεντε μηνων μισθον.
    Note:  μηωνω, genitive of measure (841, 5).

9. ᾽εν τοις῾Ελλησιν ησαν ῾ρητορες ᾽αγαθοι.

S351. 
1.  His father summoned Cyrus. 

2. They voted to send men with Clearchus. 

3. Cyrus was made satrap of Phrygia by his father. 

4. Each man shall have five minas of silver.
	Note: silver  Genitive of material (841, 4). 

5. He carried on war with the Greeks. 

S352.  Menon's clever Device to win the Favor of Cyrus. 

Μενοn δε πριν δηλον ᾽ειναι τι ποιησουσιν οι αλλοι ῾Ελληες, 
ποτερον ῾εψονται Κυρῳ ᾽η ᾽ου, συνελεξε το ᾽αυτου στρατευμα 
και ελεξε ταδε:
"᾽Ανδρες, νυν δειται Κυρος ῾επεσθαι τους ῾Ελληας ᾽επι ᾽Αρταξερξην. 
᾽εγω ουν κελευω ῾υμας  (you)  ᾽ευθυς διαβαινειν τον ποταμον. 
᾽ην μεν γαρ ψηφισωνται ῾επεσθαι,῾υμας των ᾽αλλων προτιμησει 
στρατιωτων Κυροs: ᾽ην δε ᾽αποψηφισωνται ῾οι αλλοι, πορευσομεθα
῾απαντες ᾽οικαδε παλιν." 

ΝOTES.
1. ππιν δηλον ειναι:  before it was evident. 
2. ποτερον . . . ῾η :  whether . . . or.
   Κυρῳ:  the dative follows ῾επομαι (864).
  ᾽ου: accented at the end οf a sentence.
   συνελεξε: see συλλεγω.
  ᾽αυτου:  compare 267, 4.
7. στρατιωτων:  dependent on the preposition included in the 
    compound verb (852). 

Lesson XXXVII

Interrogative and Indefinite Pronouns. 
S353. The principal interrogative pronoun is τις, τις, τι, who? 
which? what? (Latin quis).  It always has the acute accent on 
the first syllable, except in the short forms του, τῳ, and never 
changes the acute to the grave. 	

S354. The indefinite pronoun is τις, τις, τι, some, any 
(Latin aliquis), or, used substantively, somebody, anything 
(Latin quidam). It is enclitic. 

S355. Learn the declension of τις and τις in 763. 

S356. 			VOCABULARY. 
 δεω, δεησω, etc., lack, want, need, middle, lack, desire, request,  
       δει, used impersonally, there is need, it is proper, one ought. 
᾽επ-αινεω,᾽επ-αινεσω,  etc.,  praise. 
῾ετερος, α, on,  the other, one of two; without the article, 
       another, other. 
῾ηδομαι,῾ησθησομαι, ησθην,  be glad, be pleased. 
 Μενων, ωνος, ῾ο,  Menon. 
 ποιος, α, ον,  interrogative pronoun, of what sort?   Latin, qualis. 
ποσος, η, ον,  interrogative pronoun,  how much?   Latin quantus. 
σφενδονητης, ου,῾ο (compare σφενδονη), slinger
τις, τι, interrogative pronoun, who? which? what? 
τις, τι, enclitic indefinite pronoun, a, some, any, a certain,  
      as noun, somebody, anything. 	

S357. 
1. τουτο λεγει τις. 

2.  τις τουτο λεγει; 

3. λεγουσι δε τινες ῾οτι Κυρος ῾ησθη. 

4. ᾽ην δε τις εν τῃ στρατιᾳ Μενων Θετταλοs. 

5.  και ᾽ερωτᾳ τον σψενδονητην ποσον αργυριον ᾽εχει. 

6. ᾽εαν nικωσι, τι δει αυτους λυειν την γεφυραν; 
      Note:  τι  Adverbial accusative, why? (835).

7. ᾽εν ποιοις πραγμασιν᾽ησαν ῾οι  ῾Ελληνες; 

8. ᾽ερωτᾳ τινος ᾽εστιν ῾ο ῾ιπποs. 
      Note:  τινος  Pρεdicate genitive of ποssession (843). 

9.   Κυρος ᾽επαισεν ᾽ανδρα Περσην και ῾ετερον τινα των 
     ῾ηγεμονωn. 

10. ᾽ερωτᾳ τον ᾽αγγελον τις ᾽επαινει τους Μενωνος στρατιωταs. 

S358. 
1. Why need the men proceed? 

2. What does he say to this? 
  Note: προς  with accusative. 

3. Somebody asks whether you said this. 

4. What sort of men ought to take the field? 

5. How many slingers have you in the army? 

S359. Cyrus is greatly pleased and he himself crosses the 
        Euphrates. 

   ῾οι δε Μενωνος στρατιωται᾽επι ταυτ ᾽ηκουσαν, πειθονται και 
διαβαινουσι τον ποταμον πριν τους αλλους λεγειν τι ποιησουσι. 
Κυρος δε῾ησθη τε και τῳ στρατευματι δι᾽ ᾽αγγελου ελεξεν: 
"Εγω μεν, ᾽ω ᾽ανορες, ᾽ηδη ῾υμας ᾽επαινω: ᾽ευθυς δε και υμεις 
᾽εμε ᾽επαινεσετε, ᾽η  (or) ᾽ουκετι ᾽εγω Κυρος ᾽ειμι. ῾οι μεν δη 
στρατιωται ᾽εν ᾽ελπισι καλαις ᾽ησαν, Μενωνι δε και δωρα 
λεγεται πεμψαι. μετα δε ταυτα διεβαινε τον ποταμον: 
῾ειπετο δε και το ᾽αλλο στρατευμα αυτῳ ῾απαν. 

NOTES.
2.  πριν λεγειν: before the rest said. 
5. ᾽εμε:  me, accusative.  See the notes on 278, 1 and 3. 
7.  πεμψαι:  to have sent, aorist active infinitive. 
8. ᾽ειπετο: for the augment, see 871, 5.
9. ᾽αυτῳ: compare 352, 2. 

Lesson XXXVIII

Optative Active. Less Vivid Future Conditions. 

S360. Besides the present, aorist, and perfect, found in the 
subjunctive (312), the optative has the future and future perfect. 
For the distinction of time between the present and the aorist, 
see 313. 

S361. Learn the conjugation of the optative active of  λωο in 
765 (λυοιμι), 766 (λυσοιμι), 767 (λυσαιμι), and 768 (λελυκοιμι). 

S362. The optative adds the Mood Suffix; ι (in the third plural 
ιε)  to the tense stem, as  λυο-ι-μι, λυσα-ι-μι.   In the perfect the 
α of the stem λελυκα is changed to ο.  The optative uses the 
endings of the secondary tenses (145), but the first person 
singular active takes μι.  The forms λυσειας, λυσειε, λυσειαν,  
in the aorist, are irregular, but they are in common use instead 
of  λυσαις, λυσαι, λυσαιεν. For the accent of λυοι, λυσοι, 
λυξραι, see 23. 

S363. ᾽ει πραττοι (or πραξειε)   τουτο, καλως ᾽αν ᾽εχοι, if he 
should do this, it would be well,  si hoc faciat, bene sit. 

   The protasis is here introduced by᾽ει if,  and has the optative;  
it states a supposed future case less vividly than the subjunctive 
(317). The apodosis has its verb in the optative with the adverb	
᾽αν. 

S364. When a supposed future case is stated in a less distinct 
and vivid form (as in English, if I should go), the protasis has 
the optative with᾽ει,  and the apodosis has the optative with᾽αν. 

S365. 	VOCABULARY. 
 διαβατος, η, ον, fordable, passable. 	
 δικαιος, α, ον (compare δικη), just, right. 	
 δικαιως (compare δικαιοs), adverb,  justly, rightly. 
 δοκεω, δοξω, ᾽εδοξα, δεδογμαι, ᾽εδοχθην, seem, seem best or 
             good, think; 
 δοκει,  etc., impersonally, it seems, it seems best.
᾽επι-σιτιζομαι (σιτιδ), ᾽επι-σιτιουμαι, ᾽επ-εσιτισαμην 
       (compare σιτοs),   furnish one-self with provisions, 
        collect or procure supplies, forage. 
 κλειω, κλεισω,᾽εκλεισα, κεκλειμαι and  κεκλεισμαι,
     ᾽εκλεισθην,   shut, close. 
 πεζῃ (compare πεζοs),  adverb, on foot. 
 πεζος, η, ον, on foot;   
῾οι πεζδοι, the 	infantry. 
῾ρᾳδιως, adverb, easily. 
  σιτος, ου,῾ο  grain, food, supplies. 

S366. 
1.  ᾽ει ταυτα ποιησειεν, αποχωρησαιμεν ᾽αν.

2. ᾽ει παρεχοιμεν ᾽αγοραν, ᾽εχοιτ ᾽αν και σιτον και ᾽οινον. 

3. ᾽ει νικησαιμεν, ᾽ουκ αν την χωραν δαρπασειεν. 

4. ᾽αξιους αν εχοι φιλλους, ᾽ει ᾽εχοιεν τα ῾οπλα. 

5. ᾽ει ᾽απαγοιμι ᾽αυτους παλιν ᾽εις, την ῾Ελλαδα, δικαιως ᾽αν 
     χαριν ᾽εχοιεν.

6. ᾽ει δοζειε τοις πεζοις ᾽επισιτιζεσαι, τι ᾽αν ποιησαιτε;

7. ᾽ει τας πυλας κλεισειαν, ποιορκησαιτε ᾽αν ᾽αυτους και 
     κατα γην και κατα θαλατταν.

8. ᾽ει ῾ο ποταμος μη πεζῃ διαβατος ᾽ειη, πλοια συναγοιεν ᾽αν. 	
    Note: 	᾽ειη, should prove to be.

9. ᾽ει δε μισθον πεμψειεν αυτοις, συμμαχους ᾽αν εχοι δικαιους 
     και αγαθους. 

S367. 
1. If you should do this, we should justly feel grateful. 

2. If they should plot evil against him, he would do them 
    harm. 
	Note: "If they should plot evil against him," use the 
                    simple dative (861). 

3. It would be well, if the general should call the men 
    together. 

4. If we should besiege the fort, the enemy would 
    withdraw. 

5. If they should resolve to proceed, Cyrus would 
    send them a leader. 
    Note: 	"If they should resolve" i.e.,  If it should seem 
                 best to them. 

S368.    The Gods send a portent. Advance to the Araxes. 

      διεβαινον δε τον ποταμον πεζῃ:  πλοια γαπ ᾽ουκ ᾽ειχον.
᾽ουπωποτε δε ᾽ουτος ῾ο ποταμος διαβατοs ᾽ην πεζῃ ᾽ει μη, 
τοτε, ᾽αλλα πλοιοις. ᾽εδοκει δη τοις στρατηγοις και τοις 
στρατιωταις πασι θειον᾽ειναι. 
   ᾽ειτευθεν ᾽εξελαυνει δια της Συριας σταθμους ᾽εννεα παρασαγγας
πεντηκοντα: και ᾽αφικνουνται προς τον ᾽Αραξην ποταμον.  ᾽ενταυθα
᾽ησαν κωμαι μεσται σιτου σινου και ᾽οινου. ᾽ενταυθα ᾽εμενοι 
῾ημερας τρεις και ᾽επεσιτιζοντο.

NOTES.  
	2. ᾽ην: with force of pluperfect, had been. 
	3. πλοιοις: dative of instrument (866). 
	7. σιτου και οινου: dependent on μεσται, stored 
	    with. 	Verbal adjectives signifying  fullness take the genitive 
	     (855).

Lesson XXXIX

Optative Active (continued). Optative in Final Clauses. 
Object Clauses. 

S369. Learn the conjugation of the present optative of ειμι  in 795. 

S370. 1. την γεφυραν ελυσαμεν, ῾ινα (also ῾ως or ῾οπως) τους 
πολεμιους κωλυσαιμεν,  we destroyed the bridge, that we 	might 
check the enemy.   

2.  τουτον ᾽απηγομεν, ῾ινα μη (also ῾ως μη, or ῾οπως μη, or 
simply μη)  κακως τους φιλους ποιησειε, we led him away, 
that he might not do our friends harm. 

	The clauses which express purpose here take the optative 
(compare 325),  but they are introduced by the same final particles 
that introduce the subjunctive. The verb of the principal clause is 
here in a secondary (50) tense. 

S371. Clauses which denote purpose (or final clauses) are 
introduced by the final particles῾ινα,῾ως  or ῾οπως, and take the 
optative after secondary 	tenses. The negative is μη.

S372.  1.  βουλευεται ῾οπως βασιλευσει ᾽αντι του ᾽αδελφου, 
he plans that he may be king in place of his brother. 

2. ᾽εβουλευετο ῾οπως βασιλευσει 	 ᾽αντι του ᾽αδελφου, he 
planned that he might be king in place of his brother. 

3. βουλευεται ῾οπως μη ᾽εσται ᾽επι. τῳ ᾽αδελφῳ, he plans that 
he may not be in his brother's power.

4. ᾽εβουλευετο ῾οπως μῃ ᾽εσται ᾽επι τῳ ᾽αδελφῳ, he planned 
that he might not be in his brother's power. 

	The subordinate clause is here the object of the leading verb, 
which signifies to plan or strive for (the 	leading verb may also 
signify to care for, to effect); this subordinate clause is introduced 
by ῾οπως or, if negative, by ῾οπως μη,  and has the future 
indicative whether the principal verb is in a primary or a secondary 
tense. 

S373. Object clauses depending on verbs signifying to strive for, 
to care for, to effect, regularly take the future indicative with 
῾οπως or ῾οπως μη after 	both primary and secondary tenses. 

S374.		 	VOCABULARY. 
᾽επι-μελεομαι, ᾽επι-μελησομαι, ᾽επι-μεμελημαι, ᾽επ-εμεληθην,  	 
	  exercise care, care for, give attention to, see to. 
᾽ερημος, η, ον, and ος, ον (130), deserted, uninhabited, deprived of.
ζητεω, ζητησω, etc., seek, ask for.
λαμβανω (λαβ), ληψομαι, ᾽ελαβον, ᾽ειληφα,᾽ειλημμαι, ᾽εληφθην, 
      take, receive, get, find.
ποπιζω (ποριδ), ποπιω, etc., furnish, provide, middle, obtain
τιμη, ης,῾η  (compare. τιμαω), value, honor, esteem.
τιμιος, α, on (compare τιμη), valued, dear. 

S375. 
1. ῾ο ᾽αρχων τοις ῾Ελλησιν ῾ηγεμονα ᾽επεμψεν, ῾ινα δια της  
     πολεμιας χωρας ᾽αγοι ᾽αυτος

2. τουτον τον᾽ανδρα ᾽ωφελει ῾ινα φιλον ᾽εχοι. 

3.  τις᾽επιμελειται῾οπως ῾οι στρατιωται τον μισθον ληψονται;

4.  των δε βαρβαρων ᾽επεμελειτο, ῾οπως πολεμειν τε ῾ικανοι 
     ᾽ειησαν και ᾽ευνοι ᾽αυτῳ. 
     Note:  βαρβαρων  The genitive follows verbs signifying to 
      care for (846).

5. ᾽εζητουν τους ᾽αρχοντας, ῾ινα ᾽αυτοις συμβουλευοιεν.

6.  τῳ Κλεαρχῳ ᾽επεβουλευε Μενωn, ῾ινα φιλοs᾽ειη τῳ σατραπῃ.

7. ᾽αξιοι ᾽αν ᾽ειτε τιμης φιλοι, ᾽ει ποριζοιτε 	τῳ στρατευματι 
    ῾οπλα. 
	Note:  The genitive depending on ᾽αξιος,  worthy, is the 
                   genitive of value (853). 

8. ᾽επιμελασεται ῾ο Κυρος ῾οπως ῾οι, στρατιωται χαριν ῾εψουσιν
    ᾽αυτῳ.

9.   και συν ᾽αυτοις μεν ᾽ειην ᾽αν τιμιος, ᾽αυτων δε ᾽ει ᾽ερημοs
᾽ειην, ᾽ουκ ᾽αν ῾ικανοs ᾽ειην τους ψιλους ᾽ωψελειν. 
     Note: ᾽αυτων  The genitive depends on adjectives 
                signifying fullness or want (855). 

S376. 
1. If you should send a guide, we should be grateful. 

2. This he did that the rest of the Greeks might withdraw. 
    note:  withdraw - Use the aorist. 

3. He took care that he should have good friends. 

4. I did this in order that the enemy might not hear. 

5. Let us plan to get provisions. 

S377.     Advance through the Desert of Arabia. 

   ᾽εντευθεν ᾽eξελαυνει δια της, ᾽Αραβιας, τον ᾽Ευφρατην 
ποταμον ᾽εν δεξιᾳ ᾽εχων, σταθμους ᾽ερημους πεντε 
παρασαγγας τριακοντα και πεντε. ᾽εν τουτῳ δε τῳ τοπῳ ᾽ην 
῾η γη πεδιον ῾απαν ῾ομαλον ῾ωσπερ θαλαττα. θηρια δε 
παντοια ᾽ενην, ᾽ονοι ᾽αγριοι και στρουθοι ῾αι ᾽Αραβιαι.
᾽ενησαν δε και ᾽ωτιδες και δορκαδες. ταυτα δε τα θηρια 
῾οι στρατιωται ᾽ενιοτε ᾽εδιωκον ᾽απο ῾ιππων: και τους 
᾽ονους χαλεπον ᾽ην λαμβανειν: θαττον γαρ των ῾ιππων 
᾽ετρεχον. 

NOTES. 
	5. στρουθοι:  ostrich.
	8.  ῾ιππων: a genitive of comparison (858) after θαττον, 
             more quickly, the comparative of the adverb  
             ταχεως,  quickly. 

Lesson XL

Optative Middle and Passive. Optative after Verbs of Fearing. 

S378. Learn the conjugation of the optative middle and passive 
of λυω in 765 ( λυοιμην), 766 (λυσοιμην), 767 (λυσαιμην), 769 
(λελυμενοs᾽ειην and λελυσοιμην), and 770 (λυθειην and 
λυθησοιμην) . 

S379.  The mood suffix is , as in the active (362), except in the 
aorist passive; here it is ιη in the singular and sometimes in the 
dual and plural, but the shorter forms λυθειτον, λυθειτην, etc., 
occur more frequently. In these forms the accent does not go 
back of the mood suffix. The optative middle and passive uses 
the middle and passive secondary endings (175), except in the 
aorist passive, where the active endings occur (145). 

S380.
 1. ᾽εδεισα μη τας γεφυρα λυοιεν,   I  feared that they would 
     destroy the bridges. 

2. ᾽εδεισαμεν μη ᾽ου πιστοι᾽ειτε,  we feared that you would 
     not be faithful. 
     The verb which denotes fear is here in a secondary tense 
     (compare 333), and the subordinate clause takes the 
      optative. 

S381. After verbs denoting fear, caution, or danger, μη, that 
or lest, takes the optative after secondary tenses. The negative 
form is μη᾽ου. 

S382. 	VOCABULARY. 
᾽εισω (compare᾽εις), adverb, inside, within. 	
῾εκατερωθεν, adverb, on both sides or flanks. 
᾽ευνοικως (compare᾽ευνους), adverb, with good will, kindly. 	
᾽εχθρος, α, ον,  hostile; 
᾽εχθρος, ο,  as noun, enemy, joe. 
κυκλος, ου,῾ο,  circle, curve. 
κυκλοω, κυκλωσω, etc., encircle, hem in. 
῾οιως, adverb, nevertheless, yet, still, however. 
 πλησιαζω (πησιαδ), πλησιασω, etc., approach. 
 στερεω, στερησω, etc., deprive, rob, bereave. 
 σῳζω (σω, σωδ), σωσω, ᾽εσωσα, σεσωκα, σεσωμαι and 
      σεσωσμαι, ᾽εσωθην, save, rescue, keep safe; middle and 
      passive, save oneself, be saved alive, return safely. 
 σωμα, ατος, το,  body, life, person. 

S383. 
1. ᾽εδεισε μη ῾οι ᾽εχθροι τιμηθειεν.

2. ᾽ει ῾οι ῾Ελληνες πλησιαζοιεν,  φοβηθειεν ᾽αν ῾οι πολεμιοι. 	

3.  Ξενοfωντα ᾽αρχοντα ᾽εποιησαμεθα ῾ινα σωθειμεν. 	

4.᾽ευνοικως ᾽αν ᾽εχοι τοις ῾Ελλησιν ῾ο Κυρος, ᾽ει ψηφισαιντο 
    συμπορευεσθαι.
        Note:  be well disposed. ᾽εχω is used with an adverb in the 
                  sense of ᾽ειμι with an adjective. Ξφ. καλως᾽εχει 
		  in 308. 

5. ᾽ει ῾οπλα μη ᾽εχοιμεν, και των σωματων στερηθειμεν ᾽αν. 
     Note: Verbs of depriving may take a genitive of the thing. 
               compare 838.  This is the genitive of separation (849). 

6. ᾽ει δε πιεζοιμεθα ῾υπο των πολεμιων, πορευοιμεθα᾽αν κυκλῳ.
     Note:  Dative of manner (866). 

7. ῾οι δε στρατιωται ᾽εδεισαν μη καταλειφθειησαν.

8.᾽ει νικησαιμεν, και (both) σῳζοιμεθα ᾽αν και τα ᾽επιτηδεια 
   ᾽αν᾽εχοιμεν. 

9. ᾽αλλ᾽ ῾ομως ῾ο στρατηγος  ᾽εφοβηθη μη κυκλωθειη ῾εκατερωθεν.

10. παρεκαλουν τους ᾽ανδρας ᾽εισω ῾οπως ᾽αυτοις συμβουλευοιμην 
      τι δικαιον ᾽εστι και προς θεων και προς ᾽ανθρωπων. 

S384. 
1. I feared that the bridge would be destroyed. 

2. There was danger that the barbarians might try to 
    withdraw during the night.  

3. He was afraid that the enemy would not cease from war. 

4. I would not take part in the expedition, unless Xenophon 
    were present. 
    Note:  Use the aorist. 

S385. 	The Soldiers go hunting. 

   ῾οι γαρ ᾽ονοι, ᾽επει ῾οι στρατιωται ᾽εδιωκον, προετρεχον: 
και παλιν, ᾽επει ᾽επλησιζον ῾οι ῾ιπποι, ταυτο ᾽εποιουν, και 
᾽ουκ ᾽ην λαμβανειν ᾽ει μη ῾οι στρατιωται διεταττοντο. 
στρουθον δε᾽ουδεις (nobody)᾽ελαβεν. ταις γαρ πτερυξιν
῾ωσπερ ῾ιστιῳ ᾽εχρητο, και῾οι διωκοντες ταχυ ᾽επαυοντο. 
τας δε ᾽ωτιδας,᾽ει τις ταχυ διωκει, ᾽εστι λαμβανειν:
πετονται γαρ βραχυ και ταχυ απαγορευουσι. 

NOTES. 
	2. ᾽ην: was possible. compare ᾽εστι in 6. 	
	3. διεταττοντο: posted themselves at intervals, 
	    and thus took up the chase in succession. 
	4. ᾽ελαβε: second aorist of λαμβανω. 
             πτερυξεν:  χραομαι takes the dative.  compare 309, 1. 
	5. ᾽εχρητο: irregular contraction for ᾽εχρατο. 
    	7. βραχυ:  a short distance.

Lesson XLI

Contract Verbs in the Optative.

S386. Learn the conjugation of the present optative, active, 
middle, and passive of τιμαω in 781, of ποιεω in 782, and of 
δηλοω in 783. 

S387. The mood suffix in all the voices is ι, except in the 
singular active, where it is generally ιη. The forms bracketed 
in the paradigms are uncommon or rare. When the mood suffix 
is ιη, the first person singular active has the regular ending ν (145). 

S388. observe that 
	(1)  α + οι = ῳ;
	(2)  ε +  οι = οι; 
	(3)  ο +  οι = οι.

S389. 			VOCABULARY. 
᾽αρετη, ης, η, goodness, courage, valor. 
῾ητταομαι, ῾ηττησομαι, etc., passive deponent, be inferior, 
         be defeated. 
 λυπεω, λυπησω, etc., grieve, annoy, molest. 
 μισθοfορος, ον (μισθος + φερω,  bear, r eceive), receiving pay;    
 μισθοφοριο, οι, mercenaries. 
 μισθοω, μισθωσω, etc. (compare μισθοs), let out for hire, let; 
      middle, cause to be let to oneself, hire. 
᾽ονομα, ατος, το,  name. 
 πως,   interrogative adverb, how?  
 ταχα, adverb, quickly; in apodosis with αν, perhaps. 
τιμωρεω, τιμωρησω, etc., avenge; middle, avenge oneself on, 
      take vengeance on, punish. 

S390. 
1. πως᾽αν την μαχην ποιοιμην.

2 ᾽ει ακουσαιμι το τουτου του κακου ανθρωπου ᾽ονομα, 
    τιμωρησαιμην αν. 

3.  κινδυνοs ᾽ην μη ῾ο σατρτης λυποιη τους ῾Ελληνας. 

4.᾽ει῾οι "Ελληνες νικῳεν τους βαρβαρους, καλως ᾽αν εχοι. 

5. ᾽ουκ ᾽αν ᾽ουν θαυμαζοιμι᾽ει ῾οι πολεμιοι πειρῳντο αυτοις 
    ῾επεσθαι. 

6.  παντες ᾽εφοβουντο μη ῾ο Κλεαρχος τιμωροιτο τους 
     στρατιωτας. 

7. ᾽ει ῾οπλα ᾽εχοιμεν, και τῃ αρετῃ ᾽αν χρῳμεθα. 

8. ᾽εφοβουντο μη ᾽ουκετι τῳ  στρατευματι ῾ηγοιτο. 

9. ᾽ει δε ῾ηττῳντο ῾οι φυλακες, ᾽ουκ ᾽αν σωθειεν.

10.  τουτους τους μισθοφορους ταχ ᾽αν μισθοιτο,᾽ει 
       πορευοιντο᾽εις την᾽αρχρην. 

S391. 
1. I feared that they would withdraw to the boats. 

2. If we should ravage their land, the enemy would be 
    frightened. 

3. If they should be defeated, they would withdraw. 

4. But when Cyrus called (me), I proceeded, that I might be 
    of service to him. 

5. The Greeks would march away to Phrygia, unless 
    somebody should molest them. 

S392. March to Corsote and Pylae. 
        Cattle perish in the Desert. 

πορευμενοι δε δια ταυτης της χωρας᾽αφικνουνται ᾽επι τον 
Μασκαν ποταμον. ᾽ενταυθα ᾽ην πολις ᾽ερησμη, ᾽ονομα δ' 
aυτῃ Κορσωτη περι δ᾽ ᾽αυτην ῾ρει ῾ο ποταμος κυκλῳ. 
ενταυθα ᾽επεσιτισαντο. ᾽εντευθεν ᾽εξελαυνει σταθμους 
ερημους τρεισκαιδεκα παρασαγγας ᾽ενεnηκοντα, τον 
᾽Ευφρατην ποταμον ᾽εν δεξιᾳ ᾽εχων, και᾽αφικνειται᾽επι 
ΙΙυλας. ᾽εν τουτοις τοις σταθμοις πολλα των ῾υποζυγιων
᾽απωλετο ῾υπο λιμου.  ᾽ου γαρ ᾽ην χορτοs ᾽ουδε δενδρον,
᾽αλλα ψιλη ᾽ην ᾽απασα ῾η χωπα. 

NOTES. - 
	1. πορευολυνοι: proceeding, present participle 
	     in the middle. 
	2. πολις: city, a feminine noun. 
	7. πολλα: many, a neuter plural.
	    απωλετο:  perished, a second aorist middle. 

Lesson XLII

Stems in σ of the Consonant Declension.

S393. Learn the declension of  ᾽ευρος, breadth, τριηρης, 
trireme, and κρεας, meat, in 747. 

S394. The stem ends in σ (᾽ευρεσ, τριηρ, κρεασ). In 
masculine and feminine nouns ε in the final syllable of the 
stem is lengthened to η in the nominative singular (τριηρης); 
in neuter nouns it is changed to ο in the nominative, 
accusative, and vocative singular (ευροs). 

S395. Final σ of the stem is dropped before all case endings, 
and the vowels thus brought together are contracted. The 
vocative singular of masculine and feminine nouns is the simple 
stem. The forms τριηροιν and  τριηρων have recessive accent. 

S396. 		VOCABULARY. 

᾽επι-λειπω  leave behind; intransitive. fail. 
᾽ευρος ους, το,  breadth width. 
 κερας, κερως and κερατος, το  horn of an 
	animal, wing of an army. 
 κρανος, ους το headpiece, helmet.  No. 29. 
 κρεας, κρεως, το,  flesh,  plural, pieces of 
	flesh, meat. 
῾οπλιζω (῾οπλιδ) ῾ωπλισα, ῾ωπλισμια ῾ωπλισθην  (compare 
       ῾οπλον)  arm equip. 
᾽ορος, ους, το,  mountain. 
 πλεθρον ους, το, a plethrum a measure of 100 
	Greek feet. 
 Σωκρατης ους,῾ο, vocative  Σωκπατες, 
	Socrates the celebrated philosopher. 
 τεχος, ους, το, wall fort. 
 Τισσαφερνης, ους,῾ο, accusative  
        Τισσαφερνην  vocative Τισσαφερνη  
	of A-Declension  Tissaphernes. 
 τριηρης, ους,῾η  trireme, war vessel with three 
	banks of oars. 

S397.
1.᾽ειχε δε και τριηρεις ῾ο Κυροs.  

2.  τουτου του ποταμου το᾽ευρος ᾽εστι πεντε πλεθρα.

3.  και εκελευε Κλεαρχον του δεξιου κερως ῾ηγεισθαι.
     Note: The genitive follows ῾ηγεομαι, but not ᾽αγω, 
     which is an important exception to the general rule (847). 

4. το δε Μενωnος στρατευμα ᾽ηδη ᾽εν τῃ χωρᾳ ᾽ην ᾽εισω 
     των ᾽ορεων.
      Note: των᾽ορεων, The genitive follows the adverb of place 
      (856). 

5.  ῾ωπλισμενοι ᾽ησαν θωραξι και κρανεσι παντες. 
        Note:  θωραξι,  Dative of instrument (866). 	

6. ᾽εντευθεν ᾽επορευθησαν προς τειχος ᾽ερημον. 

7. ᾽Ξενοφων την ᾽επιστολην ᾽επεμψε Σωκρατει. 

8. του στρανωτας ῾ο μεν σιτος ᾽επελειπε, κρεα δ᾽ ᾽ετι᾽ειχον.

9. ᾽ην δε ταυτα τειχη, και το μεν᾽ειχε Κιλικων φυλακη, το δε.
   ᾽Αρταξερξου᾽ελεγετο φυλακη φυλαττειν.
     Note: In the first sentence, the predicate, ταυτα is the subject. 
               το δε, the one . . .  the other. See 815. 

10. ᾽επει δε᾽ησαν επι ταις θυραις ταις Τισσαφερνους, ῾οι 
       στρατηγοι παρεκληθησαν᾽εισω. 
     Note: For the position of the genitive, see 512. 

S398. 
1. But Menon had the left wing. 

2. And Xenophon consults with Socrates. 
    Note:  Dative (865). 

3. The generals proceeded through the mountains. 

4. They all had helmets of bronze. 

5. Thence he sent the messenger upon the mountains. 

S399. 		Great Hardships in the Desert. 

    ῾οι δ᾽ ᾽εν τουτῳ τῳ τοπῳ ᾽ανθρωποι ᾽ονους ᾽αλετας παρα  
τον ποταμον ᾽ορυττοντες και ποιουντες εις βαρβυλωνα ᾽ηγον 
και ᾽επωλουν και᾽ανταγοραζοντες σιτον εζων. το δε στρατευμα 
῾ο σιτος ᾽επελειπε, και ᾽αγοραζεσθαι ᾽ουκ ᾽ην ᾽ει μη ᾽εν τῃ 
Λυδιᾳ ᾽αγορᾳ ᾽εν τῳ Κυρου βαρβαρικῳ. και τιμιοs ᾽ην ῾ο 
σιτοs. κρεα ᾽ουν ᾽εσθιουσιν ῾οι στρατιωται. τουτων πολλους 
δε των σταθμων πανυ μακρους ᾽ηλαυνε Κυρος πολλακις γαρ 
᾽εδει μακραν πορευεσθαι προς χορτον. 

NOTES. 
	1. ᾽ονους ᾽αλεταs, upper millstones, which were turned 
             sometimes by hand, sometimes by a beast. 
	2. ποιουντες: by contraction for ποιεοντες
	3. ᾽εζων: from ζαω. live, be alive. 
	4. ᾽ην was possible.
 	7. πολλους, many, accusative plural 
	    masculine. The following μακρους 
	    modifies this as a predicate adjective, many of 
	    these marches that Cyrus made were very long 	
	8. μακραν: scilicet ῾οδον, a long way. 

Lesson XLIII

Imperative Active. 

S400. The tenses occurring in the imperative are the present, 
aorist, and perfect, but only it few perfect active forms occur, 
and these are rare. For the distinction of time between the 
present and aorist, see 313. 

S401. The personal endings in thc active are: 

		SINGULAR. 	PLURAL.  	DUAL. 	
	2. 		θι 		τε 			τον
	3. 		τω 		ντων 		των

S402. Learn the present and aorist imperative active of 
λυω in 765 (λυε) and 767 (λυσον). 

S403. In the second person singular of the present, θι is 
dropped. The form λυσον in the aorist is irregular. 

S404. Learn the present imperative of ᾽ειμι in 795. 

S405. 
    1. παιε,᾽ει κελευει ῾ο παις, strike, if the lad commands it. 

    2.᾽αγοντων τους στρατιωταs, let them bring the soldiers. 

    3.  προς θεων συμβουλευσον αυτοις, in heaven's name, 
         advise them. 

S406. The imperative expresses a command, exhortation, or 
entreaty. 

S407. 
    1. μη διδασκετω (present imperative) τους παιδας ᾽αδικειν, 
        let him not teach the boys to do wrong. 

    2. τουτον τον παιδα μη παισῃς (aorist subjunctive), do not 
        strike this boy. 

S408. In prohibitions, in the second and third persons, the 
present imperative or the aorist subjunctive is used with μη 
and its compounds. 

S409. 		VOCABULARY. 
 διδασκω (διδαχ), διδαξω, διδαξα, δεδιδαχα,᾽εδιδαγμαι,  
     ᾽εδιδαχθην, teach, instruct, show.
γηλοφος, ου, ῾ο (γη + λοφος, crest, hill), mound of earth, 
      hillock, hill. 	
δυο, two. 
κομιζω (κομιδ), κομιω, etc., carry away, bring, convey. 	
κρατος, ους, το, strength, force, might. 
μερος, ους, το, division, part, share, portion. 
᾽οργη, ης, ῾η, temper, anger. 
παις, παιδος, ῾ο, ῾η, child, boy, girl, son. 
πηλος, ου, ῾ο, clay, mire, mud. 
σπευδω, σπευσω, ᾽εσπευσα, urge, hasten, be urgent. 
῾ωσπερ, conjunction adverb, just as, as it were, as if.

S410. 
1. μη ᾽αγε, ῾ω Κλεαρχε, το στρατευμα ᾽επι τα ᾽ορη.

2. μη ποιησῃς ταυτα, ᾽ω Σωκρατες. 

3. Κυρῳ μαλλον φιλοι ᾽εστε ᾽η τῳ ᾽αδελφῳ.

4. μη διδασκε τον παιδα αδικειν. 

5. μη ῾ορμησητε ᾽ανα κρατος κατα του γηλοφου. 

6. ῾αμα τῃ ῾ημερᾳ δυο αγγελους πεμψαντων προς το τειχοs. 

7. σπευσατε,᾽ω Περσαι, και κομισατε τας ᾽αμαξας ᾽εκ του πηλου.

8. μερος τι του βαρβαρικου στρατευματος πεμψατε ᾽επι την γεφυραν. 

9. παρακαλεσον ῾ωσπερ ᾽οργῃ τουσ  Περσας ᾽εισω. 
     Note. 1. ᾽οργῃ  Dative of manner, in anger (866).

10. και ᾽εις το μεσον τουσ αρχοντασ αγετε:  παρεστω δε ῾ο κηρυξ.

S411. 
1. Send the messengers to the hill. 

2. Be loyal to the Greeks. 

3. Do not destroy the bridges. 

4. Be friends and allies, soldiers, to Cyrus. 

5. Fellow soldiers, do not wonder that I am  grieved. 
    Note:  ῾οτι

S412. 		The Wagons get stalled in the mire. 

   και δη ποτε ᾽εν στενῳ και πηλῳ ταις ῾αμαξαις δυσπορευτῳ ᾽εταξεν
῾ο Κυρος δυο᾽αρχοντας των ΙΙερσων λαμβανειν του βαρβαρικου 
στρατευματος και συνεκβιβαζειν ταs ῾αμαξας. ᾽επει δ᾽  ᾽εδοκουν αυτῳ
σχολαιως ποιειν, ῾ωσπερ ᾽οργῃ ᾽εκελευσε τουσ περι ᾽αυτον Περσας
τουσ καλους καγαθους συνεπισπευδειν τας ῾αμαξας.  ᾽ενθα δε μερος 
τι της ευταξιας ᾽ην θεασθαι. 

NOTE. 3. στρατευματοs: partitive genitive (844). 

Lesson XLIV

Imperative Middle and Passive. 

S413. The personal endings in the middle and passive are: 
               SINGULAR.  	PLURAL. 	DUAL. 	
	2 	σο 			σθε 			σθον 	
	3 	σθω 			σθων		σθων 	 

S414.  Learn the present, aorist, and perfect imperative middle and 
passive of λυω in 765 (λυου), 767 (λυσαι), 769 (λελυσο), and 770 
(λυθητι). 

S415. The form λυσαι in the aorist is irregular. The aorist passive uses 
the active endings (401), and lengthens the tense suffix θε to θη before 
a single consonant. λυθητι is for λυθη-θι. 

S416. 	VOCABULARY. 
 αιτιαομαι, αιτιασομαι, etc., middle deponent, blame, reproach, accuse. 	
᾽α-παρασκευος, ον (compare. παρασκευη), unprepared. 
 βιαζομαι (βιαδ), βιασομαι, etc., middle deponent,  force, compel, overpower. 
῾ενεκα, improper preposition with genitive, on account of, 
᾽επισιτισμος, ου,῾ο  (compare ᾽επισιτιζομαι), a procuring of supplies, 	foraging. 
 παρα-κελευομαι, urge along, exhort, urge. 
 χειρ, χειρος, ῾η, hand, arm. 
 χιτων, ωνος,῾ο,  undergarment.   
 χρῃζω (χρῃδ), want, need, desire
 ψιλιον, ου, το, armlet, bracelet. 

S417. 
1. ᾽ει δε χρῃζεις, πορευου επι το ᾽οροs.
 	
2. ᾽εις το πεδιον αθροισθεντων ῾οι ῾Ελληνες.

3.  τα δε πλοια μη μεταπεμψησθε. 

4. παρακελευεσθε Τισσαφερνει στρεπτους πεμπειν τοις ᾽αρχουσι 
    και ψελια και χιτωνας. 

5. πορευεσθω ᾽εν τῃ δεξιᾳ χειρι την μαχαιραν ᾽εχων.

6  τα δε ᾽επιτηδεια ᾽αγοραζεσθε και συμπορευθητε. 

7. ᾽ευθυς ᾽ουν πορευεσθε μετα Κυρου ᾽εις την ᾽αγοραν ᾽εποστιτισμου ῾ενεκα. 

8. μη ᾽αιτιασησθε τον ᾽αρχοντα ῾οτι απαρασκευος ᾽εστιν. 

9. τουτον, ᾽ω ανδρες στρατιωται, παιετε και βιασασθε πορευεσθαι.

S418. 
1. Urge the soldiers to rest. 

2. Send, Cyrus, for the generals and the captains of the Greeks. 

3. Proceed with them, soldiers, into the villages. 

4. Let the mercenaries be collected in the market-place. 

5. Proceed slowly, soldiers, through the plain. 

S419. 	Splendid Discipline of the Persian Nobles. 

    ῾ωρμησαν γαρ ῾ωσπερ περι νικης κατα γηλοφου, ᾽εχοντες τους 
τε καλους χιτωνας και ταs ποικιλας ᾽αναξυριδας, ᾽ενιοι δε και
στρεπτους περι τοις τραχηλοις και ψελια περι ταις χερσιν: ᾽ευθυς
δε συν τουτοις εισερηδησαν εις τον πηλον και ᾽εξεκομισαν τας 
῾αμαξας.
   ῾ο δε Κυρος ᾽εσπευδε πασαν την ῾οδον και ᾽ου διετριβεν ῾ορου μη 
επισιτισμου ῾ενεκα ᾽η (or) τινος αλλου ᾽εδει:  ᾽εβουλετο γαρ τον 
'Αρταξερξην ᾽απαρασκευον λαμβανειν. 

Lesson XLV

Contract Verbs in the Imperative. 

S420. Learn the conjugation of the present, imperative, active, middle, 
	and passive of τιμαω in 781, of ποιεω ιν 782, and of δηλοω in 783. 

S421. Observe that 
	(1)  α + ε = α ;  	α + ο or ου = ω; 
	(2)  ε + ε = ει;    	ε  + ο or ου = ου; 
	(3)  ο + ε, ο, or ου = ου. 

S422. 	VOCABULARY. 
᾽απ-αιτεω, ask from, demand. 
 δευρο, adverb, hither, here. 
 διφθερα, ας, ῾η,  tanned hide. 	
 δρομος, ου, ῾ο, run, race course. 	
᾽ιδιωτης, ου, ῾ο, private person or soldier,  private. 
 Λακεδαιμονιος, α, on, Lacedaemonian. 
 μη-κ-ετι (μη + ᾽ετι), adverb, not again, no longer. 
῾οπου, relative. adverb, where, wherever.
 σχεδια, ας, ῾η, raft, float. 
 τολμαω, τολμησω, etc., risk, dare. 

S423. 
1.  μη πολεμειτε ᾽αδικον πολεμον.
     Νοτε: πολεμον A cognate accusative (833). 

2. τολματω και ῾ο ᾽ιδιωτης λεγειν. 	

3. μηκετι απαιτειτε τον μισθον. 	

4. ᾽ορμασθε ᾽ευθυς πεζῃ ᾽απο του ᾽εμποριου. 

5. ᾽εκ των διφθερων σχεδιαs ποιεισθε.

6. καλει τους Λακεδαιμονιους δευρο. 

7. μηκετι φοβου, ᾽ω Κλεαρχε, μη κυκλωθῃς ῾εκατερωθεν. 

8. ῾ηγεμονα ᾽αιτειτε Κυρον, ῾ινα δια φιλιαs της χωρας ᾽απαγῃ. 
     Note: ᾽αιτειτε  Verbs signifying to ask take two object 
                accusatives (838). 

9. ᾽ερωτα δε ᾽αυτους τινος δη ῾ενεκα ᾽εστρατευσαν ᾽ερι τους φιλους.

10. ῾ηγου,᾽ω νεανια, ῾οπου τον δρομον πεποιηκας. 

S424. 
1. Ask Cyrus for boats. 

2. Try to do well by your friends. 

3. Let Clearchus lead the right wing and Menon the left. 

4. Call out to the general to bring the army here. 

5. Besiege the stronghold both by land and by sea. 

S425. 	Traffic with Charmande across the Euphrates. 

   περαν δε του ᾽Ευφρατου ποταμου κατα τους ᾽ερημους σταθμους 
᾽ην πολις, ᾽ονομα δε Χαρμανδη: ᾽εκ ταυτης ῾οι στρατιωται ᾽ηγοραζον 
τα ᾽επιτηδεια, τον ποταμον διαβαινοντες σχεδιαις ῾ωδε.  ᾽εις τας 
διφθερας ῾ας (which) ᾽ειχον στεγασματα των σκηνωn ᾽εισεβαλλον 
χορτον κουφον, ᾽ειτα συνηγον και συνεσπων, ῾ινα μη βρεχθειη ῾η 
καρφη. ᾽επι τουτων διεβαινοn και ᾽ελαμβανοn τα ᾽επιτηδεια, ᾽οινον 
τε και σιτον. 

Notes. 
	4. σχεδιαις: dative of instrument (866). 
	   στεγασματα: as coverings, an appositive (804).
	6. συνεσπων: see συ-σπαω, draw or sew together.
	    καρφη: = χορτος κουφος. 

Lesson XLVI

Adjective Stems in ψ and εσ of the Consonant Declension. 

S426. Learn the declension of  μελαs, black, ευδαιμων, fortunate, 
and ᾽αληθης, true, ill 752. 

S427. Review 259. Most adjective stems in ν are of two endings, 
like ᾽ειυδαιμων. The accent is recessive. 

S428. Adjectives with stems in ες are of two endings. Compare 
the declension of τριηρης in 747. See 394, 395. 

S429. 	VOCABULARY. 
᾽αληθης, ες (compare ᾽αηθεια),  unconcealed, true. 
᾽ασφαλης, ες, free from danger, safe, secure. 
᾽εγ-κρατης, ες (compare κρατος), possessed of power, master of. 
᾽ευδαιμων, ον, fortunate, happy. 
 καταφανης, ες, in plain sight. 
 μελαs, μελαινα, μελαν, black. 
῾ομαλης, ες, even, level.
 πληρης, ες,  full, full of, abounding in.
 πολυτελης, ες, costly, expensive. 
 τοπος, ου,῾ο,  place, region. 
 φοινιξ, ικος, ῾ο,  palm tree, palm. 

S430. 
1. ᾽ουκ ᾽εστι πασι δη ευδαιμοσιν ᾽ειναι.
    Note: ᾽εστι - For the accent, see 166, 3. 	

2. ῾ουτοι δε παντες ῾οπλα ᾽ειχον μελανα. 

3.  πορευεσθαι της νυκτος ᾽ουκ ασφαλες ᾽ην. 

4. ῾οι Κυρου φιλοι της αρχης της του πατρος εγκρατεις ᾽εσονται. 
    Note:  αρχης - The objective genitive follows adjectives 
               signifying mastery (855).

5. ῾ο του σατραπου παραδεισος πληρης ᾽εστι φοινικων. 
     Note: φοινικων - Adjectives signifying fullness and want, 
               like the corresponding verbs, take the genitive (855). 

6. ῾οι περι Κυρον Περσαι ᾽ειχον χιτωνας πολυτελεις. 

7.  παρα τῃ ῾οδῳ ᾽ην μελαν τι χωριον. 

8. ᾽ερωτᾳ τον θρᾳκα ᾽ει ᾽αληθη ταυτ᾽ ᾽εστι. 

9. ᾽εν τουτῳ δε τy τῳ τοπῳ ᾽ην ῾η γη πεδιον ῾απαν ῾ομαλες ῾ωσπερ θαλαττα. 

10. και ᾽ηδη τε ᾽ην μεσον ῾ημερας και ᾽ου καταφανεις ᾽ησαν ῾οι πολεμιοι. 

S431. 
1. But the birds were black. 

2. The soldiers were still in plain sight. 

3. This was not true. 

4. It was not safe to be among the barbarians. 
    Note: among - Use ᾽εν.

5. There Cyrus had a palace and a park full of wild beasts. 

NOTES. 	
 
S432.    A Quarrel at the Ford. 
    ῾ο δε ᾽οινος ᾽εκ της βαλανου ᾽επρεποιητο της ᾽απο του 
φοινικος, και ῾ο σιτος μελινης ᾽ην: ταυτης γαρ ᾽ην ῾η 
χωρα πληρης. ᾽αμφιλεγουσι δε τι ᾽ενταυθα ῾οι δε του 
Μενωνος στρατιωται και ῾οι Κλεαρχου: και ῾ο Κλεαρχος 
κρινει ᾽αδικειν τον του Μενωνος και παιει. ῾ο δε ταυτα 
τοις φιλοις ᾽ελεγεν:  ῾οι δε στρατιωται ᾽επει ᾽ηκουσαν 
εχαλεπαινον και ᾽ωργιζοντο ᾽ισχυρως τῳ Κλεαρχῳ. 

NOTES. 
2. μελινης: predicate genitive of material (843). 	
3. ᾽αμφιλεγουσι τι: have some dispute. 
7. Κλεαρχῳ: the dative object follows verbs signifying anger (860). 

Lesson XLVII

Personal Pronouns. 

S433. The personal pronouns are ᾽εγω, I,  συ, you, and ῾ου 
(genitive), of him, of her, of it. 

S434. Learn the declension of these three pronouns in 759. 

S435. The forms μου, μοι, με; σου, σοι, σε;῾ου,῾οι,῾ε, are enclitic. 
But if the pronoun is emphatic, the enclitic forms of the pronoun 
retain their accent, and in the first person the longer forms ᾽εμου, 
᾽εμοι, ᾽εμε, are then used. This generally happens also after 
prepositions. 

S436. The nominatives of the personal pronouns are seldom used, 
except for emphasis. Thus, μη φεψyωμεν, let us not flee, συ τε γαρ
῾ελλην ᾽ει και ῾ημεις,  for you are a Greek and so are we Greeks. 

S437. The pronoun of the third person, ου, οι, ῾ε, etc., is generally 
an indirect reflexive in Attic prose, i.e. it is used in a dependent 
clause to refer to the subject of the leading verb. 
	Thus, φοβουνται μη ῾οι βαπβαποι σφισιν ᾽ουχ ῾επωνται, they 
        fear that the barbarians will not follow them. 

S438. To supply the place of a pronoun of the third person the oblique 
cases of ᾽αυτος are used. Review 160. 

S439. 		VOCABULARY. 
᾽αξινη, ης,῾η, axe. 
 δαπαναω, δαπανησω, etc., spend, expend. 
᾽εγω, ᾽εμου or μου, personal pronoun, I, Latin ego, stronger form 
᾽εγωγε, I for my part, Latin equidem. 
 κατα-σκεπτομαι, etc., view closely. 
 μα, adverb, by, used in negative oaths. 
 ξυλον, ου, το, wood, piece of wood; plural, wood, fuel. 
῾ου, dative or, ῾οι personal pronoun, of himself, Latin sui. 
᾽ουπω (᾽ου + πω, yet), adverb, not yet. 
 προσ-ελαυνω, ride towards or on. 
 σκεπτομαι (σκεπ), σκεψομαι, etc., middle deponent, view, 
        spy οut, search. 
 συ, σου, personal pronoun, thou, you, Latin tu. 
 σχιζω (σχιδ), ᾽εσχισα, ᾽εσχισθην, split. 
῾ωρα, ας, η, time, season, hour, proper time. 

S440. 
1.᾽αλλ᾽ ᾽εις ῾υμας τους δαρεικους ᾽εδαπανωn. 

2. ῾ο ᾽αυτος στολος ᾽εστιν ῾υμιν τε και ῾ημιν.

3.  παρα τῃ σκηνῃ σου ξυλα ᾽εσχιζεν ᾽αξινῃ ῾ο στρατιωτης.
     Note: ᾽αξινῃ Dative of instrument (866). 

4. νομιζω γαρ ῾υμας ᾽εμοι ᾽ειναι φιλους. 

5.᾽αλλα μα τους θεους ᾽ουκ ᾽εγωγε ᾽αυτους διωξω.
     Note: θεους  The accusative follows the adverb μα in a 
     negative oath (837). 

6.᾽εμοι ᾽ουν ᾽ουπω δοκει ῾ωρα ειναι ῾ημιν τουτο σκεπτεσθαι.

7. Ξενοφων αυτον κελευει ῾οι συμπεμπειν ᾽απο του στοματος ανδρας.
     Note:  ῾οι  Observe that this is the dative, and compare 435. 

8.᾽εγω ᾽ουν λεγω ᾽οτι σε δει προσελαυνειν και παντα κατασκεπτεσθαι.

9.῾οι δε στρατηγοι ᾽αυτον᾽ερωτωσι τι σφισιν ᾽εσται ᾽εαν νικησωσι.

10.᾽αλλ᾽ ᾽επει ῾υμεις ᾽εμοι ᾽ουκ ᾽εθελετε πειθεσθαι ᾽ουδε ᾽επεσθαι,
     ᾽εγω συν ῾υμιν ῾εψομαι. 

S441. 
1. I myself summoned you. 

2. He has been wronged by us. 

3. This man, fellow-soldiers, is a friend of mine. 
    Note: I.e. to me. 

4. But if I conquer, my friends will be in honor. 

5. He feared that his brother would plot against him.
    Note: Compare 437. 

S442. The Life of Clearchus is in Great Danger. 

    τῃ δε ᾽αυτῃ ῾ημερᾳ Κλεαρχος ῾ηκεν ᾽εις την ᾽αγοραν την
παρα τῳ ποταμῳ. ᾽επειδη δε ᾽αυτην κατεσκεψατο, ᾽αφιππευει 
παλιν ᾽επι την ῾εαυτου σκηνην δια του Μενωνος στρατευματος 
συν ᾽ολιγοις τοις περι ᾽αυτον. Κυρος δε ᾽ουπω ᾽ηκεν, ᾽αλλ᾽ 
᾽ετι προσηλαυνε: των δε Μενωνος στρατιωτων ξυλα σχιζων τις
Κλεαρχον διελαυνοντα πειραται βαλλειν τῃ αξινῃ: ᾽αλλας δε
λιθῳ και αλλος, ᾽ειτα παντες, και κραυγη ᾽ην φοβερα.

NOTES. 
	3. ῾εαυτου: of himself, his own. 
	7. ᾽αλλοs: scilicet. πειπαται βαλλειν. 

Lesson XLVIII

Reflexive, Reciprocal, and Possessive Pronouns. 

S443. The reflexive pronouns are ᾽εμαυτου, of myself, σεαυτου, of 
yourself, ῾εαυτου, ῾εαυτης, ῾εαυτου, of himself, herself, itself· 

S444. Learn the declension of these pronouns in 760. 

S445. the reflexive pronouns are compounded of the stems of the 
personal pronouns (759) and ᾽αυτοs. But in the plural the two pronouns 
are declined separately in the first and second persons. 

S446. the reflexive pronouns refer to the subject of the clause in which 
they stand. sometimes in a dependent clause they refer to the subject of 
the leading verb, i.e. they are indirect reflexives. 
thus, ᾽αφιππευει ᾽επι την ᾽αυτου σκηνην, he rides away to his own quarters; 
᾽εκελευσε Κυρος τον ᾽Αριστιππον ᾽αποπεμψαι προς ῾εαυτον τους 
στρατιωτας, Cyrus ordered Aristippus to send the soldiers to him. 

S447. Learn the declension of the reciprocal pronoun ᾽αλληλων, of one 
another, in 761. 

S448. The possessive pronouns are ᾽εμος, my, σος, your, ῾ημετερος, our, 
῾υμετερος, your. They are formed from the stems of the personal pronouns 
(759), and are declined like adjectives in ος (750). 

S449. 		VOCABULARY. 
᾽αλληλων (compare ᾽αλλοs), recipricol pronoun, of one another. 
᾽αμελεω, ᾽αμελησω, etc., be careless, neglect. 
᾽αφ-ιππευω, ᾽αφ-ιππευσω (compare ῾ιπποs), ride back, return 
	on horseback. 
῾εαυτου, ης, ου (see 445), reflexive pronoun, of himself, herself, itself.
᾽εμαυτου, ης (see 445), reflexive pronoun, of myself· 
᾽εμος, η, ον (see 448), poss. pronoun, my, mine. 
῾ημετερος, α, on (see 448), our. 
 σεαυτου, ης (see 445), reflexive pronoun, of yourself.  
 σος, ση, σον (see 448), possessive pronoun, your. 
 σχολαιως (compare σχολη), adverb, slowly. 
῾υμετερος, α, on (see 448), possessive pronoun, your. 

S450. 
1. ᾽επι την ᾽εμαυτου σκηνην ᾽αφιππευσω. 

2. Κυρος δε μετεπεμπετο ᾽εκεινοn προς ῾εαυτον. 

3. τουτων των χωριων παντων σατραπαι εισιν ῾οι του σου 
   ᾽αδελφου φιλοι.
    Note:  σου - Nouns with a possessive pronoun take the article 
               when they refer to definite individuals (809). 

4. λεγει δε ῾οτι ῾οι ῾Ελληνες νικωσι το καθ ῾εαυτους. 

5. την ῾υμετεραν ᾽αρετη ᾽εθαυμασαμεν. 

6. ᾽εβοων δε ᾽αλληλοις σχολαιως ᾽επεσθαι. 

7.  τουτον γαρ ῾ο ᾽εμος πατηρ εκελευσε πειθεσθαι ᾽εμοι. 

8. ᾽ην δ᾽ ῾ημελς νικησωμεν, δει τους ῾ημετερους φιλους 
     τουτων ᾽εγκρατεις ᾽ειναι. 
     Note:  τουτων - For the genitive, compare 430, 4.
 
9. συ δε νυν την Κυρου χωραν ᾽εχεις και την σεαυτου ᾽αρχην σῳζεις. 

10. ῾ουχ ῾ωρα ᾽εστιν ῾ημιν ᾽αμελειν ῾ημων ᾽αυτων ᾽αλλα 
      βουλευεσθαι περι τουτων.
      Note: ᾽αυτων - The genitive follows verbs signifying to neglect (846). 

S451. 
1. You have your own province. 

2. They carried on war with one another. 
    Note: Use the dative (864). 

3. He gets his own soldiers together. 

4. They feared that you would neglect yourselves. 

5. It is time for us to deliberate in our own behalf. 

S452. Clearchus advances against Menon's Troops. 

    ῾ο δε Κλεαρχος καταφευγει ᾽εις το ᾽εαυτου στρατευμα, και ᾽ευθς 
παραγγελλει ᾽εις τα ῾οπλα:  και τους μεν ῾οπλιτις ᾽αυτου ᾽εκελευσε 
μενειν, τας ᾽ασπιδας προς τα γονατα ᾽εχοντας, ᾽αυτος δε λαβων τους 
Θρᾳκας ῾οι (who) ᾽ησαν αυτῳ εν τῳ στρατευματι, ᾽ηλαυνεν ᾽επι 
τους Μενωνος, ῾ωστ᾽ ᾽εκεινοι εφοβηθησαν και ᾽αυτος Μενων, και 
τρεχουσιν ᾽επι τα ῾οπλα. 

NOTES. 
3. ᾽αυτου: adverb, there, i.e. where they were. 
    τας ᾽ασπιδας ῾εχοντας: the left knee was slightly advanced, the shield 
    set firmly in rest upon it, and the spear held in readiness for defence. 
4. λαβων: literally having taken, second aorist active participle of 
    λαμβανω. 

Lesson XLIX

The Infinitive. 

S453. The tenses occurring in the infinitive are the present, future, 
aorist, perfect, and future perfect. The middle and passive differ 
from one another, in form, only in the future and aorist. 

S454. Learn the eleven forms of the infinitive active, middle, and 
passive of λυω in 765-770. 

S455. The endings are in the active εν and ναι; in the middle and 
passive σθαι. 

S456. The ending εν contracts with a preceding ε to ειν (λυε-εν, 
λυειν). The perfect active and aorist passive add ναι, but the 
perfect changes α of the stem to ε (λελυκα, λελυκε-ναι), and the 
aorist lengthens the tense suffix as in the indicative (λυθε, 
λυθη-ναι). The aorist active (λυσαι) is irregular in form. 

S457. The accent of verbs is recessive (53), but all infinitives in ναι 
(as λελεκεναι, λυθηναι), the aorist active infinitive (λυσαι, βουλευσαι), 
and the perfect middle and passive infinitive (λελυσθαι) accent the penult. 

S458. The present infinitive of ειμι is ειναι (798). 

S459. Learn the present infinitive active, middle, and passive of 
τιμαω, ποιεω, and δηλοω in 781-783. 

S460. Observe that 
     	(α) α + ει or ε = α; 
	(2) ε + ει or ε = ει ; 
	(3) ο + ει or ε = ου. 

S461. Many of the uses of the infinitive are identical in Greek and 
English.  e.g.: 

1. Κυρος κελευει τον στρατηγον ῾ηγεισθαι, 
    Cyrus commands the general  to lead. 

2. βουλομεθα ᾽αποχωπειν, 
    we wish to withdraw. 

3. συνεβουλευον τοις στπατιωταις μη ταυτα ποιησαι, 
    I advised the soldiers not to do this. 

4. ᾽αδυνατον ᾽εστι ταυτα ποιησαι, 
     it is impossible to do this. 

5. δει τους λοχαγους σπευδειν, 
    the captains must make haste. 

6. ῾ουτοι ῾ικανοι ᾽ησαν τας κωμας φυλαττειν, 
     these were sufficient to guard  the villages. 

7. την χωρο ᾽επετρεψε διαρπασαι τοισ ῾Ελλησι, 
    he turned the country  over to the Greeks to plunder. 

   thus, the subject of the infinitive is in the accusative    
   (compare 1, 5), but it is  generally omitted if it is the 
   same as the subject or the object (direct or  indirect) of 
   the leading verb (compare 2, 3, 6, 7). The infinitive may 
   be the subject  nominative of a finite verb, especially of 
   an impersonal verb or ᾽εστι (compare 4, 5).  it may be 
   the object of a verb whose action naturally implies 
   another action  as its object, especially of verbs 
   expressing wish, command, advice, attempt,  and the like 
   (compare 1, 2, 3). it may depend on adjectives, especially 
   those  expressing ability, fitness, willingness, and the like 
   (compare 6). Finally, it may  express purpose 
   (compare 7). The negative with the infinitive in these 
   cases is mh  (compare 3). 

S462.		VOCABULARY. 
᾽αδυνατος, ον, unable, impossible. 
᾽αμφοτερος, α, on, both. 
᾽αναγκη, ης, ῾η, force, necessity. 
᾽αιφ-ικνεομαι (᾽ικ), ᾽αφ-ιξομαι, ᾽αφ-ικομην, ᾽αφ-ιγμαι, come from, 
      arrive, reach. 
 δια-σῳζω, bring through safely, save. 
᾽επι-τρεπω, turn over to, entrust, allow. 
 λοχος, ου, ῾ο (compare λοχ-αgos),  company. 
 τρεπω, τρεψω,᾽ετρεψα and ᾽ετραπον, τετροφα, τετραμμαι, 
       ᾽ετραπην and ᾽ετρεφθην, turn, direct, tout. 
 φυγη ης, ῾η (compare φευγω), flight, rout. 

S463. 
1. τα γαρ επιτηδεια ᾽ουκ εστιν ᾽εχειν. 	

2. ῾ηκομεν γαρ ῾υμας σῳζειν. 

3. ᾽αλλ᾽ ᾽ουπω αναγκη ᾽εστι  φευγειν. 

4. ᾽αδυνατον εσται τησ νυκτος ᾽αφικνειςθαι. 	

5. αμφοτεροις παρεκελευσαμεθα της οργης παυσασθαι. 
    Note.  οργης A genitive of separation. compare 336, 1. 

6. ᾽αυτοις ᾽επετρεψε τους παιδας  διδασκειν. 

7. ῾ημεις χρῃζομεν διασωθηναι προς την ῾Ελλαδα. 

8.  των ῾οπλιτων δυο λοχους ᾽εκελευσε ῾επεσθαι ᾽αυτῳ.

9. πολεμειν ῾ικανοι ᾽ησαν  και ᾽ευνοικως ᾽ειχον Κυρῳ. 	

10.᾽εβοων αλληλοις ταυς καθ᾽ ῾εαυτους πολεμιους ᾽εισ φυγην τρεψαι. 

S464. 
1. They were trying to rout my troops. 

2. We, fellow-soldiers, must  march on. 

3. I advise you not to allow this man to do harm. 

4. Why need we  destroy the bridge? 

5. He forced the guards to withdraw. 

S465. Proxenus interferes, and Cyrus comes riding up. 

    ῾ο δε Προξενος . . .᾽υστερος γαρ προσηλαυνε και λοχος ᾽αυτῳ
῾ειπετο των ῾οπλιτων . . .᾽ευθυς ᾽ουν ᾽εις το μεσον ᾽αμφοτερων 
᾽αγων ᾽εδειτο του κλεαρχου μη ποιειν ταυτα. ῾ο δε χαλεπαινει 
῾οτι πρᾳως λεγει το ῾αυτου παθος, ᾽εκελευσε τε ᾽αυτον εκ του 
μεσου ᾽ιεναι. εν τουτῳ δε αφκνειται και Κυρας και ᾽ακουει το 
πραγμα. ᾽ευθυς δ' ᾽ελαβε τα παλτα ᾽εις τας χειρας και μετα των
πιστων ῾ηκεν ᾽ελαυνων ᾽εις το μεσον, και λεγει ταδε. 

Notes. - 
  	2. ᾽ουν: the narrative has been interrupted and is 
	      resumed with ᾽ουν.
	3. ᾽εδειτο του κλεαρχου  κτλ. : besought 
	     Clearchus not to do this. 
	4. ῾οτι πρᾳως λεγει  κτλ.: because he spoke 
	     lightly of his trouble.
	5. ᾽ιεναι:  to go, to get, present infinitive of 
	    ᾽ειμι, go. 

Lesson L

The Infinitive (continued). 

S466. Learn the conjugation of the present and imperfect 
indicative of φημι in 794. 

S467. All the forms of the present indicative of fhmi are 
enclitic except φῃς. Review 168, 169. 

S468. 
1. φησι Κλεαρχον ῾ηγεισθαι, he says that Clearchus is leading. 

2.  φησιν ῾υμας ταυτα ποιησαι, he says that you did this. 

3.  κελευει Κλεαρχον ῾ηγεισθαι, he orders Clearchus to lead.

4.  κελευει ῾υμας ταυτα ποιησαι, he bids you do this. 

In all the examples the infinitive is the object of the principal verb, 
but in the first two it represents the words of an original speaker 
and its tense corresponds in time to the same tense of the indicative 
(the speaker says: Κλεαπχος ῾ηγειται, ταυτα ᾽εποιησαν); whereas 
in the last two examples, where the infinitive is the object of a 
simple verb of commanding, as explained in 461, this distinction 
of tense does not exist. but both ῾ηγεισθαι and ποιησαι refer to 
the future. 

S469. The infinitive in indirect discourse is generally the object 
of a verb of saying or thinking, or some equivalent expression. 
Here each tense of the infinitive corresponds in time to the same 
tense of some finite mood. 

S470. 
1. κραυγην ᾽εποιουν, ῾ωστε τους πολεμιους ᾽ακουειν, 
    they made a great noise, so that the enemy heard them. 

2. ᾽αφιππευει πριν τουσ ᾽αλλους ᾽αφικνεισθαι, 
     he rides off before the rest arrive. 

S471. The infinitive may follow ῾ωστε, so that, expressing 
result, and πριν, before. 

S472. 	VOCABULARY. 
᾽αυτικα, adverb, immediately, forthwith. 	
 γενος, ους, το, family, race. 	
 γιγνομαι (γεν), γενησομαι, ᾽εγενομην, 	γεγονα, γεγενημαι 
     (compare γενος), be born, become, prove oneself to be. 	
 δηλος, η, ον (compare δηλοω), plain, evident, manifest. 	
᾽η, conjunction, or,. ᾽η . . .᾽η,   either ... or. 	
῾ομολογεω, ῾ομολογησω, etc., confess. 	
᾽οργιζομαι (οργιδ), ᾽οργιουμαι, etc. (compare ᾽οργη), be angry. 
πριν, conjunction, before, until. 
προθυμος, ον, ready, eager. 
προσ-ηκω, have come to, be related to
στρατοπεδον, ου, το, camp. 
ταχεως (compare ταχα), adverb, quickly. 
φημι (φα), φησω, ᾽εφησα, say, declare, state, affirm. 

Give the forms of the quoted sentences in the following exercise (473) in the words of the original speaker.

S473. 
1. ῾οι δε ᾽αλλοι φασι βουλευσεσθαι. 

2.  τοξευθηναι ῾Ελληνα ᾽εφη ᾽επι τῳ δεξιῳ. 	

3. ᾽εμοι δε φησι φιλος και πιστος γενησεσθαι. 	

4. Ξενοφωντι ᾽ωργιζοντο, νομιζοντες ᾽αδικηθηναι ῾υπ᾽ ᾽αυτου. 
    Note: The dative follows verbs expressing anger (860).

5. φημι δη ᾽η νικαν δεησειν ᾽η ῾ηττασθαι.

6. ᾽ενομιζομεν ᾽αυτικα ῾ηξειν ᾽αυτους ᾽επι το στρατοπεδον. 

7. ῾ομολογεις ᾽ουν περι ᾽εμε ᾽αδικοσ γεγενησθαι; 

8. ᾽εφασαν δε τουτον τον Περσην γενει προσηκειν τῳ ᾽Αρταξερξῃ. 
     Note: γενει in race, a dative of respect, which is a form of the 
     dative of manner (866).

9. παντας ῾ουτω δωροις ᾽ετιμα ῾ωστε ᾽αυτῳ μαλλον φιλους ᾽ειναι 
    ᾽η τῳ ᾽αδελφῳ. 

10. προθυμοι ᾽εσμεν ταχεως πορευεσθαι πριν δηλον ᾽ειναι τι ῾οι 
     ᾽αλλοι ῾Ελληνες ποιησουσι.

S474. 
1. All confessed that Cyrus was loved by the Greeks. 
    Note:  They said, Κυρος φιλειται. 

2. He thought that the Lacedaemonians would take the field against 
    Tissaphernes. 

3. They said they would not engage in war with Cyrus. 

4. He says he will start before the enemy approach. 
    Note: The person's thought was, "The Lacedaemonians will 
    take," etc. 

5. They are not so hostile as to plot against him. 

S475. 	Cyrus makes a Successful Appeal to Clearchus. 

    Κλεαρχε και Προξενε και ῾οι ᾽αλλοι῾Ελληνες, τι ποιειτε; ᾽ει 
γαρ τινα ᾽αλληλοις μαχην συναψετε, νομιζετε ᾽εν τῃδε τῃ ῾ημερᾳ
᾽εμε τε κατακεκοψεσθαι και ῾υμας ᾽ου πολυ ᾽εμου ῾υστερον: 
᾽εαν γαρ τα ῾ημετερα κακως εχῃ, παντες ῾ουτοι ῾οι βαρβαροι 
πολεμιοι ῾ημιν ᾽εσονται. Κλεαρχος δε ᾽επει ᾽ηκουσε ταυτα 
᾽εν ῾εαυτῳ ᾽εγενετο, και ᾽επαυσαντο ᾽αμφοτεροι της ᾽οργης. 

Notes.
	3. κατακεκοαεσθαι: future perfect infinitive in indirect 
            discourse, shall have been cut to pieces, shall be 
	    instantly cut to pieces.  
	   ᾽ου πολυ: not long. 
	4. ᾽εμου ῾υστερον: after me. adverbs of the comparative 
	     degree take the genitive (858).
	6. ᾽εν ῾εαυτῳ ᾽εγενετο: came to himself, recovered his senses. 

Lesson LI

Stems in ι and υ of the Consonant Declension. 

S476. Learn the declension of πολις, city, πηχυς,  forearm, ᾽αστυ, 
town, and ιχθυς, fish, in 748. 

S477. Vowel stems add ν in masculines and feminines to form the 
accusative singular. Most stems in ι and a few in υ have ε in place 
of their final ι or υ in all cases except the nominative, accusative, 
and vocative singular, and have ως for ος in the genitive singular, 
but ως, although long, does not affect the accent. The genitive 
plural follows the accent of the genitive singular. 

S478.  	VOCABULARY. 
᾽ακροπολις, εως, ῾η  (᾽ακρος + πολις), upper city, citadel, acropolis. 
᾽αστυ, εως, το, town. 
 δορυ, ατος, το, spear shaft, spear. 
 δυναμις, εως, ῾η, ability, power, troops.
᾽εξετασις, εως,῾η, review. 
 ιχθυς, ᾽υος, ῾ο, fish. 
 λογχη, ης, ῾η, spear point, spear.
 πεντεκαιδεκα, indeclinable, fifteen. 
 πηχυς, εως,῾ο,  forearm, cubit. 
 πολις, εως, ῾η, city, state. 
 Σαρδεις, εων, ῾αι,   Sardis. 
 ταξις, εως,῾η, (compare ταττω), arrangement, order, array, division. 

S479. 
1. την του στρατευματος ταξιν ᾽εθαυμασεν. 

2.῾ουτος ᾽επολεμησεν ᾽εμοι ᾽εχων την ᾽εν Σαρδεσιν ᾽ακροπολιν. 	
      Note: ᾽εμοι  For the case, see 864.  

3. ῾ο ποταμος ᾽εστι το ᾽ευρος πλεθρου, πληρης δ᾽ ᾽ιχθυων.
      Note: ᾽ευρος  Accusative of specification (834).
      Note:  πλεθρου Predicate genitive of measure (843).
      Note: ᾽ιχθυων The genitive follows πληρης (855).

4. ᾽εστι δε και βασιλεια ᾽επι ταις του ποταμου πηγαις 
    ῾υπο τῃ ᾽ακροπολει. 

5. παρα ταυτην την πολιν ᾽ην γηλοφος. 

6.᾽εν τῳ των᾽Αθηναιων ᾽αστει ᾽ην ᾽ακροπολις καλη.

7. ειχον δε ῾ουτοι και δορυ ῾ως (about) πεντεκαιδεκα 
    πηχεων λογχην ᾽εχον. 
      Note: πηχεων Attributive genitive of measure (841, 5).

8. Κυρος δ᾽ ᾽εξετασιν ποιειται των ῾Ελληνωn και των 
    βαρβαρων ᾽εν τῳ πεδιῳ περι μεσας νυκτας. 	

9. συ δε, ᾽ω σατραπη, την τε Κυρου δυναμιν και χωραν εχεις και 
    την σαυτου ᾽αρχην σῳζεις, ῾η δε ᾽Αρταξερξου δυναμις σοι 
    συμμαχος ᾽εστιν. 
      Note:  συμμαχος   The adjective. See the general vocabulary. 

S480
1. He had garrisons in the cities. 

2. There are fish in these rivers. 

3. For Cyrus sent the tributes from these cities. 

4. There he made a review and enumeration of the Greeks. 

5. If you make use of the Greek force, you will easily conquer these 
    barbarians. 

S481. 		Treacherous Proposal of Orontas. 
    ᾽εντευθεν δ᾽ ῾ως (as) ᾽επορευοντο, ᾽εφαινετο ᾽ιχνη ῾ιππων: 
᾽εικαζετο δ᾽ ᾽ειναι ταυτα ῾ως (about) δισχιλιων ῾ιππων. ῾ουτοι 
᾽εκαον και χορτον και ᾽ει τι ᾽αλλο χρησιμον ᾽ην. ᾽Οροντας δε,
Περσης ᾽ανηρ, γενει τε προσηκων τῳ ᾽Αρταξερῃ και τα πολεμια
λεγομενος πανυ ᾽αγαθος ᾽ειναι, ᾽επιβουλευει Κυρῳ.  ῾ουτος 
᾽ελεξεν ῾οτι ᾽ει αυτῳ Κυρος ᾽επιτρεψειεν ᾽ανδρας χιλιους ᾽η
τους πολεμιους κατακοψειεν ᾽αν ᾽η ᾽αυτος ᾽αν κωλυσειε καειν
τον χορτον. 

NOTES
 	1. ᾽εντευθεν: from the camp opposite Charmande.  See the 
	     map.  
           ᾽εφαινετο: there kept  appearing, imperfect (68).
	2. ῾ιππων: a predicate genitive of possession (843).
            ῾ουτοι: refers to  the horsemen implied in ῾ιππων.
	3. ᾽ει τι ᾽αλλο: whatever else. 
	5. το πολεμια: in matters  pertaining to war, an accusative of 
	    specification (834).
           λεγομενοs: present passive participle, being  said or 
	   reckoned.
	6. ᾽ει αυτῳ κτλ: Orontas said: ᾽ει ᾽εμοι ᾽επιτρεψειας 
            ᾽ανδρας χιλιους᾽η τους πολεμιους κατακοψαιμι 
            ᾽αν ᾽η ᾽αυτους ᾽αν κωλυσαιμι κτλ. (364). 

Lesson LII

Participles Active. 

S482. The participle occurs in the present, future, aorist, perfect, and 
future perfect tenses. 

S483. Learn the four forms of the active participles of  λυω in 
765-768, and their declension in 754. λυσων, about to loose, is 
declined like λυων. 

S484. Participles form their stems by a special suffix added to the 
tense stems. In the active this is ντ, except in the perfect, where 
the suffix is οτ, as λυο-ντ, λυσο-ντ, λυσα-ντ, λελυκ-οτ.   In the 
perfect final α of the stem is dropped before οτ. The perfect 
active participle is oxytone. 

S485. The present participle of ᾽ειμι is ᾽ων, ᾽ουσα, ον  (795). 

S486. Participles in αων, εων, and οων are contracted. See τιμαων 
in 781, ποιεων in 782, and δηλοων in 783. Learn the declension of 
τιμων and ποιων in 755. δηλων is declined exactly like ποιων. 

S487. The participle constantly occurs in Greek where English uses a 
relative clause. e.g. : 

1. ᾽ουκ ᾽εφιλει τον βασιλευοντα᾽Αρταξερξην.  
    She did not love Artaxerxes, who was king.

2. ᾽επι τον ποταμον πορευονται, ᾽οντα το ᾽ευρος πλεθρου. 
    Τhey proceed to the river, which is a hundred feet wide.

3. τῳ τους ῾ιππους λυσαντι ᾽ωργιζετο.
   He was angry with the man who had loosed the horses. 

4. ῾ουτοι ᾽εσιν ῾οι ῾υμας παντας ᾽αδικησοντες.
    These are the men who will wrong you all. 

An attributive participle may thus be used like an adjective to 
qualify a noun (compare 1, 2); or the noun may be omitted, and 
the participle with the article may itself be used as a noun 
(compare 3, 4). These participles denote time present, past, 
or future, relatively to the time of the leading verb.

S488. VOCABULARY. 
᾽απ-εχω, keep off; intransitive, be distant. 
 βοηθεω, βοηθησω, ᾽εβοηθησα, βεβοηθηκα,
 βεβοηθημαι, run in order to aid, help, assist.
 δωδεκα, indeclinable,  twelve. 
᾽ευνοια, ας, ῾η  (compare ᾽ευνους), good will, fidelity. 
᾽οικεω, ᾽οικησω, etc. (compare  οικια), inhabit, dwell; passive, be 
	inhabited, be situated. 
 οιομαι, ᾽οιησομαι, ῳηθην, think, expect. 
 Ορονταs, α, (Doric genitive) or  ου,῾ο, Orontas 
᾽ουδε-ποτε (᾽ουδε + ποτε, ever), adverb, never. 
 παρ-ειμι, be near or present.
 τα παροντα, the present circumstances. 
 προσθεν (compare προs) , adverb, before, previously. 
 φιλια, ας,῾η (compare φιλοs), friendship. 
 χαλεπος, η, ον, hard, difficult.

S489. 
1. τριηρεις γαρ ᾽εχει ῾ο κωλυσων ῾ημας. 

2. ῾οι προσθεν ῾ημιν βοηθησαντες τους ῾ορκους λελυκασιν. 
     Note:  The dative of the indirect object follows verbs signifying to 
     aid, assist, and the like (800).

3. ᾽ω ᾽ανδρες στρατιωται, χαλεπα ᾽εστι τα παροντα. 

4.᾽ῳετο γαρ τους κωλυσοντας ᾽ειναι περαν του ποταμου.

5. προς τῳ ποταμῳ κωμη ᾽ῳκειτο, ᾽απεχουσα του ποταμου 
    παρασαγγην. 

6. Κλεαρχος γαρ φιλιᾳ και ᾽ευνοιᾳ βοηθουντας ᾽ουδεποτε ᾽ειχεν. 
      Note:  φιλιᾳ  Dative of cause (866).

7. των γαρ νικωντων ᾽εστι και τα ῾εαυτων σῳζειν. 
    Note:  νικωντων  Predicate genitive of possession (843).

8.᾽ερωτᾳ τι το κωλυον ᾽εστι πορευεσθαι. 
    Note:  κωλυον The thing which hinders, i.e. the hindrance. 

9. ᾽εφη τον μεν καλως ποιουντα ᾽επαινειν, τον δε ᾽αδικουντα 
    ᾽ουκ ᾽επαινειν. 

S490.
1. Those who dwelt by the sea were friendly. 
2. He sent men who would rescue the boys. 
3. But he called those also who were besieging the city. 
4. Aristippus, who was a friend of Cyrus, hastened to Sardis. 
5. Here was situated a prosperous city, twenty parasangs distant from 
    the sea. 

S491. 		The Traitor betrayed. 

    τῳ δε Κυρῳ ακουσαντι ταυτα εδοκει ᾽ωφελιμα ᾽ειναι, και ᾽εκελευσεν 
᾽Ορονταν λαμβανειν μερος παρ ῾εκαστου των ῾ηγεμονωn. ῾ο δ᾽ ᾽Οροντας 
νομισαs ῾ετοιμους ᾽ειναι αυτῳ τους ᾽ανδρας γραφει ᾽επιστολην παρα 
᾽Αρταξερξην ῾οτι ῾ηξει στρατιωτας ᾽εχων: ᾽αλλα φρασαι τοις ῾εαυτου
στρατιωταις ᾽εκελευεν ῾ως (as) φιλον ᾽αυτον ῾υποδεχεσθαι. ᾽ενην δε᾽εν 
τῃ ᾽επιστολῃ και της προσθεν φιλιας ῾υπομνηματα και πιστεως. ταυτην 
την ᾽επιστολην διδωσι πιστῳ ανδρι, ῾ως ᾽ῳετο: ῾ο δε Κυρy διδωσιν. 

Notes. 
1. ταυτα: subject of ᾽εδοκει. 
   ᾽ωφελιμα: for the meaning, compare ᾽ωφελεω. 
2.  των῾ηγεμονωn: the commanders of Cyrus's native troops.
    ῾εαυτου: refers to Artaxerxes.
5. ᾽αυτον: i.e. Orontas. 
7.  της προοσθεν φιλιαs: their former friendship (811). 
8.  διδωσι: he gives. 

Lesson LIII

Participles Middle and Passive. 

S492. Learn the seven forms of the middle and passive participles of
λυω in 765-770. all participles in ος are declined like ᾽αγαθος (750). 
Learn the declension of λυθεις in 754. 

S493. The special suffix (484) added to the tense stem in the middle 
and passive to form the participles is meno. But the aorist passive uses 
the active ending ντ, as λυθε-ντ, and is oxytone. The perfect middle 
and passive has the acute on the penult. 

S494. For the present participles of contract verbs, m the middle and 
passive, see 781-783. 

S495. The participle may define the circumstances of an action. e.g.: 

1. τους βαρβαρους νικησαντες ᾽οικαδε ᾽επορευοντο. 
    When they had conquered the barbarians, they proceeded home. 

2. ᾽αδικηθεις ᾽αυτον ᾽επαισα.   
     I struck him because I had been wronged. 

3. ᾽επορευοντο την χωραν ῾αρπαζοντες. 
    They advanced ravaging the country. 

4. ᾽επορευετο ᾽επι την πολιν τας σπονδας ποιησομενος. 
     He proceeded to the city to make the truce. 

5. σωθεντες ᾽αν χαριν ῾υμιν ᾽εχοιμεν. 
   If we should be saved, we should feel grateful to you. 

6. μεσον ᾽εχων τησ ᾽αυτου στρατιας ῾ομως ᾽εξω ᾽εγενετο του Κυρου ᾽ευωνυμου κερατος.  
   Although he was at the center of his own force, nevertheless he was beyond Cyrus’s left wing. 

7. παρην ᾽εχων ῾οπλιτας τριακουσιους. 
    He was there with 300 hoplites. 

These participles express time (1), cause (2), means or manner (3), purpose (4), condition (5), concession (6), and attendant circumstance (7). 

S496.    		VOCABULARY.

῾Ελλησποντος, ου,῾ο, the Hellespont. 
᾽εξαιτεω, ask from, demand; middle, beg off. 
᾽εξεστι, impersonal, it is allowed or possible. 
᾽εξω (compare ᾽εξ), adverb, outside, beyond, beyond the reach of. 
῾ιερος, α, ον, sacred; το ῾ιερα, sacrifices, omens. 
 κατα-λαμβανω, seize upon, capture. 
 μαλιστα (compare μαλλον), adverb, most, especially. 
 Μιλητος, ου, ῾η,  Miletus. 
 μονος, η, ον, alone, only; μονοn, as adverb, alone, only. 
 προτιμαω, honor before others or especially. 
 Χερρονησος, ου, ῾η, the Chersonese. 

S497. 
1. ᾽εμοι, ᾽ω ᾽ανδρες, θυομενῳ τα ῾ιερα καλα ᾽ην. 

2. νυν ᾽εξεστιν ᾽αυτοις σωθεισι πορευεσθαι. 

3. φοβουμενοι δε την ῾οδον ῾ομως ειποντο.

4. πεμψωμεν  δε ᾽ανδρας καταληψομενους τα ᾽ακρα.

5. μονοι καταλελειμμενοι ῾ομως τους φυλακας κατακοψαντες 
    ᾽εξω ᾽εγενοντο.    

6. και ᾽επολεμει ᾽εκ Χερρονησου ῾ορμωμενος τοις; Θρᾳξι τοις 
    ῾υπερ ῾Ελλησποντον ᾽οικουσι. 

7. τοτε προτιμωμενος μαλιστα ῾υπο Κυρου νυν ῾ημας τους Κυρου 
    φιλους κακως ποιειν πειραται. 

8. ῾η δε μητηρ ᾽εξαιτησαμενη ᾽αυτον ᾽αποπεμπει παλιν ᾽επι την αρχην. 

9.  τι ᾽ουν, ᾽εφη ῾ο Κυρος, ᾽αδικηθεις ῾υπ᾽ ᾽εμου νυν ᾽επιβουλευεις μοι; 
     Note:  τι  Cognate accusative (833), because you have suffered what wrong? 

S498. 
1. They will not wrong us, if we make a truce with them. 
2. They fled from the hill, in fear that they should be cut to pieces. 
3. But Xenophon, when he had thus offered sacrifice, proceeded to Miletus. 
4. This man, although he had been sent to bid the Greeks proceed, advised them as follows. 
5. Aristippus, the Thessalian, since he was hard pressed by his enemies, asked Cyrus for pay. 

S499. 		Orontas is brought to Trial. 

   ῾ο δε Κυρος συλλαμβανει ᾽Ορονταn, και συγκαλει ᾽εις την ῾εαυτου
σκηνην Περσας των περι ᾽αυτον ῾επτα, και τους των ῾Ελληνων 
στρατηγους ᾽εκελευσεν ῾οπλιτας ᾽αγαγειν, τουτους δε ταχθηναι περι
την ῾αυτου σκηνην.  ῾οι δε ταυτα ᾽εποιησαν, ᾽αγαγοντες ῾ως (about) 
τρισχιλιους ῾οπλιτας.  Κλεαρχον δε και ᾽εισω παρεκαλεσε συμβουλον: 
῾ουτος γαρ και ᾽αυτῳ και τοις ᾽αλλοις ᾽εδοκει προτιμηθηναι μαλιστα 
των ῾Ελληνωn. 

Notes. 
3.᾽αγαγειν: second aorist infinitive (indicative ᾽ηγαγον). In line 5 the 
     second aorist participle, ᾽αγαγοντες, occurs.
7. ᾽αυτy: i.e: Cyrus: Not only Cyrus but also the rest of the Persians 
     thought that Clearchus was the most prominent man among the Greeks. 
8. των῾Ελληνωn: partitive genitive with μαλιστα (842): 

Lesson LIV

Adjective Stems in u of the Consonant Declension,
Irregular Adjectives. 

S500. Learn the declension of ῾ηδυς, sweet, in 752, and of the 
irregular adjectives μεγας, great, and πολυς, much, many, in 753. 

S501. With ῾ηδυς, compare the declension of πηχυς and ᾽αστυ 
in 748. μεγας and πολυς are irregular in having each two stems. 

S502. 		VOCABULARY. 

᾽αυτοθι (compare ᾽αυτοs), adverb, here, there. 
 βαθυς, εια, υ,  deep. 
᾽εγγυς, adverb, near, at hand. 
῾ηδυς, εια, υ (compare ῾ηδομαι), sweet, pleasant. 
῾ημισυς, εια, υ,  half. 
 κρηνη, ης, ῾η,  spring, well. 
 μεγας, μεγαλη, μεγα,  great, large. 
᾽οπισθεν, adverb, behind, in the rear.
 πολυς, πολλη, πολυ, much, many.
 πολυ as adverb, much, far. 
 σκηνεω, σκηνησω, εσκηνησα (compare σκηνη), be in camp. 
 ταφρος, ου,῾η, ditch, trench. 
῾υδωρ, ῾υδατος, το, water. 

S503. 
1. ῾ο δ᾽ ᾽ανηρ πολλου αξιος φιλος ᾽εστι.
     Note:  The genitive depending on ᾽αξιος worth, worthy, is the 
     genitive of value (853). 

2.  και πολις αυτοθι ῳκειτο μεγαλη και᾽ευδαιμων. 

3.  των δε βαρβαπων φοβος πολυς ᾽ην. 
     Note: Subjective genitive (841, 2), the fear that the barbarians felt, 
     not the fear that they inspired. 

4. ᾽εσκηνησαν ᾽εγγυς παραδεισου μεγαλου και καλου. 
     Note: ᾽εσκηνησαν Inceptive aorist (134, 3), went into camp, 
                encamped. 
     Note:  The genitive follows ᾽εγγυ, (856). 

5.  Κυρῳ ᾽επεμπε χρηματα πολλα ᾽εις την στρατιαn. 

6.  κατα γαρ μεσον τον σταθμον τουτον ταφρος ᾽ην  βαθεια. 
     Note:  At the middle of this day's march. μεσος in this position 
     (813) refers to a part of the subject. 

7.  πολλους δε των φυλακων οπισθεν των ῾υποζυγιων ᾽ειχεν. 

8. ᾽ενταυθα ᾽εστι κρηνη ῾ηδεος ῾υδατοs. 

9.᾽επορευετο ᾽επι ποταμον, ᾽οντα το ᾽ευρος πλεθρου, πληρη 
    δ᾽ ᾽ιχθυων μεγαλων. 

10. ᾽εχει το ῾ημισυ του στρατευματοs. 

S504. 
1. The wine was very sweet. 

2. There Cyrus had a palace and a great park. 

3. The soldiers were in great hopes. 

4. Thence they proceeded into a large and beautiful plain. 

5. In this plain there were many villages. 

S505. Cyrus makes the charge: "This is not the first time that this man has been false to me." 

   μετα δε την κρισιν του ᾽Οροντα Κλεαρχος ᾽εξηγγελλε τοις φιλοις
῾ως ᾽εγενετο: ᾽ου γαρ απορρητον ᾽ην.  ᾽ελεξε δε ῾οτι Κυρος ᾽ηρχε του
λογου ῾ωδε.  "Παρεκαλεσα ῾υμας, ᾽ανδρες φιλοι, ῾οπως συν ῾υμιν 
βουλευομενος ῾ο τι δικαιον ᾽εστι και προς θεων και προς ᾽ανθρωπων
τουτο πραξω περι ᾽Οροντα τουτοι.  τουτον γαρ πρωτον μεν ῾ο ᾽εμος
πατηρ ᾽εδωκεν ῾υπηκοον ᾽ειναι ᾽εμοι ταχθεις δε ῾ως ᾽εφη αυτος ῾υπο
του ᾽εμου ᾽αδελου ῾ουτος ᾽επολεμησεν ᾽εμοι ᾽εχων την ᾽εν Σαρδεσιν
᾽ακροπολιν, και ᾽εγω ᾽αυτον προσπολεμων ᾽εποιησα του προς ᾽εμε
πολεμου παυσασθαι.

NOTES. 
2. ῾ως ᾽εγενετο: how it (the trial) was conducted.
3. ᾽ηρχε: began. For the following genitive, see 845. 
4. ῾ο τι: whatever, the neuter of the general relative 
     ῾οστις,῾ητις῾ο τι, whoever, whatever. The relative clause is 
      summed up emphatically in the following τουτο. 
5. πραξω: aorist subjunctive. 
6. τουτουι: here, with an emphatic gesture, stronger  form of 
    τουτου. 
7. ᾽εδωκεν: gave. 
      ειναι: expresses purpose (461, 7).
9. ᾽αυτον: subject of παυσασθαι. 
    προσπολεμων: by warring against (him), a participle 
      expressing manner (495, 3). 

Lesson LV

Stems in a Diphthong of the Consonant Declension. 

S506. Learn the declension of βασιλευς, king,  βους, ox, cow, 
γραυς, old woman, and ναυς, ship, in 749. 

S507. Final υ of the stem disappears before all vowels in the 
endings, and in ναυς the resulting να. becomes νε before a long 
vowel and νη before a short vowel. The genitive singular may 
end in ως instead of ος. 

S508.  		VOCABULARY. 
 
᾽απ-ερχομαι, come or go away, retreat, desert. 
᾽Αρτεμις, ιδος, ῾η,  Αrtemis. 
 βασιλευς. εως, ῾ο (compare βασιλευω), king.  
 βους, βοος, ου, ῾η, ox, cow; plural, cattle, oxen. 
 βωμος, ου,῾ο, altar.
 γραυς, γραος, ῾η (compare γερων), old woman. 
 γυνη, γυψαικος,῾η, woman, wife. 
᾽επει-δη (πρει + δη), conjunction, when, since. 
῾επμηνευς, εως,῾ο,  interpreter. 
᾽επχομαι (᾽ερχ, ᾽ελυθ), ᾽ηλθον, ᾽εληλυθα, come, go. 
῾ιππευς, λως, ῾o (compare ῾ιπποs), horseman, cavalryman; plural, cavalry. 
 ναυς, νεως, ῾η, ship.
᾽ουκ-ουν (᾽ου + ᾽ουν), interrogative particle, not then? not therefore? 
        expecting an affirmative answer. 
 στρατοπεδευομαι, στπατοπεδευσομαι, etc. (compare στρατοπρεδον),
    middle deponent, go into camp, encamp. 

S509. 
1. ταις ναυσιν ᾽επολιορκει Μιλητον. 
    Note: ναυσιν Dative of instrument (866).

2. ᾽εν δε ταις ᾽οικιαις ᾽ησαν βοες και ᾽ορνιθες. 

3. ῾α δε ῾ερμηνευς λεγει ῾οτι παρα βασιλεως μεγαλου ᾽ερχονται
    παρα Κυρον. 
     Note: When the reference is to the king of Persia, βασιλευ 
     commonly stands without the article.

4. παρην δε και στρατηγος τις Λακεδαιμονιοs᾽επι των νεων. 

5. ᾽ει βασιλευς ᾽εν τῳ πεδιῳ στρατοπεδευοιτο, οπλισαιντο᾽αν῾οι ῾ιππεις. 

6. ᾽ηλθεν ᾽επι τον της ᾽Αρτεμιδος βωμον ῾ο ῾ερμηνευς. 

7.  τουτου ῾ενεκα Κυρος τας ναυς μετεπεμψατο. 

8. τους γεροντας και τας γραυς κατελιπον. ᾽ολιγας γαρ ναυς ᾽ειχον.

9. και παρα μεγαλου βασιλεως παρην Τισσαφερνης και ῾ο της 
    βασιλεως γυναικος ᾽αδελφος, 

10. ᾽ουκουν παρα βασιλεως πολλοι προς Κυρον ᾽απηλθον, ᾽επειδη 
       πολεμιοι ᾽αλληλοις ᾽εγενοντο;

S510. 
1. He sent the interpreter to the generals of the Greeks, 
    Note:  "to",  παρα with the accusative.

2. Let us plunder the king's country. 

3. They asked the king for cattle.
    Note: Verbs signifying to ask take two object accusatives (838).

4. The expedition will be against the great king.
    Note:  "against" ᾽εσσται, (for ᾽εσεται). For the future, see 
    170. 

5. For Cyrus sent to the king the tributes from the cities. 

S511.  He cross-examines Orontas. 
 
   "Μετα ταυτα," εφη, "᾽ω Οροντα, τι σε ηδικησα;" απο-κρινεται ῾οτι 
᾽ουδεν ᾽ηδικησε. παλιν δε ῾ο Κυρος ᾽ηρωτα, "᾽Ουκουν ῾υστερον, ως 
᾽αυτος συ ῾ομολογεις, ᾽ουδεν ῾υπ᾽ ᾽εμου ᾽αδικουμενος κακως ᾽εποιεις 
την ᾽εμην χωραν;" ᾽εφη ῾o ᾽Οροντας. "᾽Ουκουν," ᾽εφη ῾ο Κυρος, "῾οποτ᾽ 
᾽αυ ᾽εγιγνωσκες την σαυτου δυναμιν, ᾽ελθων ᾽επι τον της ᾽Αρτεμιδος
βωμον και πεισας εμε πιστα παλιν ᾽εδωκας μοι και ᾽ελαβες παρ᾽ ᾽εμου;" 
και ταυθ᾽ ῾ωμολλγει ῾ο ᾽Οραντας. 

NOTES. 
1. τι: cognate accusative (833), what wrong did I do you? 
2. ᾽ουδεν: the answer of Orontas in his own words was ᾽οψδεν ᾽ηδικησας 
    you did me no wrong, ᾽οηδεν is the neuter accusative singular of  
    ουδεις no, none. 
4. αδικουμενοs: concessive participle (495, 6), 
   ᾽εφη: said "Yes.".
6. ᾽ελθων: second aorist participle, declined like ῾εκων.
7. ᾽εδωκοs: did you give.

Lesson LVI

Relative Pronouns. Genitive Absolute. Numerals. 

S512. The relative pronouns are ῾ος, ῾η,῾ο, who, which, and ῾οστις, 
῾ητις, ῾ο τι, whoever, whichever. The latter is called the indefinite relative. 

S513. Learn the declension of ῾ος and ῾οστις in 764. 

S514. ῾οστις is compounded of the simple relative ῾ο, and the indefinite 
enclitic τι, (354), each part being separately declined, ῾ο τι is so written 
to distinguish it from ῾οτι, that, because. 

S515. 
1. ταυτ᾽ ᾽επραχθη Κλεαρχου στρατηγουντος.
   This was done when Clearchus was general. 

2. μετα ταυτα Κυρου κελευοντος ᾽Ορονταν απαγουσιν.
   After this, at the command of Cyrus, they lead Orontas away,  

These participles are circumstantial (495), and express time and cause; 
each modifies a noun in  the genitive; the noun and participle are not 
grammatically connected with the main construction  of the sentence. 

S516. A noun and a participle not grammatically connected with the 
main construction of the  sentence may stand by themselves in the genitive. 
This is called the Genitive Absolute. 

S517. Learn the first ten cardinal numerals in 756, and the declension of  
᾽εις, δυο, τρεις, and τετταρες, in 757. 

S518.			 VOCABULARY.
᾽εις, μια, εν, one. 
᾽εξ-ελαυνω, drive out; intransitive, march, march on.
 Ζευς, Διος,῾ο,  Zeus, highest of the gods. 
 κατα-πραττω, do thoroughly, accomplish. 
῾ος, ῾η, ῾ο, relative pronoun, who, which. 
῾οσ-τις, ῾ητις, ῾ο τι (῾ος + τις), relative pronoun, whoever, whichever.
᾽υδ-εις, ουδεμια, ουδεν, declined like εις. (ουδε+εις), none, no, nobody, nothing.
 σταιδιον, ου,῾ο, stadium, stade, 600 Greek feet. 
 στρατηγεω, στρατηγησω, ᾽εστρατηγησα, ᾽εστροτηγηκα (compare σρατηγοs),  
      be general, lead, take command.
 σωτηρ, ηρος ῾ο (compare σῳζω),  preserver, savior, a title given to Zeus.  
 τετταρες, α,   four. 
 τρεις, τρια, three. 
 τριτος,  η, ον (compare τρεις), third.
 τα τριτον, as adverb, the third time. 

S519. 
1. ῾ηγεμονα ᾽αιτειτε ῾οστις ῾υμας ᾽απαξει. 
     Νοte: ᾽αιτειτε Imperative. ῾οστις The case of the relative 
     depends on the construction of the clause in which it stands (826).

2. ᾽εξελαυνει δια Φρυγιας σταθμον ῾ενα ᾽εις πολιν ᾽οικουμενην, 
    ᾽ευδαιμονα και μεγαλην. 

3.᾽ησαν δε ᾽αυτοις βοες ῾ους ᾽εθυσαν τῳ Διι τῳ σωτηρι. 

4. ᾽εαν καλως καταπραξω ᾽εφ᾽ ῾α στρατευμαι, καταξω ῾υμας ᾽οικαδε. 
     Note: ῾α The antecedent is omitted (827).

5. μετα ταυτα, ᾽ω ᾽Οραντα, ᾽εστιν ῾ο τι σε ᾽ηδικησα; 
     Note: ᾽εστιν For the accent; see 166,2.   
       τι  A cognate accusative (833),  is there any wrong that I have 
       done you?

6. Κυρου δε κελευσαντος ᾽Αριστιππος ᾽απεπεμψεν ῾ο ᾽ειχε στρατευμα.
     Note:  στρατευμα. The antecedent is attracted into the relative 
     clause (829), for ᾽απεπεμψε το στρατευμα ῾ο ᾽ειχε.

7. ᾽εντευθεν ᾽ελαυνουσι Κυρου στρατηγουντος σταθμους τρεις ᾽επι τον 
    ᾽Ευφρατην ποταμον,  ῾ου ᾽ην το ᾽ευρος τετταρα σταδια.

8. ᾽εν δε τῳ τριτῳ σταθμῳ Κυρος ᾽εξετασιν ποιειται ᾽εν τῳ περι περι μεσας 
     νυκτας, ᾽ουδενος κωλυοντος.
 
S520. 
1. And with her he sent horsemen whom Menon had. 

2. Whoever of you did this was unjust. 

3. Cyrus sent him gifts which are regarded at court (as) precious. 
    Note:  court   παπα βασιλει.

4. When Orontas had confessed this, Cyrus spoke as follows. 

5. There Cyrus had a large park full of wild beasts which he used to 
    hunt on horseback. 
    Note: hunt  Imperfect. 

S521.  	Orontas confesses his Treachery. 
 
   "Τι ᾽ουν, εφη ῾ο Κυρος, ᾽αδικηθεις ῾υπ ᾽εμου νυν το τριτον ᾽επιβουιλευεις 
μοι;" λεξαντος δε του ᾽Οροντα ῾οτι ᾽ουδεν ᾽αδικηθεις ᾽επιβουλευει, ᾽ηρωτησεν 
῾ο Κυρος αυτον, "Ομολογεις ᾽ουν περι ᾽εμε ᾽αδικησαι;" "῾Ομολογω," εφη 
῾ο ᾽Οροντας, " ᾽αναγκη γαρ."  ᾽εκ τουτου παλιν ᾽ηρωτησεν ῾ο Κυρος, ᾽ετι ᾽ουν 
᾽αν ᾽ειης τῳ εμῳ αδειλφῳ πολεμιος, ᾽εμοι δε φιλος και πιστος;" ῾ο δε 
᾽αποκρινεται, "᾽Ουδ᾽ ᾽ει ᾽ειην, ᾽ω Κυρε, σοι y ᾽αν ποτε ετι δοξαιμι. 

Notes. 
l. ᾽αδικιθεις: here causal (495, 2), because you have suffered what wrong? but 
     in line 3 concessive (495), although he had suffered no wrong. 
   ᾽αδικηιται: infinitive in indirect discourse (469).
    σοι-γε: to you at any rate.    
    ποτε ᾽ετι: ever again. 
    δοξαιμ: scilicet,  φιλος και πιστος ᾽ειναι. 

Lesson LVII

Conditional Sentences. General Suppositions. 

S522. Review 301-305. 

The suppositions expressed in 304 are particular (302). 523. 
 
S523. 
1. ᾽εαν τις κλεπτυ, κολαζεται. 
     Ιf  anyone (ever) steals, he is (always) punished. 
2. ᾽ει τις κλεπτοι,᾽εκολαζετο.  
     Ιf anyone (ever) stole, he was (always) punished. 

Here the suppositions are not particular, but general (302). In the 
first example, the supposition is present; it is introduced by ᾽εαν, if, 
and has the subjunctive; the apodosis has here the present indicative, 
but it may have any present form denoting repetition.   

S524. Present general suppositions have ᾽εαn with the subjunctive in 
the protasis and the present indicative (or some other present form 
denoting repetition) in the apodosis. 

In the second example, the supposition is past; it is introduced by ει, if, 
and has the optative; the apodosis has here the imperfect indicative, 
but it may have any past form denoting repetition. 

S525. Past general suppositions have ei with the optative in the protasis, 
and the imperfect indicative (or some other form denoting past repetition) 
in the apodosis. 

S526. Review 306, 307; 316, 317; and 363, 364. 

S527.			 VOCABULARY. 
᾽αει, adverb, always, ever. 
᾽εκ-ποδων (᾽εξ + πους), adverb, out of the way. 
᾽επικουρημα, ατος, το, relief. 
᾽εργον, ου, το, work, deed. 
 κλεπτω (κλεπ), κλεψω, ᾽εκλεψα, κεκλοφα, κεκλεμμαι, εκλαπην 
     (compare κλωψ), steal. 
 κολαζω (κολαδ), κολασω, εκολασα, κεκολασμαι, ᾽εκολασθην, punish. 
᾽ου-ποτε (᾽ου + ποτε), adverb, never. 
 ποτε, adverb, once, ever (enclitic). 
 πους, ποδος,   foot. 
῾υπ-ισχνεομαι (σεχ), ῾υπο-σχησομαι, ῾υππεσχομην, ῾υπ-εσχημαι 
    (῾υπο + ᾽εχω), hold oneself under, undertake, promise. 
῾υπο-λυω, loose beneath; middle, untie one’s sandals or shoes. 
 ψευδομαι, ψευσομαι, εψευσαμην, ᾽εψευυσμαι, lie, cheat, deceive. 

S528. 
1. ᾽ει τῳ ῾υποσχοιτο τι Κυρος, ᾽ουποτε ᾽εψευδετο. 
     Note:  τῳ ι.e. τινι (763).  
  ῾upojxoito Second aorist optative.

2. ᾽ει τις ποτε κλεπτοι των πελταστων, ᾽εκολαζετο. 

3. ᾽ην ᾽επικουρημα των ποδων, ᾽ει τις την νυκτα ῾υπολυοιτο. 
       Note: νυκτα during the night, accusative of extent of time 
      (836). 

4. ῾οι θεοι ᾽ικανοι ᾽εισι τους μικρους, καν ᾽εν δεινοις ᾽ωσι, σῳδειν ῾ρᾳδιως. 
      Note: καν i.e. και ᾽εαν, even if.

5. ῾ουκ ᾽αν ᾽εποιησε ταυτα, ᾽ει μη ᾽εγω ᾽αυτον ᾽εκελευσα.

6.  ᾽εαν τις τι αγαθον ᾽η κακον ποιησῃ αυτον, ᾽αει νικαν πειραται. 
       Note:  νικαν to be superior, to outdo (him).

7. ᾽ουδε γαρ ᾽αν με ῾ο βασιλευς ᾽επαινοιη, δ᾽ ᾽αδικοιην τους φιλους. 

8. ᾽ανδρες, ᾽εαν μοι πεισθητε, τουτον τον ανθρωπον ᾽εκποδων ποιησεσθε. 
     Note:  πεισθητε with the force of the middle, obey, 

9. ᾽ει ῾υμεις᾽εθελετε ῾ορμασθαι, ῾επεσθαι ῾υμιν βουλομαι. 

10.   και ᾽ει τις ᾽αυτy δοκοιη των προς τουτο το ᾽εργον τεταγμενων 
        σχολαιως ποιειν, τον ᾽επιτηδειον ᾽επαιεν. 
 
S529. 
1. He is always enraged if anybody deceives him. 

2. If they caused us trouble, we punished them. 

3. If he promises anybody anything, he never deceives him. 

4. He beat his soldiers if they did not obey. 

5. He never came to my house, unless he was sent for. 
    Note: my house   παρα ᾽εμε. 

S530. Clearchus advises that Orontas be put to Death. 
                       The Others concur. 
 
   προς ταυτα Κυρος ᾽ελεξε τοις παρουσιν, "῾Ο μεν ᾽ανηρ ταυτα μεν 
πεποιηκε, ταυτα δε λεγει. ῾υμων δε συ πρωτος, ᾽ω Κλεαρχε, λεξον ῾ο 
τι σοι δοκει."  Κλεαρχος δε ᾽ελεξε taδε.  "Συμβουλευω ᾽εγω τον ᾽ανδρα
τουτον ᾽εκποδων ποιειαθαι, ῾ινα μηκετι δεῃ τουτον φυλαττεσθαι, ᾽αλλα
σχολη ᾽ῃ ῾ημιν τους φιλους ᾽ευ ποιειν."  ταυτα δε ᾽εφη και τους ᾽αλλους
λεξαι.

 NOTES. 
1. προς ταυτα: in view of this, thereupon. 
    τοις παρουσιν: to those present (487, 3 and 4).
    ταuta: i.e. τα ᾽αυτα. 
   ᾽εφη  i.e. Clearchus, when the trial was over. 

Lesson LVIII

Conditional Relative Sentences. 

S531. A relative clause with an indefinite antecedent has a conditional 
force, and is called a conditional relative clause. This conditional relative 
clause stands in the relation of a protasis to the antecedent clause, which
is its apodosis. Its negative is always μη.

S532. Review 304, 305; 306, 307; 316, 317; 363, 364; 523, 524, 525. 

S533. A conditional relative sentence differs from a conditional sentence 
not in force, but only in form. It substitutes for the ordinary conditional 
particle ᾽ει, if, a relative pronoun or adverb, but with the added idea of 
the person, thing, time, place, or manner, contained in the relative.

1. ῾ο τι βουλεται (= ᾽ει τι βουλεται, 305) πραζω.
     I will do whatever he (now) wishes;  
    ῾ο τι ᾽εβουλετο (= ᾽ει τι ᾽εβουλετο, 305) πραζω.  
    I will do whatever he wished.  

2. ῾ο τι ᾽εβουληθη (= ᾽ει τι ᾽εβουληθη, 307) ᾽επραζα ᾽αν.
     I should have done whatever he had wished; 
    ῾ο τι ᾽εβουλετο (= ᾽ει τι ᾽εβουλετο, 307) ᾽επραττον ᾽αν.
     I should be doing whatever he wished.  

3. ῾ο τι ᾽αν βουληται (= ᾽εαν τι βουληται., 317) πραζω.
     I will do whatever he wishes.  

4. ῾ο τι βουλοιτο (= ᾽ει τι βουλοιτο, 364) πραζαιμι ᾽αν.
     I should do what ever he wished.  

5. ῾ο τι ᾽αν βουληται (= ᾽εαν τι βουληται, 524) πραττω.  
      I (always) do whatever he wishes; 
    ῾ο τι βουλοιτο (= ᾽ει τι βουλοιτο, 525) ᾽επραττον.
     I (always) did whatever he wished.  

S534. The particles  ῾εως, ᾽εστε, ᾽αχρι, μεχρι,  until, follow the 
construction of conditional relatives in both forms of future 
conditions (533, 3 and 4), in unfulfilled conditions (533, 2), and 
in present and past general suppositions (533, 5). 

S535. The particle prin, before, until, is used in the same way, but 
only when the leading verb is negative or implies a negative. 

Thus,  ᾽ου προσθεν παυσομαι πριν ᾽αν ῾υμας καταγαγω ᾽οικαδε.
           I will not stop until I bring you home. 

S536. πριν, before, is followed also by the infinitive (471), but only 
when the leading clause is affirmative. 

S537.    		 VOCABULARY 
῾εως, conjunction, as long as, while, until. 
 ζαω, ζησω, live, be alive. 
 ζωνη, ης,῾η, belt, girdle. 
 θαnatος, ου, ῾o,  death. 
 καιρος, ου, ῾ο,  fitting time, occasion. 
 κατα-λυω, unloose, halt, dissolve, make peace. 
 κατα-ψηφιζομαι, middle deponent, vote against. 
 μαχομαι, μαχουμαι, ᾽εμαχεσαμην μεμαχημαι, (compare  μαχη), 
      fight, give battle. 
῾οποτε, relative adverb, when, whenever. 
 προσ-Κυνεω, ποσ-κυνησω, προσ-εκυνησα (compare Κυνεω,  kiss); 
     make obeisance to, salute. 
 προσ-ταττω, assign, give orders to. 
 χιλος, ου, ῾ο,  fodder, forage. 

S538.
1. ᾽αξιος φιλος ᾽εστιν ῾ο Κυρος ῾ῳ ᾽αν φιλος ῃ. 

2. ῾οπου στρατηγος ᾽ετι ζῳη, τον στρατηγον παρεκαλουν.
     Note:  ζῳη by contraction for ζαδιη (781).

3. ᾽εγω γαρ φοβοιμην ᾽αν τῳ ῾ηγεμονι ῾ῳ ῾ημιν πεμψειεν ῾επεσθαι. 
     Note: ῾y the relative is assimilaled to the case of its antecedent 
     (828).

4. ῾οποταν καιρος ᾽ῃ, ῾ηξω ᾽επι την πολιν. 

5. ῾οποτε καταψηφιζοιντο τινος θανατον ῾οι Περσαι, ᾽ελαμβανον της ζωνης.
     Note:  τινος the genitive often depends on a preposition included 
     in a compound verb (852).
     ζωνης the genitive follows verbs signifying to take hold of (845).

6. τουτους τους σταθμους πανυ μακρους ᾽επορευοντο, ῾οποτε ᾽η προς 
    ῾υδωρ βουλοιντο ῾ηκειν ᾽η προς χιλον. 

7. ᾽ουκ ᾽αν προσεκυνησαν ῾ον μη᾽εβουλοντο. 

8. ᾽εσονται σπονδαι ῾εως ᾽αν βασιλευς ῾ημιν προσταξῃ μαχεσθαι. 

9. ῾οτῳ ᾽ουν ταυτα μη δοκει καλως ᾽εχειν,  ᾽αποχωρησατω. 

10. ᾽ου καταλυσει προς τους πολεμιους πριν ᾽αν σοι συμβουλευσηται. 
 
S539. 
1. We will trust the guide that Cyrus sends. 

2. And in company with* you I shall be in honor wherever I may be. 
    * in company with,  συν. 

3. Whenever the Greeks approached, the barbarians fled. 

4. Let there be a truce until I return. 

5. We should fear to use the boats that you might send us. 

S540. Orontas is led away. 
 
   μετα ταυτα κελευοντος Κυρου ᾽ελαβον της ζωνησ τον ᾽Ορονταν
᾽επι θανατῳ ῾απαντες ῾οι παροντες. ᾽ειτα δ᾽ ᾽εξηγον ᾽αυτον ῾οις 
προσεταχθη, και ῾οι προσθεν προσκυνουντες ᾽αυτον και (even) τοτε 
προσεκυνησαν, καιπερ ᾽επι θανατον ᾽αγομενον. ᾽επει δε ᾽εις την 
᾽Αρταπατου σκηνην ᾽εισηχθη, σκηπτουχου πιστου τῳ Κυρῳ 
᾽οντος, μετα ταυτα ᾽ουδεν περι ᾽αυτου ᾽ηκουεν ᾽ουδεις: ᾽εικαζον 
δε ᾽αλλοι ᾽αλλως ῾οπως (now) ᾽απεθανεν. 

Notes. 
    ᾽ελαβον . . . θανατῳ:  took him by the girdle as a sign that 
          he as condemned to death, but in the next occurrence of  
          ᾽επι θανατον, to execution.  
     καιπερ: although, strengthening the following concessive participle.
    ᾽ουδεν . . . ᾽ουδεις: Greek doubles the negative, nothing . . . 
          nobody;  English says nothing . . . anybody.
    ᾽αλλοι ᾽αλλως: some in one way, others in another (literally, 
          others in another way ).
    ᾽απεθανεn second aorist of ᾽αποθνῃσκω. 

Lesson LIX

Comparison of Adjectives. 

S541. Most adjectives add  τερος  to the stem to form the comparative, 
and  τατος to form the superlative. 

 POSITIVE 	                  	
 πιστος (πιστο) 		faithful
 πολεμιος (πολεμιο) 	hostile
᾽ασφαλης (᾽ασφαλεσ) 	safe

 COMPARATIVE
 πιστο-τερος 			more faithful 
 πολεμιω-τερος  		more  hostile
᾽ασφαλεσ-τεροs		more safe

 SUPERLATIVE
 πιστο-τατος 			most faithful
 πολεμιω-τατος 		most  hostile
᾽ασφαλεσ-τατος 		safest
 
S542. When the penult of stems in ο  is long by nature, or the 
vowel of the penult is followed by two consonants, the stem 
remains unchanged; otherwise ο is lengthened to ω. For the 
declension, see 750. 

S543. Some adjectives, chiefly in υς and ρος, are compared by 
changing these endings to ιων and ιστοs. 
 
 POSITIVE
῾ηδυς, 			sweet 
 κακος,			bad 
᾽αισχρος, 		shameful 

 COMPARATIVE
῾ηδ-ιων  		 	more sweet
 κακ-ιων 			worse
᾽αισχ-ιων 		more shameful 

 SUPERLATIVE. 
 ῾ηδ-ιστοs		most sweet
 κακ-ιστος 		worst
᾽αισχ-ιστος 		most shameful 

S544. Learn the declension of ῾ηδιεω in 752. 
 
S545. Adjectives of the comparative degree take the genitive. 
Thus,  ῾ουτοι κακιονες ᾽εισι των ᾽αλλων.  Τhese are greater 
cowards than the others. 

S546. Adjectives in the superlative may be followed by the 
partitive genitive. 

Thus,  πεμπει των πελταστων τους ᾽ισχυροτατους. 
          Ηe sends the strongest of the light infantry. 

S547. The superlative may express simply a very high degree of the quality. 

Thus, πολεμιωτατος ᾽ην βασιλευς τοις ῾Ελλησι.   
          Τhe king was very hostile to the Greeks.

S548. 			VOCABULARY. 
᾽αισχρος, α, ον, shameful, disgraceful.
 Βαβυλων, ωνος, ῾η,    Babylon
 βιος, ου, ῾o, life. 
 γευω, γευσω, ᾽εγευσα, γεγευμαι, give a taste; middle, taste. 
᾽ισως, adv, perhaps. 
 Κιλικια, ας,῾η (compare, κιλιξ), Cilicia
 πλαισιον, ου, το, square, of troops. 
 πολεμικος, η, ον (compare πολεμοs),  fit for war, skilled in war, warlike 
 σκευοφορος, ον, baggage-carrying.
 σκευοfορα as noun, pack-animals, baggage train. 
 ταχυς, εια, υ (compare ταχα), quick, swift. 
 τελευταω, τελευτησω, ᾽ετελευτησα, τετελευτηκα, ᾽ετελευτηθην 
     (compare τελευτη), bring to an end, end ones life, die 
 τελευτη, ης, ῾η (compare τελοs), end. 
 τελος, ους, το, fulfilment, end. 
 χρονος, ου,῾ο, time, season, period

S549. 
1. τα δε κρεα τουτων των ᾽ορνιθων ῾ηδιστα᾽ην. 

2.  μη κακιους ᾽ωμεν των ᾽αλλων ῾Ελληνων. 

3. ᾽εν τη τελευτῃ του βιου χαλεπωτατοs ᾽εγενετο ῾ο ᾽ανηρ. 

4. ᾽ουπω δη πολλου χρονου ῾ηδιονοs ᾽οινου γεγευμαι. 
     Note:  χρονου Genitive of the time within which (854).
     ᾽οινου The genitive follows verbs signifying to taste (846).

5. τουτους ᾽εφασαν ῾οι ᾽εις βαβυλωνα στρατευσαμενοι 
    πολεμικωτατους ᾽ειναι. 

6.᾽εντευθεν Κυρος την γυναικα ᾽εις την Κιλικιαν ᾽αποπεμπει την
    ταχιστην ῾οδον.
     Note:  ῾οδον Adverbial accusative (835), by the shortest road. 

7. ῾ουτοι ᾽εισι κακιστοι τε και ᾽αισχιστοι ᾽ανδρες. 

8. τελος δε μικροταται γιγνοnται ᾽αι ταφροι.
   Note:  τελος Adverbial accusative, finally.

9. Κυροs ῾ουτως ᾽ετελευτησεν, ᾽ανηρ ᾽ων ᾽αρχειν᾽αξιωτατος. 

10. παντες ῾ουτοι ῾οι βαρβαροι πολεμιωτεροι ῾ημιν ᾽εσονται των 
      παρα βασιλει ᾽οντων. 

11. ᾽ισως ᾽ουν᾽ασφαλεστερον ᾽εσται ῾ημιν πορευεσθαι πλαισιον 
      ποιησαμενους των ῾οπλιτων, ᾽ινα τα σκευοφορα ᾽εν ᾽ασφαλεστερῳ ᾽ῃ. 
     Note: ποιησαμενους limits ῾ημας understood; the subject of πορευεσθαι.

S550. 
1. This road is narrower. 

2. All were most faithful to the king. 

3. Now we will proceed by a longer road. 

4. The satrap was a very unjust man. 

5. Of all the Persians Cyrus was most able to benefit his friends. 

S551. 	Advance. Midnight Review. 
 
  ᾽εντευθεν ᾽εξελαυνει δια της Βαβυλωνιαs σταθμους τρεις παρασλαγγας
δωδεκα. ᾽εν δε τῳ τριτῳ σταθμῳ Kυρας ᾽εξετασιν ποιειται των ῾Eλληνων 
κατ των βαρβαρων ᾽εν τῳ πεδιῳ περι μεσας νυκτας. ᾽εδοκει γαρ τῃ ᾽αυριον 
῾ηξειν βασιλεα συν τῳ στρατευματι μαχουμενον. και ᾽εκελευε Kλεαρχον 
μεν του δεξιου κερως ῾ηγεισθαι, Mενωνα δε του᾽ευωνυμου,᾽αυτας δε 
τους ῾εαυτου διεταξε. μετα δε την ᾽εξετασιν ῾αμα τῃ ῾ημερᾳ ῾ηκοντες
᾽αυτομολοι παρα μεγαλου βασιλεως ᾽απηγγελλαν Kυρῳ περι τησ βασιλεως
στρατιας. 

Notes. 
4. ᾽εδοκει: he thought. 
      τῃ ᾽αυριον: scilicit. ῾ημερᾳ (811), the next day, dative of the 
     time when (870). 
  ῾ηξειν: future infinitive in indirect discourse (469 )
   μαχουμενοn: future participle expressing purpose (495,4). 
   διεταξε: Cyrus drew up his barbarian force (τους ῾εαυτου) 
      on the left of the entire Greek force. 
  ῾ημερᾳ: the dative follows ῾αμα (864). 

Lesson LX

Present System of Verbs. Indirect Discourse. 

S552. In the previous lessons the verb has been developed by moods. 
It will now be developed by Tense Systems. 

S553. The following tense systems have been presented: 

1. Present system, including the present and imperfect tenses in all  
    the voices. Tense suffix ο/ε, tense stem luο/ε. Thus, λυω,᾽ε-λυο-ν, 
    λυο-μαι, ᾽ε-λυο-μην.  Compare 138, 147, 177.  

2. Future system, including the future active and middle. Tense suffix 
    σο/ε, tense stem  λυσο/ε,  Thus, λυσω, λυσο-μαι.  Compare 139, 
    177.  

3. First  aorist system, including the first aorist active and middle. 
    Tense suffix σα, tense stem λυσα. Thus,᾽ε-λυσα, ᾽ε-λυσα-μην.  
     Compare 148, 184. 
 
4. First perfect system, including the first perfect and first pluperfect 
    active. Tense suffix Ka (first pluperfect κε), tense stem λελυκα 
   (first pluperfect λελυκε). Thus, λελυκα, ᾽ε-λελυκη Compare 
   140, 149.  
5. Perfect middle system, including the perfect, pluperfect, and future 
    perfect middle and passive. Tense suffix none (in the future perfect 
    σο/ε), tense stem λελυ (future perfect λελυσο/ε). Thus, 
    λελυ-μαι,᾽ε-λελυμην, λελυσο-μαι.  Compare 185, 186. 

6. First passive system, including the first aorist and first future 
    passive. Tense suffix θη, lengthened to θη in the indicative (first 
    future passive θησο/ε), tense stem λυθε, λυθη (first future 
    passive  λυθησο/ε). Thus, ᾽ε-λυθη-ν, λυθησο-μαι. Compare 
    195, 198. 
 
S554. The three remaining tense systems have also been briefly 
considered, the second aorist (91), second perfect (114, 115), 
and second passive (197). In the following lessons they will 
receive fuller treatment. 

S555. Conjugate the present system of λυω in 765, giving the 
moods in order, down the columns, first in the active, then in 
the middle and passive. 

S556. The Synopsis of any system of a verb consists of the first 
form in each tense in each mood of that system, arranged 
according to voices. 

Thus, the synopsis of the present system of λυω in the active is, 
λυω᾽ ᾽ελυον, λυω, λυοιμι, λυε, λυειν, λυων.  Give the synopsis 
of the present system of λυω in the middle and passive. 

S557. A direct quotation or question gives the exact words of 
the original speaker or writer. In an indirect quotation or 
question the original words conform to the construction of the 
sentence in which they are quoted. 

S558. Indirect quotations may be introduced by ῾οτι or ως, that, 
with a finite verb, or by the infinitive (469); sometimes by the 
participle. 

S559. Indirect questions follow the same principles as indirect 
quotations with ῾οτι and ῾ως, in regard to their moods and tenses. 

S560. 
1.  γραφω ᾽επιστολην. 
     I am writing a letter; 
     λεγει῾οτι (or ῾ως) γραφει ᾽επιστολην. 
     He says that he is writing a letter. 
2.  τι βουλεσθε; 
     What do you want? 
     ᾽ερωτᾳ τι (or ῾ο τι) βουλεσθε.  
     He asks what you want. 
 
In these examples a simple sentence is quoted indirectly. This 
involves in the first example a change in the person of the verb 
of the quoted sentence, In the second example there is no such 
change in person; whether it occurs or not depends on the 
connection, as in English.  it involves also the use of ῾ον or 
῾ως, that, to introduce the indirect quotation, and may involve 
a change of the interrogative pronoun τι  to the general relative 
῾ο τι in the indirect question. There is no change in either of 
these examples of mood or tense. 

S561. 		VOCABULARY. 
 
᾽απορεω, ᾽απορησω, etc. (compare᾽απροποs), be in doubt or want, be at a loss. 
᾽ασφαλως (compare ᾽ασφαλης) adverb, safely, securely. 
 δεχομαι, δεξομαι, ᾽εδεξαμιν, δεδεγμαι, receive, admit. 
 λεγω,᾽ελεξα,᾽ειλοχα,᾽ελεγμαι,᾽ελεγην and ᾽ελεχθην, 
    collect. 
 μεντοι, adverb, really, in truth; conjunction, yet, still, however, nevertheless. 
 ουπω-ποτε (᾽ου-πω + ποτε), adverb, never yet. 
 πορεια, ας, ῾η (compare ποπευομαι), journey.  
 συλλεγω, collect, gather, bring together. 
 τρεφω, θρεψω,᾽εθρεψα, τεθραμμαι, ᾽ετραφην and ᾽εθρεφθην, nourish, support, 
      maintain. 
 χρη, χρησει, impersonal, it is needful, one must or ought. 

Give the original forms of all the indirect quotations and questions in the following exercise (562). 

S562. 
1. Κυρος δε τουτοις τουτοις ᾽απορων τε και λυπουμενος μετεπεμπετο
    τον Κλεαρχον.
    τουτοις  Dative of cause (866).

2. δοκει δε μοι ῾ημας ᾽ερωταν Κυρον τι βουλεται ῾ημιν 
    χρησθαι. 
   Note:  δοκει Impersonal, it seems best. 
    Cognate accusative (833) after Χρησθαι, what use he wishes to 
    make of us. 
    For the dative ῾ημιν, compare 309, 1. 
    In its original form the question would be, τι βουλει ῾ημιν χρησθαι;  

3. λεγομεν γαρ ῾οτι κακιους ᾽εισι περι ῾ημας ᾽η ῾ημεις περι ᾽εκεινους. 

4. τουτο δ᾽ ᾽αυ ῾ουτω συλλεγεται και τρεφεται αυτῳ το στρατευμα. 

5. ῾οι δε᾽ελεγον ῾οτι ᾽ουπωποθ᾽ ῾ουτος ῾ο ποταμος διαβατος ᾽εγενετο 
     πεζῃ ᾽ει μη τοτε. 
     δε The article is used as a demonstrative, and they (815). 
    They said, ᾽ουπωποθ ῾ουτοs ῾ο ποταμος διαβατος ᾽εγενετο ᾽ει μη νυν. 

6. ᾽αγοραν δε παρεχετε τῳ στρατευματι και δεχεσθε τους ῾Ελληνας.
     παρεχετε Imperative.

7. βουλευωμεθα, ᾽ανδρες στρατιωται, ᾽ει κατα γην χρη πορευεσθαι. 
    ει, whether, introduces the indirect question.

8. Χενοφων μεντοι βουλεται μετ᾽αυτων την πορειαn ποιεισθαι, 
    νομιζων ῾ουτως ᾽ασφαλεστερον ᾽ειναι.

9. τουτο δη δει λεγειν, πως᾽αν πορευ-οιμεθα τε ασφαλως και᾽ει 
    μαχεσθαι δεοι καλως μαχοιμεθα.

S563.  
1. Cyrus was exhorting the Greeks not to flee. 

2. He calls his soldiers together to consult about the journey. 
    Note: Use the subjunctive in a final clause. 

3. He orders the exiles to take the field with Clearchus. 

4. Put this fellow out of the way. 
    Note: Use the present.

5. He says that one of Menons soldiers was splitting wood. 

S564. Council of War. Speech of Cyrus. 
 
   Κυρος δε συγκαλεσας τους στρατηγους και λοχαγους των 
῾Eλληνων συνεβουλευετο τε πως ᾽αν την μαχην ποιοιτο και 
᾽αυτος παρῃνει θαρρυνων τοιαδε: "῾Ω ᾽ανδρες ῾Eλληνες, 
᾽ουκ ᾽ανθρωπων ᾽απορων βαρβαρων συμμαχους ῾υμας ᾽αγω, 
᾽αλλα νομιζων᾽αμεινους πολλων βαρβαρων ῾υμας ᾽ειναι, δια 
τουτο προσελαβον. ᾽εστε ᾽ουν ᾽ανδρες ᾽αξιοι της ᾽ελευθεριας 
῾ης ᾽εχετε και ῾ης ῾υμας ᾽εγω ᾽ευδαιμονιζω.  

Notes: 
    ᾽αν ποιοιτο: the person changes. Compare 390, 1.  
     παρῃνει . . . τοιαδε: exhorted and encouraged them as follows. 
    ᾽ανθρωπων βαρβορων: verbs signifying want take the genitive (848 ).  
    ᾽απορων: the participle expresses cause (495,2). 
     So νομιζων in the next line. 
    ᾽αμεινους: braver, accusative plural masculine of ᾽αμεινωn, 
          irregular comparative of αγαθος.
    δια τουτο: resumes νομιζων, because I thought, etc, on this account. 
   ᾽εστε: imperative, ᾽ελευθεριαs: the genitive depending on  ᾽αξιος, 
        worthy, is the genitive of value (853). 
   ῾ης ᾽εχετε = ῾ην ᾽εχετε, which you possess. The relative is 
        assimilated to the case of its antecedent (828 ).   
    ῾ης: genitive of cause (851) with ᾽ευδαιμονιζω. 

Lesson LXI

Future and First Aorist Systems of Vowel and Mute Verbs. 
Indirect Discourse. 

S565. Review 553, 2 and 3, 274, and 90. 

S566. Conjugate the future and first aorist systems of λυω in 766 and 
767, giving the moods in order, down the columns, first in the active, 
then in the middle. 

Give the synopsis of the future system of λυω in the active, in the middle; 
of the first aorist system of λυω in the active, in the middle. 

S567. Review 560, 1 and 2. In these examples the verb in the principal 
clause is in a primary tense (50), and there is no change in either the 
mood or the tense of the quoted verbs. 
 
S568. 
1. ᾽ελεξεν οτι (or ῾ως) γραφοι (or γραφει) ᾽επιστολην.
     He said that he was writing a letter. 

2. ᾽ηρωτησε τι (or ῾ο τι) βουλοισθε (or βουλεσθε).
     He asked what you wanted. 
 
In these examples there may be a change from the indicative to the 
optative, but the tense remains the same; the verb in the principal 
clause is in a secondary tense (50). 

S569. After a primary tense, an indicative (without ᾽an), in indirect 
quotations after on and ῾ως, and in indirect questions, retains both 
its mood and its tense. After a secondary tense it is either changed to 
the same tense of the optative or retained in the original mood and tense. 
 
S570. 
1. ῾ουτως ᾽αν την ᾽επιστολην ᾽εγραψα. 
     In that case I should have written the letter. 
 
2. λεγει ον (or ῾ως) ῾ουτως ᾽αν την ᾽επιστολην ᾽εγραψε.
   He says that in that case he should have written the letter. 

3. ᾽ελεξεν ον (or ῾ως) ῾ουτως αν την ᾽επιστολην ᾽εγραψε. 
     He said that in that case he should ,have written the letter. 

S571. 
1. ᾽αρ᾽ ᾽επιστολην ᾽αν γραψειας; 
     Would you write a letter? 

2. ᾽ερωτᾳ ᾽ει ᾽επιστολην ᾽αν γραψειας. 
     He asks whether you would write a letter. 

3. ᾽ηρωτησεν ᾽ει ᾽επιστολην ᾽αν γραψειας. 
     He asked whether you would write a letter. 
 
The verb in the quoted sentence retains its original mood and tense 
(an indicative or optative with ᾽αν), whether the verb which it 
follows is primary or secondary. 

S572. After both primary and secondary tenses, an indicative or 
optative with ᾽αν,  in indirect quotations with on or ῾ως, and in 
indirect questions, retains both· its mood and its tense (with ᾽αν).

S573. 		VOCABULARY 
 δια-τριβω, rub through, consume, waste time, delay 
᾽ενθα (compare ᾽εν) adverb of place, where, there, here; of time,
     then, thereupon.
᾽εργαζομαι (᾽εργαδ), ᾽εργασομαι, ειργασαμην, ᾽ειργασμαι (compare
     ᾽εργον), work, do, inflict on. 
 θαπτω (ταφ), θαψω, ᾽εθαψα, τεθαμμαι, ᾽εταφην, bury. 
 κηρυττω (κηρυκ), κηρυξω, ᾽εκηρυξα, κεκηρυχα, κεκηρυγμαι, 
    ᾽εκηρυχθην (compare κηρυξ), proclaim, make proclamation. 
 κρυπτω (κρυφ), κρυψω, ᾽εκρυψα, κεκρυμμαι, ᾽εκρυφθην, hide, conceal, 
      keep secret. 
 κωμητης, ου, ῾ο (compare κωμη), villager. 
᾽οτκοι (compare ᾽οικια), adverb, at home; 
῾οι ᾽οικοι, those at home, ones countrymen. See 23.
 τελευταιος, α, ον (compare τελευτη), last.
 ᾽οι τελευταιοι, the rear guard. 
 τριβω, τριψω, ᾽ετριψα, τετριφα, τετριμμαι, ᾽ετριβην and ᾽ετριφθην, rub. 
 χιων, ονος,῾η, snow. 

Give the original forms of the indirect quotations and questions in the 
following exercise (574). 

S574. 
1. ᾽εκειλευσε δε τους στρατηγους συνταξαι τους ῾Ελληνας. 

2. ῾οι δε διωξαντες ταχυ επαυσαντο. 
     ταχυ The neuter of the adjective is here used as an adverb.

3. ᾽εδοκει γαρ Κυροs῾ηξειν βασιλεα συν τῳ στρατευματι μαχουμενον. 

4. πεμψον κωμητας σκεψομενους πως ᾽εχουσιν ῾οι τελευταιοι. 
   ᾽εχουσιν compare καλως ᾽εχουσιν.

5. ᾽ενθα δη Κυρος ᾽εδεισε μη βασιλευς κατακοψειε το ῾Ελληνικον. 

6. ῾οτι δε ᾽επι βασιλεα ᾽αγοι ᾽ουκ ᾽ηκουσαν ῾οι στρατιωται. 

7. ᾽ηρωτων Κυρον τι βουλοιτο τῃ στρατιᾳ χρησθαι. 
    χρησθαι cομπαρε 562,  2.

8. και Κυρος ᾽ελεξεν ῾οτι ῾η ῾οδος ᾽εσοιτο προς βασιλεα μεγαν. 
   ᾽εσοιτο Future optative of  ᾽ειμι.

9. ᾽αλλα διατριψω ῾ινα φοβωνται ῾οι αγγελοι μη ᾽ου τας σπονδας ποιησωμεθα.

10. ῾η χιων εκρυψε και τα ῾οπλα και τους ανθρωπους. 

11. ᾽εκηρυξαν ῾οι στρατηγοι τους ανδρας θαψαι. 

12. ᾽ελεξεν ῾οτι ῾ουτως ᾽αν τους ᾽οικοι κακον τι ᾽ειργασαντο. 
       ᾽οικοι one of the two objects of ᾽αν ᾽ειργασαντο (839 ).

S575. 
1. Orontas, thinking that the horsemen were ready, wrote a letter to 
    the king. 

2. I said that we had many fair hopes of victory. 

3. He orders them to see what the hindrance is. 
    see, use σκεπτομαι.

4. He collected an army by means of this money. 
    by means of, ᾽απο. 

5. The satrap said that Cyrus had plotted against the king. 

S576. "You need not fear the Coming Struggle, and Success 
            will bring Reward." 
 
    "᾽Εγω δε᾽εις ῾οιον ᾽ερχεσθε ᾽αγωνα ῾υμας διδαξω. το μεν γαρ 
πληθος των βαρβαων πολυ ᾽εστι και κραυγῃ πολλῃ ᾽επερχονται: 
᾽αν δε ταυτα ᾽ανασχησθε, τα αλλα ᾽αισχυνομαι ῾οιοι ῾ημιν ῾οι ᾽εν 
τῃ χωρᾳ ᾽εισιν ᾽ανθρωποι. ᾽εαν δε ῾υμεις ᾽ανδρες ᾽ητε και ᾽ευ τα
᾽εμα γενηται, ᾽εγω ῾υμων τον μεν ᾽οικαδε βουλομενον ᾽απελθειν 
ζηλωτον ποιησω τοις ᾽οικοι, πολλους δε ᾽οιμαι βουλησεσθαι 
παρ᾽ ᾽εμοι μενει .

Notes: 
1. ᾽εις ᾽οιον ᾽αγωνα: into what sort of struggle you are going, 
   indirect question introduced by the relative ᾽οιος, equivalent to     
   Latin  qualis. compare ᾽οιοι in line 3.
2. κρναυγῃ: dative of manner (866 ).
3. ταυτα:  i.e. their numbers and outcry.  
  ᾽ανασχισθε: second aorist subjunctive middle of  ᾽αν-εχω, hold 
   up, middle, endure.  
   τα᾽αλλα: accusative of specification (834), as to all else I am 
   ashamed (to think) what sort of men my countrymen are. 
5. τα᾽εμα: my affairs, 
   ῾υμων τον βουλοαομενοn: whoever of you (partitive genitive, 
    842) shall wish. For ῾ο βουαομενος, see 487, 3 and  4, 6. 
    ζηλωτον: an object of envy. 

Lesson LXII

Irregular Comparison of Adjectives. 

S577. The following are the most important cases of irregular comparison: 

	  POSITIVE. 			COMPARATIVE. 		SUPERLATIVE. 
 1.  ᾽αγαθος, good  				᾽αμεινωn 
											᾽αριστος 
							βελτιων			βελτιστος 
							κρειττων 			κρατιστος 
2. 	κακος, bad (543) 			χειρων 			χειριστος 
					       		῾ηττων 		      ῾ηκιστα (adverb) 
3. 	καλος, beautiful 			καλλιων 			καλλιστος 
4. 	μεγας, great 				μειζων 			μεγιστος 
5. 	μικρος, small 				μειων 
6.    ᾽ολιγος, little, plural few     	᾽ελαttwn    	      ᾽ελαχιστος 
7.     πολυς, much, plural many  	πλειων/πλεων 		πλεστος 
8.    ῾ραδιος, easy 		      		῾ρᾳων 		      ῾ρᾳστος 

S578. 			VOCABULARY. 

᾽αλλαττω (᾽αλλαγ), ᾽αλλαξω, ᾽ηλλαξα, ᾽ηλλαχα, ᾽ηλλαγμαι, ᾽ηλλαχθην
     and ᾽ηλλαγην (compare αλλοs), make other, change. 
᾽αν-εχω, hold up; mi d, stand firm against, endure. 
᾽αξιοω, ᾽αξιωσω, etc. (compare ᾽αξιοs), think fit, deem proper, 
   claim, demand. 
᾽απ-αλλαττω, change off, abandon, rid oneself of; middle, depart, go away. 
 δια-τελεω, finish, complete.
῾οτε, conj, when. 
 παιδευω, παιδευσω, etc. (compare παις), train, educate. 
῾ρᾳδιος, α, ον (compare ῾ρᾳδιως), easy. 
῾ριπτω (ριφ), ῾ριψω, ᾽ερριψα, ᾽ερριφα, ᾽ερριμμαι, ᾽ερριφθην and ᾽ερριφην, 
      throw, hurl, cast aside.
 σκευοφορεω, σκευοφορησω (compare σκευοφοροs), carry baggage. 
 στρεφω, στρεψω, ᾽εστρεψα, ᾽εστροφα, ᾽εστραμμαι, ᾽εστραφην and 
     ᾽εστρεφθην, turn, twist; intransitive, turn, face about. 
 τελεω, τελω, ᾽ετελεσα, τετελεκα, τετελεεσμαι, ᾽ετελεσθην (compare τελοs), 
       finish, fulfill. 
 τετταρακοντα (cοmpare τετταρες), indeclinable,  forty. 

S579.
1. βελτιον, ᾽ειναι ᾽εφη τα αλλα ᾽εις τον ποταμον ῾ριψαι.

2. μεγιστον, ᾽ω ᾽ανδρες, ᾽εχετε καιρον.  

3. ᾽Αριστιππος δε ῾ιππεας ᾽ουκ ᾽ελαττους τριακοσιων ᾽ειχεν.

4. ᾽αμεινον ᾽εστι ταυτα ᾽ανεχεσθαι ᾽η ᾽απαλλαττεσθαι. 

5. ῾οι δε πληστοι στρεφαντεσ ᾽εφευγον ᾽ανα κρατος δια του ποταμου. 

6. ᾽ουτοι ᾽αξιουσι των λοχαγων μη χειρους ᾽ειναι.

7. πολυ γαρ ῾ρᾳον ᾽εστι διατελεσαι την ῾οδον. 

8. ᾽ησαν Κλεαρχῳ ᾽εν τῳ στρατευματι ῾ιππεις πλειους ᾽η 
     τετταρακοντα, τουτων δε ῾οι πιειστοι Θρᾳκες. 

9. ταυτα ᾽απαλλαξωμεν, ῾ινα ῾ως πληστοι μεν ῾ημων᾽εν τοις ῾οπλοις
    ᾽ωσιν, ῾ως ᾽ελαχιστοι δε σκευοφορωσι. 
   πληστοι  quam plurimi, as many as possible. ῾ω, or ῾οτι may 
   be prefixed to the superlative to strengthen it.
   ῾οπλοις in amis, under arms, 

10. Κυροs ᾽ετι παις ᾽ων ῾οτ ᾽επαιδευετο και συν τῳ ᾽αδελφῳ και συν 
     τοις ᾽αλλοις παισι παντων παντα κρατιστος ενομιζετο.
     παντων Partitive genitive with κρατιστος (842).  
     παντα Accusative of specification (834).

S580. 
1. For it is much easier to go away. 

2. We should be worth more if we should have our arms. 
    more  The genitive of value follows ᾽αξιος (853).

3. There were very many wild asses in the plain. 
     many  Superlative (547).

4. It is best for us to proceed at once to the height. 

5. For all the sons of the noblest Persians are educated at the kings court. 

S581. 		Objection of Gaulites. 
 
    Κυρος μεν δη ταυτα παρῃνει τοις στρατηγοις και λοχαγοιw: Γαυλιτησ 
δε παρων φυγας Σαμιος, πιστος δε Kυρῳ, ᾽ελεξε "Και μην, ᾽ω Κυρε, 
λεγουσι τινες ῾οτι πολλα ῾υπισχνει νυν ᾽εν κινδυνοις ᾽ων δεινοις, ᾽αν δε 
καλως καταπραξῃσ ᾽εφ ῾α στρατευει, ᾽ου μεμνησεσθαι σε φαξιν ᾽ενιοι δε 
και λεγουσιν ῾οτι ᾽ουδ ᾽ει βουλοιο, ῾οιος  τ᾽ ᾽αν ᾽ειης πραξαι ῾οσα ῾υπισχνει."
 
NOTES. 
   πιστος Κυρῳ: in the confidence of Cyrus. Gaulites probably spoke by the 
            direction of Cyrus. 
    και μην: and yet. 
   ᾽ων: the participle expresses cause (495, 2).
   ᾽ου μεμνησεσθαι that you will not remember, i.e. that you will forget, future 
          perfect of μιμνῃσκω, remind, serving as simple 
   future to the perfect, μεμνημαι, remember, which has the force of a present. 
   ᾽ουδ᾽ ᾽ει . . .᾽οιος τ᾽ ᾽αν ᾽ειης: not even if you should wish, would you be able  (364). 

Lesson LXIII

Future and First Aorist Systems of Liquid Verbs. Interrogative Subjunctive. 
Indirect Discourse. 

S582. Verbs whose stems end in a liquid (λ μ ν ρ) are called liquid verbs (273). 

S583. Conjugate the future system of φαινω, show, in 771. Give its synopsis in 
the active; in the middle.

S584. The future of liquid verbs is formed by adding the tense suffix εο/ε instead 
of σο/ε (553, 2) to the stem; ε is contracted with the following vowel, as in the 
present of ποιεω (782). Thus,  μιενω (μεν), remain, future μενω, μενει μενει, etc; 
φαινω (φαν), show, future φανω, φανει φανει, etc. 
 
S585. Conjugate the first aorist system of φαινω, show, in 772. Give its synopsis
in the active; in the middle. 

S586. The first aorist system of liquid verbs rejects σ  of the tense suffix σα (553, 3) 
and lengthens the stem vowel in compensation, α to η  (but to α after ι or ρ), ε to ει, 
ι to long ι, υ to long υ. Thus, φαινω (φαν), show, ᾽εφηνα; κτεινω (κτεν), kill, 
᾽εκτεινα; κρινω (κριν), judge, ᾽εκρινα, etc. 

S587. 
1. τι πραξω (aorist subjunctive); 
    What shall I do? 

2. τον ᾽ανδρα ᾽αποκτεινωμεν; 
    Shall we put the man to death? 

3. μη πεμπωμεν τους πελταστας; 
   Shall we not send the peltasts? 

each of these sentences is interrogative; its principal verb is in the first 
person of the subjunctive; if negative, it takes μη. 

S588. The first person of the subjunctive may be used in questions of 
appeal, where a person asks himself or another what he is to do. The 
negative is μη. 

S589. 
1. ᾽απορει τι (or ῾ο τι) πραcῃ, 
     He is at a loss what to do. 
2. ᾽ηπορει τι (or ῾ο τι) πραceie (or πραcῃ), 
    He was at a loss what to do. 

The interrogative subjunctive here quoted, after a primary tense, changes 
neither its mood nor its tense ; after a secondary tense, the subjunctive 
may become optative. 

S590. after a primary tense, an interrogative subjunctive, when indirectly 
quoted, retains both its mood and tense. after a secondary tense, it is either 
changed to the same tense of the optative or retained in the same tense of 
the subjunctive. 

S591. 			VOCABULARY. 

᾽αγγελλω (᾽αγγελ), ᾽αγγελω, ᾽ηγγεiλλα, ᾽ηγγελκα, ᾽ηγγελμαι, ᾽ηγγελθην 
      (compare ᾽αγγελοs), announce, report.
᾽απ-αγγελλω, bring back word, report. 
᾽αποκρινομαι, middle. deponent, give a decision, answer.
᾽απο-κτεινω, kill off, put to death. 
᾽απo-φαινω, show forth; middle, show ones own, declare, express.   
 βαλλω (βαλ), βαλω, ᾽εβαλον, βεβληκα, βεβλημαι, ᾽εβληθην, throw, throw 
     at, hit with stones, stone. 
 γνωμη, ης, ῾η, opinion, plan, judgment. 
᾽εκ-βαλλω, throw out, expel. 
 καω (καυ), καυσω, ᾽εκαυσα, κεκαυκα, κεκαυμαι, ᾽εκαυθην, burn. 
 κρινω (κριν), κρινω, ᾽εκρινα, κεκρικα, κεκριμαι, ᾽εκριθην, divide, 
       distinguish, decide, judge. 
 κτεινω (κτεν), κτενω, ᾽εκτεινα, ᾽εκτονα, kill. 
 μενω, μενω, ᾽εμεινα, μεμενηκα, remain, stay, wait for, last. 
 ποτερον . . . ᾽η,   whether . . . or, in an alternative question (both direct 
    and indirect); also, in an indirect question,᾽ει . . .᾽η, whether .. or. 
 φαινω (φαν), φανω, ᾽εφηνα, πεφαγκα and πεφηνα, πεφασμαι, ᾽εφανθην 
     and ᾽εφανην (compare φανερος), bring to light, show; middle and 
     passive, show oneself, appear. 

Give the original forms of the indirect quotations and questions in the 
following exercise (592). 
 
S592. 
1. ποτερον ταυτα ᾽απαγγελει ᾽η μενειτε; 

2. συ δε πρωτοs ᾽αποφηναι την γνωμην. 

3.᾽εθαυμασαν δε παντες ῾ο τι ῾οι ᾽αλλοι ῾Ελληνες ᾽αποκρινοιντο. 

4. ᾽απορουμεν ᾽ει καυσωμεν τας ᾽αμαξαs ῾ας ᾽εχομεν.  

5. τους μεν ᾽αυτων ᾽αποκτενει, τους  δ᾽ ᾽εκβαλει. 
    μεν some, others (815 )

6. ᾽εβουλευοντο ᾽ει τους ᾽ανδρας κτεινειαν ᾽η μη.
     The original question was, ποτερον τους᾽ανδρας κτεινωμεν ᾽η μη;

7. ᾽ου μεντοι ταχυ ᾽αγγελω, ᾽αλλα διατρψω.

8.  και Κλεαρχος κρινας ᾽αδικειν τον του Μενωνος στρατιωτην ᾽επαιεν. 

9. ῾ηγεμων ᾽ουδεις ᾽ημιν φανειται.

10. Κυρος  δ᾽ ᾽απεκρινατο ῾οτι ᾽ακουοι τον σατραπην ᾽επι τῳ ῾Ευφρατῃ 
     ποταμῳ ᾽ειναι.  

11. ῾ο δ᾽ ᾽εβουλευετο ᾽ει μενοιεν ᾽η πορευοιντο ᾽επι τας  σκηνας.

12. παισειν φασι τον ᾽ανθρωπον τουτον και ᾽βαλειν, ᾽εαν μη πορευηται.
 
S593. 
1. The gods will show us the way. 

2. There Cyrus put a Persian to death.

3. He was considering what answer to make.
    He said to himself, τι᾽αποκρινωμαι;

4. They were at a loss whether or not to show themselves.
    They said to themselves, ποτερον φηνωμεθα᾽η μη; 

5. There they remained a week and collected supplies for their journey. 

S594. 			Answer of Cyrus. 
 
   ᾽ακουσας ταυτα του Γαυλιτου ᾽ελεξεν ῾ο Κυρος: "᾽Αλλ᾽ ᾽εστι μεν ῾ημιν, ᾽ω
᾽ανδρες, ῾η ᾽αρχη ῾η πατρῳα προς μεν μεσημβριαν μεχρι ῾ου δια καυμα ᾽ουχ
᾽οιοι τ᾽ ᾽εισιν ᾽οικειν ᾽ανθρωποι, προς ᾽δε ᾽αρκτον μεχρι ᾽ου δια χειμωνα: τα᾽ 
δ᾽ ᾽εν μεσῳ τουτων παντα σατραπευουσιν ᾽οι του᾽αδελφου φιλοι.  ᾽ην δ 
῾ημεις νικησωμεν, ῾ημας δει τους ῾ημετερους φιλους τουτων ᾽εγκρατεις 
ποιησαι."
 
NOTES. 
   Γαυλιτου: verbs of hearing (compare 846) may take an accusative of the thing 
         heard, and a genitive of the person heard from as the source (851).  
  ᾽εστι: for the accent, see 166. 
  ῾ημιν: dative of advantage (861).
   μεσηβριαν: literally, midday (μεσο, + ῾ημερα), i.e. the south.  
   μεχρι ῾ου: literally, to what (point), i.e. to the point where, neuter of the 
         relative ῾ος, with μεχρι used as a preposition (until).  
    καυμα: heat. compare καω.
    χειμωνα: cold, compare χιων.  
    τα . . . παντα: all between these (limits).
   τουτων: with ᾽εγκρατεις (855), 

Lesson LXIV

Formation and Comparison of Adverbs. 

S595. Most adverbs are formed from adjectives and end in ως, Thus: 

ADJECTIVE  		        STEM  		GEN. PL.  	ADVERB  
  δικαιος just 			δικαιο 		δικαιων 		δικαιω, 

 κακος bad 			κακο 		κακων 		κακως 

᾽ασφαλης, secure    	᾽ασφαλεσ  	᾽ασφαλων  	᾽ασφαλως 

῾ηδυς, pleasant 	     	῾ηδυ 	   	῾ηδεων 	   	῾ηδεως      

 S596. 1. Adverbs formed from adjectives of the vowel declension add  ς  
to the stem, the last vowel of which is lengthened, and have the accent of 
the genitive plural neuter. 
2. Adverbs formed from adjectives of the consonant declension add  ως  to 
the stem, which takes the same form as before ων in the genitive plural 
neuter. The adverb is contracted when the genitive plural is contracted and 
has its accent. 

S597. The neuter accusative singular of the comparative of an adjective 
forms the comparative of the corresponding adverb, and the neuter accusative 
plural of the superlative forms the superlative of the adverb. 

Form the adverb in the positive, comparative, and superlative of  ᾽ανδρειος, 
brave, ᾽ισχυρος, strong, καλος, beautiful (577, 3), προθυμος, eager, and 
῾ραδιος, easy (577, 8). 
 
S598. 			VOCABULARY. 
 
᾽ανδρειος, α, ον (compare ᾽ανηρ), manly, brave. 
᾽ανδρειως (compare᾽ανδρεος), adverb, bravely.  
 βαρβαρικως (compare βαρβαρικος), adverb, in the barbarian tongue, e.g. in Persian. 
 δι-αγω, of time, pass, live, continue. 
῾Ελληνικως (compare ῾Ελληνικος), adverb, , in Greek.
᾽ευδαιμονως (compare ᾽ευδαιμων), happily.
᾽ισχυρως (compare ᾽ισχυρος), adverb strongly, vehemently, with severity. 
 κινδυνειω, κινδυνευσω, etc, (compare κινδυνος), be in peril, run a risk, 
      encounter danger. 
 πονεω, πονησω, etc. (compare πονοs), toil, labor, undergo hardship. 
 πονος,᾽ου, ῾ο, toil, labor, hardship.
 προθυμως (compare προθυμος), adverb, eagerly. 
 χαλεπαινω (χαλεπαν), χαλεπανω, ᾽εχαλεπηνα, ᾽εχαλεπανθην (compare 
    χαλεποs), be severe or violent, be angry. 

S599. 
1. ᾽ευδαιμονως διαγουσιν ᾽οι ᾽ανδρειοι ᾽εως ᾽αν ζωσι. 

2. ᾽ακουσαντες δ᾽ ῾οι στρατιωται ᾽εχαλεπαινον και ᾽ωργιζοντο ᾽ισχυρως 
     τῳ Κλεαρχῳ.

3. ᾽ει ᾽αναγκη ᾽εστι μαχεσθαι, ᾽ανδρειως μαχωμεθα. 

4.  τι ῾υπ᾽ ᾽εμου ᾽αδικουμενος κακως ᾽εποιεις την ᾽εμην χωραν; 

5. ᾽ουτε κινδυνευσαντες ᾽ουτε πονησαντες πλεον προυτιμωντο των 
   ᾽αλλων στρανωτων ῾υπο Κυρου.  
     προυτιμωντο - By contraction for προ-ετιμωντο.

6. ᾽οι δ᾽ ῾Ελληνες ᾽ασφαλως ᾽επορευοντο το λοιπον της ᾽ημεραs. 

7. και βοᾳ και βαρβαρικως και ῾Ελληνικως ῾οτι βασιλευς συν 
   στρατευματι πολλῳ ᾽εγγυς ᾽εστιν. 

8. ῾ωστε ῾ηδεως και προθυμως ᾽επονουν. 

9. ᾽ακουοντες την Κυρου ᾽αρετην ῾ηδιον και προθυμοτερον συνεπορευοντο. 

10. τουτο δη δει λεγειν, πως ᾽αν πορευοιμεθα τε ῾ως ᾽ασφαλεστατα, 
      και ᾽ει μαχεσθαι δεοι, ῾ως κρατιστα μαχοιμεθα.
     ῾ως as safely as possible. ῾ως strengthens the superlative. 
     Compare 579, 9.

12. ᾽εν πονοις ᾽οντες πολοις σχολαιως ᾽επορευοντο.  

S600. 
1. Most gladly would I hear the heralds name. 

2. Clearchus always punished with severity. 

3. If we must proceed, let us proceed slowly. 

4. He asked whether they could safely remain in the villages. 

5. They did not undergo greater hardships than the rest of the 
    soldiers. 
    hardships toil more (πλεον). 

S601. He promises Great Rewards. 

   "῾Ωστε ᾽ου τουτο δεδοικα μη ᾽ουκ ᾽εχω δωρα ῾ικανα τοις φιλοις 
᾽εαν καλως καταπραξω ᾽εφ᾽ ῾α στρατευομαι, ᾽αλλα μη ᾽ουκ ᾽εχω 
῾ικανους φιλους.  ῾υμων δε των ῾Ελληνωn και στεφανον ᾽εκαστῳ
 χρυσουν δωσω."  ῾οι δε ταυτα ᾽ακουσαντες ᾽αυτοι τε ᾽ησαν πολυ 
προθυμοτεροι και τοις ᾽αλλοις ᾽εξηγγελλον.  ᾽ηρωτων δε ᾽αυτον
῾οι τε στρατηγοι και των ᾽αλλων ῾Ελληνωn τινες τι σφισιν ᾽εσται
᾽εαν νικησωσιν. ῾ο δε πολλα και μεγαλα ῾υπιςχνουμενος ᾽απεπεμπε. 

Notes. 
1. ᾽εχω: subjunctive after a verb of fearing (334). 
    δωσω: I will give, future of διδωμι. 
7. σφισιν: indirect reflexive (437). 

Lesson LXV

Second Aorist System. Indirect Discourse. 

S602. Review 554. 

S603. The second tenses differ from the corresponding first tenses 
in form, but have like meaning. When, however, a verb has both 
tenses, they may differ also in meaning. Comparatively few verbs 
have both forms. 

S604. The second aorist system includes the second aorist active 
and middle. 

S605. Conjugate the second aorist system of λειπω, leave, in 773. 
Give its synopsis in the active; in the middle. 

a. Note the exceptions to the principle of recessive accent (53), λιπου, 
λιπειν, λιπεσθαι, λιπων. 

S606. The stem of the second aorist is formed by adding the tense 
suffix (135) ο/ε to the verb stem, as λειπω (λιπ), leave, second aorist 
stem λιπο/ε. In a few second aorists, ε of the stem is changed to α. 
As a secondary tense, the second aorist has augment in the indicative. 
It follows the inflection of the present system (553,1), having in the 
indicative the inflection of the imperfect, and in the other moods 
that of the present. 

S607. Review 558 and 468, 469. Note, further, under the rule given 
in 469, that: 

S608. Each tense of the infinitive with ᾽αν in indirect discourse 
represents the corresponding tense of either indicative or optative 
with ᾽αν. 

Thus: συν ῾υμιν ᾽αν ᾽οιμαι ᾽ειναι τιμιος. 
          With you I think that I should be in honor, 
        (The original thought is, συν ῾υμιν ᾽αν ᾽ειην τιμιοs.) 

S609. Of the three common verbs meaning to say,  

1. φημι regularly takes the infinitive in indirect discourse; 
 
2. ᾽ειπον (second aorist, said) regularly takes ῾οτι or ῾ως with the 
indicative or optative; 

3. λεγω allows either construction, but in the active voice it generally 
takes ῾οτι or ῾ως. 

a. Note also that δοκεω takes the infinitive in indirect discourse (1) in 
its common meaning of seem, appear, both when used personally and 
when used impersonally; (2) in its less frequent meaning of consider, 
think, suppose. When δοκεω means seem right, good, or best, the
infinitive that follows is not in indirect discourse. 

S610.  		VOCABULARY. 
 
῾αιρεω (῾αιρε, ῾ελ), ῾αιρησω, ῾ειλον,῾ῃρηκα, ῾ηρημαι, ῾ηρεθην, take, 
      seize, capture; middle, take for oneself, choose, prefer, elect, 
     side with. 
᾽απο-θνῃσκω, die off, die, be killed, fall in battle. 
᾽ειπον (᾽ειπ, ᾽ερ, ῾ρε), ᾽ερω ᾽ειρηκα, ᾽ειρημαι, ᾽ερρηθην, say, speak, 
         tell, order.
᾽εμ-πιπτω, fall upon. 
 θνῃκω (θαν), θανουμαι, ᾽εθανον, τεθνηκα (compare 
     θανατοs), die; perfect, be dead. 
 πασχω (παθ, πενθ), πεισομαι,᾽επαθον, πεπονθα, experience, suffer; 
᾽ευ παθειν, be well treated. 
 πιπτω (πετ, πτο), πεσουμαι, ᾽επεσον, πεπτωκα, fall. 
 προ-τρεχω, run forward or ahead. 
 πυνθανομαι (πυθ), πευσομαι, ᾽επυθομην, πεπυσομαι, inquire, learn 
       by inquiry, ascertain, find out. 
 τρεχω (τρεχ, δραμ), δραμουμαι,᾽εδραμον, δεδραμηκα, δεδραμημαι, run. 
᾽ωνιος, α, ον, purchasable.
 τα ᾽ωνια, wares, goods. 

Give the original forms of all the indirect quotations in the following exercise (611). 
 
S611
1.  τοις βαρβαροις ᾽ενεπεσε το ῾Ελληνικον. 
     βαρβαροις The dative follows compound verbs (865).

2.᾽ειπον ῾οτι ᾽αν φυγοιεν. 

3. παντες ῾οι φιλοι λεγονται ᾽αποθανειν μαχομενοι ῾υπερ Κυρου. 

4. ᾽εχω γαρ τριηρεις ῾ωστε ᾽ελειν το ᾽εκεινωn πλοιον. 
     ᾽ελειν For the infinitive following ῾ωστε, see 471.

5. Κλεαρχος δοκει γενεστθαι ᾽ανηρ πολεμικος. 

6. νομιζει Κυρος ῾υπ ᾽εμου κακως παθειν. 

7. και ῾οι ᾽ονοι προεδραμον. 

8. δρομος ᾽εγενετο τοις στρατιωταις ᾽επι τας σκηνας, ῾οι δ᾽ ᾽εν τῃ 
   ᾽αγορᾳ καταλιποντες τα ᾽ωνια ᾽εφυγον.
   Equivalent to ῾οι  στρατιωται᾽εδραμον.

9. ῾ουτοι ᾽ελεγον ῾οτι Κυρος τεθνηκe 

10. ῾υμων δε᾽ερημος ᾽ων ᾽ουκ ᾽αν ῾ικανος ᾽οιμαι᾽ειναι τους  
       φιλους ᾽ωφελησαι. 
        ῾υμων  For the genitive depending on ᾽ερημο see 855.

11.᾽επει ῾ο στρατηγος ταυτ᾽ ᾽επυθετο, λαβων τους ῾ιππεας ᾽απηλασεν. 

12. και περι τουτων ῾υπεσχετο μοι βουλευσεσθαι.  
 
S612. 
1. Within the night fear fell also on the Greeks. 

2. This he did that he might inspire all men with fear. 
    Use the aorist of παρεχω.

3. The wife of the king is said to have fled. 

4. They say that all left the road and fled. 
    Aorist participle, all having left the road fled. 

5.  He preferred the friendship of the Persians. 

S613. Cyrus is confident that the King will fight.  
 
   παρεκελευοντο δε Κυρῳ παντεσ μη μαχεσθαι, ᾽αλλ᾽ ᾽οπισθεν
᾽εαυτων ταττεσθαι ᾽εν δε τῳ καιρῳ τουτῳ Κλεαρχος ῾ωδε πως 
᾽ερωτᾳ τον Κυρον: "᾽Οιει γαρ σοι μαχεισθαι, ῾ω Κυρε, τον 
᾽αοελφον;" "Νη Δι᾽," ᾽εφη ῾ο Κυρος, "᾽ειπερ γε Δαρειου και
παρυσατιδος ᾽εστι παις, ᾽εμος δε ᾽αδελφος, ᾽ουκ ᾽αμαχει ταυτ᾽
᾽εγω ληψομαι."  

NOTES.
1.  μη μαχεσθαι: i.e, in person.
2. ῾εαυτων: after the adverb of place (856). 
3.  γαρ: with reference to some unexpressed intimation of Cyrus, 
    What! do you think, etc., 
4. Νη Δια: Yes, by Zeus, accusative in an oath (837).  

Lesson LXVI

Numerals. 

S614. Read the table of cardinals, ordinals, and numeral adverbs in 756. Commit the first twelve in each column to memory, and review the declension of  ᾽εισ, δυο, τρεις, and τετταρες  in 757. 

S615. 		VOCABULARY. 

᾽απο-τεμνω, cut off, intercept. 
᾽εγ-κεφαλος, ου, ῾ο (compare κεφαλη), brain; of the palm tree, crown, cabbage. 
᾽εξ-οπλισια, αw, ῾h (compare ῾οπλιζω), state of being armed; 
᾽εν τῃ᾽εξοπλιστιᾳ, under arms. 
᾽εσθιω (᾽εσθι,᾽εδ, φαγ),᾽εδομαι,᾽εφαγον,᾽εδηδοκα, ᾽εδηδεσμαι,᾽ηδεσθην, eat, live on. 
 κεφαλη, ης, ῾η, head. 
 Κρης, Κρητος, ῾o,  a Cretan. 
῾οραω (῾ορα, ᾽ιδ, ᾽οπ), ᾽οψομαι, ᾽ειδον, ῾εορακα and ῾εωρακα, ῾εωραμαι and 
      ᾽ωμμαι, ᾽ωφθην, see, in its widest sense, behold, look, observe, perceive. 
᾽οφειλω (᾽ωφελ),᾽οφειλησω, ᾽ωφειλησα, and ᾽ωφελον, ᾽ωφειληκα, 
      ᾽ωφειληθην, owe; pass, be due. 
 που, interrogative adverb, where? 
 προs-ερχομαι, come on or up, approach. 
 τεμνω (τεμ), τεμω, ᾽ετεμον and ᾽εταμον, τετμηκα, τετμημαι, ᾽ετμηθην, cut. 

S616. 
1. ῾ιππεας ᾽δε ᾽εικοσιν ᾽ηγαγε, και προσελθων ᾽ηρωτησε που ᾽αν ᾽ιδοι 
     τους στρατηγους.
    ᾽ιδοι - He said, που ᾽αν ᾽ιδοιμι, where can I see? The second 
      aorist indicative of  ῾οραω is ᾽ειδον, subjunctive ᾽ιδω, optative 
    ᾽ιδοιμι, etc.

2. τεταρτῃ δ᾽ ῾ημερᾳ ᾽εφυγον ᾽εις χωριον ᾽ισχυρον. 

3. και τοις στρατιωταις ᾽ωφειλετο μισθος πλεον ᾽η τριων μηνωn. 
   πλεον - Used indeclinably for πλεονων. 

4. ᾽ην γαρ ῾απαξ δυο ᾽η τριων ᾽ημερων ῾οδον ᾽αποσχωμεν, ᾽ουκετι 
    ῾οι πολεμιοι ῾ημιν ῾εψονται. 
     ῾οδον - Accusative of extent of space (836).

5. ῾ουτω δη στρατηγοι πεντε ᾽αποτμηθεντες τας κεφαλας ᾽ετελευτησαν.
   ᾽αποτμηθεντες τας κεφαλαs having been beheaded. The 
    active construction would be ᾽αποτενω τινι (861) την 
    κεφαλην; the passive, ᾽αποτεμνεται τις την κεφαλην,   
    has his head cut off.

6. και᾽εξελαυνει σταθμουσ τρεις παρασαγγας ᾽εικοσι και δυο ᾽επι 
    τον Μαιανδρον ποταμον· τουτον ᾽ην το ᾽ευρος δυο πλεθρα. 

7. και ῾ηκε Κλεαρχος ῾ο Λακεδαιμονιος φυγας ᾽εχων ῾οπλιτας  χιλιους και 
    πελταστας Θρᾳκας ᾽οκτακοσιους και τοξοτας Κρητας διακοσιους. 

8. ᾽ενταυθα ᾽εμειναν ῾ημερας δεκα, και ᾽εξετασις ᾽εν τῃ ᾽εξοπλισιᾳ
    ᾽εγιγνετο και ᾽αριθμος, και ᾽εγενοντο ᾽οκτακισχιλιοι και ᾽εξακοσιοι. 

9. ᾽ενταυθα τον ᾽εγκεφαλον του φοινικος πρωτον ᾽εφαγον ῾οι στρατιωται.

10. ᾽αιρησομαι ᾽ουν ῾υμας και ᾽ουποτε ᾽ερει᾽ουδεις ῾ως (that) ᾽εγω την 
       των βαρβαρων φιλιαν ῾ειλομην.  
       ᾽ουδεις - In Greek the negative is doubled; in English we 
        should render, never shall anybody say. 

S617. 
1. The army asked Cyrus for four months' pay.

2. He had more than forty cavalrymen in his force. 

3. But another general also was there on board the ships with seven 
    hundred heavy-armed men.

4. The king was said to have six thousand cavalrymen. 

5. He proceeded thence three stages, fifteen parasangs, to the river 
    Euphrates, which is four stades in width. 

S618. 	Numbers of the Opposing Forces. 
   
  ᾽ενταυθα δη ᾽εν τῃ ᾽εξοπλισιᾳ ᾽Αριθμος ᾽εγενετο των μεν ᾽Ελληνωn 
᾽ασπις μυρια και τετρακοσια, πελτασται δε δισχιλιοι και πεντακοσιοι, 
των δε μετα Kυρου βαρβαρων δεκα μυριαδες και ῾αρματα δρεπανηφορα 
᾽αμφι τα ᾽εικοσι. των δε πολεμιων ᾽ελεγοντο ᾽ειναι ῾εκατον και ᾽εικοσι 
μυριαδες και ῾αρματα δρεπανηφορα διακοσια. ᾽αλλοι δε ᾽ησαν 
῾εξακισχιλιοι ῾ιππεις, ῾ων ᾽Aρταγερσης ᾽ηρχεν: ᾽ουτοι δ᾽ ᾽αυ προ ᾽αυτου 
βασιλεως τεταγμενοι ᾽ησαν. του δε βασιλεως στρατευματος ᾽ησαν 
᾽αρχοντες και στρατηγοι και ᾽ηγεμονες τετταρες, τριακοντα μυριαδων 
᾽εκαστος.

Notes:
᾽εγενετο: was found to be.  
᾽ασπις . . . τετρακοσια: literally, 10,400 shield, just as we say a thousand horse.
᾽αλλοι: besides. 
᾽αυ: moreover, 
 του: with στρατευματος.

Lesson LXVII

First Perfect System. Indirect Discourse. 

S619. The first perfect and pluperfect are found in vowel verbs, in 
many lingual mute (7) verbs, in many liquid (6) verbs. 

S620. Review 553, 4. 

S621. Conjugate the first perfect system of λυω in 768. Give its synopsis. 

S622. Review 274 and 113. 

S623. Some liquid stems (582) suffer no change before the tense suffix, 
as ᾽αγγελλω (᾽αγγελλ), announce, ᾽ηγγελκα. 

S624. Monosyllabic liquid stems change ε to α, as στελλω (στελ), send, 
᾽εσταλκα; φθειρω (φθερ), destroy, ᾽εφθαρκα. 

S625. ν is dropped in a few liquid stems; if not dropped, it is changed to 
γ nasal, as κρινω (κριν), distinguish, κεκρικα; τεινω (τεν), stretch, 
τετακα (624); φαινω (φαν), show, πεφαγκα. 

S626. Some liquid verb stems suffer transposition and become vowel 
stems, as βαλλω (βαλ), throw, βεβληκα (formed on stem βλα for βαλ);  
θνῃσκω (θαν), die, τεθνηκα; τεμνω (τεμ), cut, τετμηκα, 

S627. 
1. τουτῳ Κυρον ᾽επιστρατευοντα ᾽ηγγειλα, 
   I announced to him that Cyrus was marching against him, 
  (the original announcement was, σοι Κυρος επιστρατευει.) 

2. ᾽ηκουσε Κυρον ᾽εν Κιλικιᾳ ᾽οντα, 
     He heard that Cyrus was in Cilicia. 
    (the report was, Kurος ᾽εν κιλικιᾳ ᾽εστι.) 

3. ῾ορω ῾υμας ῾ουτως ᾽αν ποριζομενους τα ᾽επιτηδεια, 
     I see that you could in this way procure supplies. 
    (the original statement was, ῾ουτως ᾽αν ποριζοισθε τα ᾽επιτηδεια.) 

S628. With many verbs the participle stands in indirect discourse, 
each tense representing the corresponding tense of a finite mood. 
Each tense with ᾽αν represents the corresponding tense of either 
indicative or optative with ᾽αν. Such verbs are chiefly those 
signifying to see, hear or learn, perceive, know, be ignorant of, 
remember, forget, show, appear, prove, acknowledge, and 
᾽αγγελλω, announce. 

S629.    			VOCABULARY
᾽αισθανομαι (αισθ), ᾽αισθησομοι, ᾽ῃσθομην, ᾽ησθημαι, perceive, learn, observe. 
᾽ανα-στελλω, send back, repulse. 
᾽ανο-τεινω, stretch up, hold up. 
᾽ανω (compare ᾽ανα), adverb, above, up, up country. 
 γε, intensive particle, enclitic and postpositive, at least, yet, indeed, certainly, 
     often to be indicated in English only by emphasis. 
 γυμνης, ητος, ῾ο, light-armed foot-soldier. 
 δια-φθερω, destroy utterly, ruin, corrupt. 
᾽επι-στρατευω, march against. 
 θορυβος, ου,῾ο, disturbance, uproar. 
 πληθος, ους, το,  fullness, extent, number, multitude. 
 στελλω (στελ), στελω, ᾽εστειλα ᾽εσταλκα,᾽εσταλμαι, ᾽εσταλην,  equip, send. 
 τεινω (τεν), τενω, ᾽ετεινα, τετακα, τεταμαι,᾽εταθην,  stretch, exert oneself, 
       hasten, press on 
 φθειρω (φθερ), φθερω, ᾽εφθειρα ᾽εφθαρκα ᾽εφθαρμαι, ᾽εφθαρην,  destroy, 
      lay waste.

Give the original forms of all the indirect quotations in the following exercise (630). 
    
S630. 
1. τριηρεις ᾽ηκουε τον στρατηγον ᾽εχοντα.

2.  στρατιωτας ᾽εσταλκαμεν τον χιλον κουσοντας.
     κουσοντας  The participle expresses purpose (495, 4). 

3. τα παρα των ᾽Ελληνων βασιλει φησιν ᾽απηγγελκεναι. 
    ᾽Ελληνωn  i.e. their answer or decision.

4. παντες δε ᾽οι παροντες ᾽ανατετακασι τας χειρας.
    χειρας A case of voting by show of hands.

5. ᾽εφθαρκατε την χωραν.

6. ᾽επει δε τους βαρβαρους ῾εωρων ῾οι ῾Ελληνες ᾽ουχ ᾽εαυτοις 
    ᾽επιστρατευοντας ᾽ησθησαν. 
    ῾εωρων  Imperfect of ῾οραω, with both syllabic and temporal 
     (67) augment.

7. ᾽εν Μιλητῳ δε Τισσαφερνης ῃσθανετο τους ᾽εχθρους τα ᾽αυτα 
     βουλευομενους.

8. τους ῾ιππεας ᾽ανεσταλκεσαν ᾽οι ῾οπλιται. 

9. ᾽ει ᾽ουν ῾ορῳην ῾υμας ᾽αμεινον τι βουλευομενους, ᾽ελθοιμι ᾽αν 
     προς ῾υμας. 

10. ᾽ετετακεσαν ῾οι πολεμιοι πολλῳ πληθει και θορυβῳ ᾽ανω προς 
       το᾽οροs. 
       θορυβῳ  Dative of manner (866).

11. και ῾ενα γε λοχαγον διεφθαρκοτος ᾽αυτος ᾽ακουομεν. 

12. ᾽ῃσθοντο τους γυμνητας τας κωμας ᾽ηδη διηρπακοτας.  
 
S631. 
1. His wife has persuaded him. 
    His  Use the article.

2. He says that they have sent many light-armed foot-soldiers. 

3. I have judged these men to be in the wrong. 

4. For he heard that Cyrus was dead. 

5. I saw that you were suffering harm. 

S632. Not all the Kings Troops were in the Battle. 
 
    των δε πολεμιων παρεγενοnτο ᾽εν τῃ μαχῃ ᾽ενενηκοντα μυριαδες 
και ῾αρματα δρεπανηφορα ῾εκατον και πεντηκοντα.  ᾽Αβροκομας δε 
των τετταρων ᾽αρχοντων ᾽ων ῾υστερησε της μαχης ῾ημεραις πεντε,
᾽εκ Φοινικης ᾽ελαυνων. ταυτα δε ᾽ηγγελλον προς Κυρον ῾οι
᾽αυτομολησαντες παρα μεγαλου βασιλεως προ της μαχης, και μετα 
την μαχην ῾οι ῾υστερον ᾽εληφθησαν των πολεμιων ταυτα᾽ηγγελλον. 
 
NOTES. 
῾υστερησε . . . πεντε: came five days too late for the battle. 
 μαχης follows ῾υστερησε (compare ῾υστεροs), which implies 
     comparison (850 )  
῾ημεραις πεντε,  by the space of five days, is the dative of the degree 
     of difference (867 ).
῾οι ᾽αυτομολησαντες : those who had deserted (487, 3, 4).   

Lesson LXVIII
 
Second Perfect System. 

S633. The second perfect system includes the second perfect and second 
pluperfect active. 

S634. Conjugate the second perfect system of λειπω, leave, in 774.  Give 
its synopsis. a. Note the exceptions to the principle of recessive accent (53), 
λελοιπεναι, λελοιπως. 

S635. The stem of the second perfect is formed by adding the tense suffix 
α (pluperfect ε) to the reduplicated verb stem, as γραφω (γραφ), write, 
second perfect stem γεγραφα. the second perfect and second pluperfect 
follow the inflection of the first perfect system (768). 

S636. Some verbs aspirate a final labial or palatal mute of the verb stem, 
changing π  and β to φ, and κ and γ to χ. See 114. 

S637. In the verb stem, ε becomes ο, as πεμπω (πεμπ), send, πεπομφα; α 
is sometimes lengthened to α or η, as φαινω (φαν), show, πεφηνα, have 
appeared (intransitive); ι, with present stem in ει, becomes οι, as λειπω 
(λιπ), leave, λελοιπα. 

S638.  			VOCABULARY

᾽ανδραποδον, ου, το, slave, especially captive taken in war. 
 βλαπτω (βλαβ), βλαψω, ᾽εβλαψα, βεβλαφα, βεβλαμμαι, ᾽εβλαφθην 
     and ᾽εβλαβην, injure, hurt, harm. 
᾽εικαζω (᾽εικαδ), ᾽εικασω, ᾽εικασα, ᾽εικασμαι, ᾽εικασθην, liken, 
     suppose, conjecture. 
 λαθρᾳ, adverb, covertly, without the knowledge of. 
 ναπη, ης,῾η, ravine, glen. 
᾽οχθη, ης,῾η, height, bank, bluff. 
 πλην, conjunction, except; improper prepostion with genitive, except. 
 πλησιος, α, ον (compare πλησιαζω), near; neuter as adverb, πλησιον, near. 
 πυρ, πυρος, το, fire. 
 σημαινω (σημαν), σημανω, ᾽εσημηνα, σεσημασμαι, ᾽εσημανθην, 
     give the signal, make known. 
 τηκω (τακ), τηξω, ᾽ετηξα, τετηκα, ᾽ετακην and ᾽ετηχθην, melt; 
      intransitive, thaw, melt. 

S639.  
1. τα δε ᾽αλλα ᾽εις το πυρ ᾽ερριφαμεν. 

2. τοις ᾽ουν θεοις χαρις ᾽εστω ῾οτι ῾ημας ᾽ου βεβλαφασσιν ῾οι πολεμιοι. 

3. ᾽εικαζον την χιονα τετηκεναι: και ᾽ετετηκει δια κρηνην ῾η 
     πλησιον ᾽ην ᾽εν ναπῃ.
     τετηκεναι Infinitive in indirect discourse (469).

4. ᾽ειπον ῾οτι Κυρον ᾽απεκτονοι βασιλευς. 

5. φυγῃ ᾽εφη ᾽αυτους λελοιπεναι το χωριον. 
     φυγῃ Dative of manner (866).

6. ᾽ῃσθετο γαρ τους πολεμιους ᾽ηδη ᾽ειληφοτας τα᾽ακρα.

7. πεπομφασι με ᾽ανδρες πιστοι ᾽οντες Κυρῳ και ῾υμιν ῾ευνοι.  

8. ᾽εν δε τῃ πολεμιᾳ διατετριφεν ῾ημερας πολλας.
     πολεμιᾳ  Scilicet  χωρᾳ

9. λαθρᾳ δε των στρατιωτων ᾽επεπομφει Κυρῳ ᾽αγγελον.
     στρατιωτων  The genitive depends on the adverb λαθρᾳ 
     (856).

10. τους πεζους ᾽επι ταις ᾽οχθαις τεταχεν ᾽ανω των ῾ιππεων.
      ῾ιππεων  The genitive depends on the adverb ᾽ανω (856).

11. Κυροs ᾽ουτε ᾽αλλον πεπομφε σημανουντα ῾ο τι χρη  ποιειν
     ᾽ουτε ᾽αυτος πεφηνεν. 
     σημανουντα The participle expresses purpose (495,4).

12. ταυτην την χωραν ᾽επετετροφει διαρπασαι τοις ῾Ελλησι
      πλην ᾽ανδραποδων.
     διαρπασαι  The infinitive expresses purpose (461, 7).

S640. 
1. The enemy have not escaped.

2. He has sent many gifts to Menon. 

3. But the satrap had written a letter to the king.

4. He said that he had sent a guide to the army. 

5. He announces that the guide has stolen the money.  

S641. 	Advance. The Great Trench.  
 
  ᾽εντευθεν Κυρος ᾽εξελαυνει συντεταγμενῳ τῳ στρατευματι 
παντι και τῳ ῾Ελληνικῳ και τῳ βαρβαρικῳ. ᾽ῳετο γαρ ταυτῃ 
τῃ ῾ημερᾳ μαχεισθαι βασιλεα: κατα γαρ μεσον τον σταθμον
τουτον ταφρος ᾽ην ᾽ορυκτη βαθεια, παρετετατο δε ᾽ανω δια
του πεδιου μεχρι του Μηδιας τειχους.  ᾽ην δε παρα τον 
῾Ευφρατην παραδος στενη μεταξυ του ποταμου και της 
ταφρου: ταυτην δε την ταφρον βασιλευς μεγας ποιει ᾽αντι
᾽ερυματος, ᾽επειδη πυνθανεται Κυρον προσελαυνοντα.

NOTES. 
1. συντεταγμενῳ τῳ στρατευματι: with his troops formed in 
    line of battle, a dative of accompaniment (869).  
3. κατα  τουτον: about the middle of this days march.
4. παρετετατο: pluperfect passive of  παρα-τεινω  
8. προσελαυνοντα: participle in indirect discourse (628). 

Lesson LXIX
 
Perfect Middle System of Vowel and of Mute Verbs. 

S642. Review 553, 5; 209, 210; 217; 220. 

S643. Conjugate the perfect middle system of λυω, loose, in 769, 
λειπω, leave, in 775, ᾽αγω, lead, in 776, and πειθω, persuade, in 777. 
Give the synopsis of each verb, first of its perfect and pluperfect, 
then of its future perfect. 

S644. 			VOCABULARY.  
᾽απο-σπαω, draw off, separate. 
᾽εκ-πληττω, strike out of ones senses, terrify.
 θωρακιζω (θωρακιδ),᾽εθωρακισα, τεθωρακισμαι, ᾽εθωρακισθην
      (compare θωραξ), arm with a corselet. 
 μαντις, εως,῾ο, seer, diviner. 
 μιμνῃσκω (μνα), μνησω, ᾽εμνησα, μεμνημαι, ᾽εμνησθην, remind; 
     middle and passive, remember, with perfect as present. 
᾽ορυττω (᾽ορυχ), ᾽ορυξω, ορυξα, ᾽ορωρυχα,᾽ορωρυγμαι, ᾽ωρυχθην, dig. 
 παρα-ταττω, draw up side by side, draw up in line of battle. 
 πληττω (πληγ, πλαγ), πληξω, ᾽επληξα, πεπληγα, πεπληγμαι, ᾽επληγην 
    and ᾽επλαγην, strike, hit. 
῾υπο-λειπω, leave behind. 
 χρυσιον, ου, το (compare χρυσους), piece of gold, gold. 

S645. 
1 ῾οι῾Ελληνες ᾽εγγυς τε ᾽εισι και παρατεταγμενοι.
     τε  For the accent, see 169, 3.

2. διεσπαστο γαρ τα στρατευματα. 

3. ᾽επυθετο  δε ταφρον ᾽ορωρυγμενην δια του πεδιου. 

4. τῳ δε ᾽ανδρι τουτῳ ῾ηδεως πεπεισμαι. 
    ᾽ανδρι The dative follows πειθομαι (860).

5. Κυρον δε φασι τῳ μαντει ῾υπεσχησθαι χρυσιον πολυ. 

6. ῾ειποντο δε και ᾽αλλοι των Περσων τεθωρακισμενοι ᾽εις τριακοσιους. 
    ᾽εις  to the number of.

7. πολλακις γαρ ᾽εν νυκτι πορεομεος ᾽απεσπασμαι ᾽απο των πεων.

8. ποσοι των ανδαποδων ῾υπολελειψονται

9. και΄οστις ῾υμων βουλεται ᾽οικαδε ᾽απελθειν, μεμνησθω ᾽ανηρ 
   ᾽αγαθοs ᾽ειναι. 

10. ᾽ηλαυνεν ᾽επι τους Μενωνος στρατιωτας, ῾ωστ᾽ ᾽εκεινους 
      ᾽εκπεπληχθαι και τρεχειν ᾽επι τα ῾οπλα.  
      ᾽εκπεπληχθαι  Perfect (instead of present) infinitive, for 
       emphasis, were thoroughly frightened. 

S646. 
1.  I had been shot through my corselet. 

2. The army will have been cut to pieces. 

3. He says that the Greeks have obeyed their commanders in all 
    (particulars). παντα (834).

4. All had often urged Cyrus not to fight. 

5. Cyrus and his horsemen had been armed with corselets. 

S647. 	Silanus the Soothsayer is rewarded  
 
   ταυτην δη την παροδον Κυρος τε και ῾η στρατια παρηλθε και 
᾽εγενοντο ᾽εισω της ταφρου. ταυτῃ μεν ᾽ουν τῃ ῾ημερᾳ ᾽ουκ 
᾽εμαχεσατο βασιλευς. ᾽ενταυθα Kυρος Σιλανον καλεσας τον 
μαντιν ᾽εδωκεν δαρεικους τρισχιλιους, ῾οτι τῃ ῾ενδεκατῃ ᾽απ᾽ 
᾽εκεινης ῾ημερᾳ προθυομενος ᾽ειπεν᾽αυτῳ ῾οτι βασιλευς ᾽ου 
μαχειται δεκα ῾ημερων, Kυρος δ᾽ ᾽ειπεν, "᾽Oυκ ᾽αρα ᾽ετι μαχειται,
᾽ει ᾽εν ταυταις ᾽ου μαχειται ταις ᾽ημεραις. ᾽εαν δ᾽ ᾽αληθευσῃς,
῾υπισχνουμαι σοι δεκα ταλαντα."  τουτο το χρυσιον τοτε ᾽εδωκεν,
᾽επει παρηλθον ῾αι δεκα᾽ημερα. 
 
NOTES. 
᾽εδωκεν: gave (him). 
῾οτι: because.  
᾽απ᾽ ᾽εκεινης:  ie. before that (day). 
῾ημερων: the time within which, but ῾ημερᾳ preceding, the time when.
᾽ουκ ᾽αρα᾽ετι μαχειται: he will not fight then at all. 
᾽αληθευσῃς: shall prove to be speaking the truth. 

Lesson LXX
 
Perfect Middle System of Liquid Verbs. 

S648. Liquid verbs suffer in the main the same changes in the perfect 
middle system as in the first perfect system (623-626). 

Thus, ᾽αγγελλω (᾽αγγελ), ᾽ηγγελμαι (623); στελλω (στελ), ᾽εσταλμαι; 
φθειρω (φθερ),᾽εφθαρμαι (624); κρινω (κριν), κεκριμαι; τεινω (τεν), 
τεταμαι (625); βαλλω (βαλ), βεβλημαι; τεμνω (τεμ), τετμημαι (626). 

S649. Conjugate the perfect middle systems of στελλω and φαινω in 
778 and 779. 

Give their synopses. 

S650. If ν is not dropped (625), it is changed to σ before μ, as φαινω 
(φαν), πεφασμαι. 

S651. In the inflection, σ between two consonants is dropped. 

S652. 			VOCABULARY

᾽απο-στελλω, send away, despatch. 
 δια-σπειρω, scatter about, scatter. 
 θαρρεω, θαρρησω, ᾽εθαρρησα, τεθαρρηκα, be bold or courageous.
᾽οιωνος, ου, ῾ο, omen. 
᾽ουδαμου (compare ᾽ου), adverb,  nowhere.   
᾽οφθαλμος, ου, ῾ο (compare ᾽οψομαι), eye. 
 παρ-αγγελλω, pass along an order, give orders, order. 
 σπειρω (σπερ), σπερω, ᾽εσπειρα, ᾽εσπαρμαι, ᾽εσπαρην, sow, throw 
      about, scatter, disperse. 
 σφοδρα, adverb, exceedingly. 
 σωτηρια, ας, ῾η (compare σωτηρ), safety, deliverance. 
 ταραττω (ταραχ), ταραξω,᾽εταραξα τεταραγμαι, ᾽εταραχθην, trouble, 
     disturb, agitate. 
 
S653. 
1. θαυμαζω ῾οτι ᾽ουδαμου Κυρος πεφανται. 

2. παρηγγελτο δε τοτς ῾ιππευσι θαρρουσι διωκειν. 
    παρηγγελτο  orders had been given, The subject is the 
    following infinitive. Compare 461, 4 and 5.
    θαρρουσι  courageously: The participle (in the dative plural) 
    express manner (495,3).

3. και ταυτα ᾽ακουσας ᾽εταραχθη σφοδρα και ᾽ηρωτησεν ᾽ει
    ᾽ηδη ᾽αποκεκριμενοι ᾽ειεν. 
    ᾽ειεν  For the optative, see 569. Give the question in its original 
     form.

4. ῾οι δ᾽ ῾ιππεις ᾽εσπαρμενοι᾽εισιν. 

5.  συνηγμενοι ᾽ησαν των διεσπαρμενων ᾽οι πλειστοι.

6.  Κλεαρχος δε τοις ᾽αλλοις ῾ηγειτο κατα τα παρηγγελμενα, ᾽οι δ᾽ ῾ειποντο. 
      παρηγγελμενα  I.e., according to orders, literally according 
      to the orders that had been given.

7. ᾽απεσταλμενοι ᾽εισιν ῾οι ᾽αγγελοι και συν ᾽αυτοις στρατηγος τις ᾽αγαθος. 

8. ᾽ελειποντο δε των στρατιωτων ᾽οι διεφθαρμενοι ῾υπο της χιονος 
     τους ᾽οφθαλμους. 
     ῾οι διεφθαρμενοι τους ᾽οφθαλμους, those who (literally 
     had been injured) had had their eyes blinded, The active 
     construction would be ῾η χιων διαφθειρει τινι (861) τους 
    ᾽οφθαλμους, In the passive the dative becomes the subject and 
     the accusative remains. Compare 616, 5, and the note

9.  τους δε Κρητας ᾽εφη ᾽απεσταλθαι. 

10.  περι σωτηριαs ῾ημιν θουμενοις ᾽οιωνος του Διος του σωτηρος πεφανται.
 
S654. 
1. Boats had already been dispatched to the army by Cyrus. 

2. But the cavalry have been dispersed. 

3. The army has been corrupted. 

4. None have appeared (who are) able to help us. 

5. Orders had been given the peltasts to follow. 

S655.     Cyrus advances with Less Caution. 
 
    ᾽επει δ᾽ ᾽επι τῃ ταφρῳ ᾽ουκ ᾽εκωλυε βασιλευς το Κυρου στρατευμα 
διαβαινειν, ᾽εδοξε και Κυρῳ και τοις ᾽αλλοις᾽ου μελλειν μαχεισθαι.
῾ωστε τῃ ῾υστεραιᾳ Κυρος ᾽επορευετο ᾽ημελημενως μαλλον. τῃ δε 
τριτῃ ᾽επι τε του ῾αρματος καθημενος την πορειαν ᾽εποιειτο και
᾽ολιγους ᾽εν ταξει ᾽εχων προ ᾽αυτου, το δε πολυ ᾽αυτῳ
᾽ανατεταραγμενον ᾽επορευετο και των᾽οπλων τοις στρατιωταις πολλα 
᾽επι ᾽αμαξων ᾽ηγετο και ῾υποζυγιων.  

NOTES.  
1. ᾽εκωλυε: imperfect of attempted action, 
2. ᾽εδοξε: personal construction, the subject being a pronoun 
     referring to βασιλευς.
5. καθημενοs: sitting, participle of the verb καθημαι, sit. Both 
    καθημενος, and ᾽εχων are participles of manner (495, 3 ).
6. ᾽αυτῳ: dative of disadvantage (861); 
     στρατιωταις in the next line, is a dative of advantage. 

Lesson LXXI

First Passive System. Complex Sentences in Indirect Discourse. 

S656. Review 553, 6. 

S657. Conjugate the first passive system of λυω, loose, in 770. Give 
its synopsis, first in the first aorist, then in the first future. 

S658. Liquid verbs suffer in the main the same changes in the first 
passive system as in the first perfect system (623-626). 
 
thus, ᾽αγγελλω (αγγελ), ᾽ηγγελθην (623); τεινω (τεν), ᾽εταθην (624, 
625); κρινω (κριν), ᾽εκριθην (625); βαλλω (βαλ), ᾽εβληθην; τεμνω 
(τεμ), ᾽ετμηθην (626). 

S659. If ν is not dropped (625), it remains unchanged, as φαινω 
(φαν),᾽εφανθην. 

S660. When a complex sentence, i.e. a sentence consisting of a 
leading and a dependent clause or clauses, is indirectly quoted, its 
leading verb follows the rule for simple sentences (569, 572, 590, 
469, 608, 628), but its dependent verb or verbs are subject to the 
law illustrated in the following examples: 
 
S661.  
1  λεγει ῾οτι φλυαρει ῾οστις ταυτα λεγει.
   He says that whoever says this talks nonsense. 

2.  κολως ῾εξειν φησιν, ᾽εαν τουτο πραττωσι.  
    He says that it will be well if they do this. 

3.  ῾υπισχνειται ᾽αυτοις μη προσθεν παυσεσθαι πριν ᾽αν ᾽αυτους 
      καταγαγῃ ᾽οικαδε,  
      He promises them not to stop until he brings them back home. 

4.  τους ῾ηγεμονας φησαn ᾽acein ῾ous metepemvonto He 
     says that he will bring the guides whom they sent for. 

5.  λεγει ῾οτι καλως ᾽αν ᾽εσχεν ᾽ει ᾽επραξαν τουτο.
    He says that it would have been well if they had done this. 

6.  φησι πραξαι ᾽αν ῾τι βουλοιντο.
    He says that he would do whatever they might wish. 
 
Each complex sentence is here quoted after a primary tense, and 
the verb of its dependent clause changes neither its mood nor its 
tense. Convert each quoted complex sentence above into its 
original form. 
 
S662. 
1. ᾽ειπεν ῾οτι φλυαροιη ῾οστις ταυτα λεγοι. (this might be ῾οστις ταυτα λεγει)  
    He said that whoever said this talked nonsense. 

2.  καλως ῾εξειν ᾽εφη,᾽ει τουτο πραττοιεν (this might be ᾽εαν τουτο πραττωσι)
    He said that, it would be well if they did this. 

3. ῾υπεσχετο ᾽αυτοις μη προσθεν παυσεσθαι πριν ᾽αυτους καταγαγοι᾽οικαδε 
     (this might be πριν ᾽αν ᾽αυτους καταγαγῃ) 
    He promised them not to stop until he brought them back home. 
 
Here the dependent clause follows a secondary tense, and its 
verb (originally a primary tense of  the indicative or a subjunctive) 
may either be changed to the same tense of the optative or retained  
in the original mood and tense, When the subjunctive becomes the 
optative, ᾽αν is dropped (᾽εαν  becoming᾽ει), 
 
4.  τους ῾ηγεμονας ᾽εφη ᾽αξειν ῾ους μετεπεμψαντο  (this could not be 
    ῾ους μεταπεμψαιντο)
    He  said that he would bring the guides, whom they had sent for. 

5. ᾽ελεξεν ᾽οτι  καλως ᾽αν ᾽εσχεν ᾽ει ᾽επραξαν τουτο. (here no change 
     is possible)
    He said that it  would have been well, if they had done this.

 6  ᾽εφη πραξαι ᾽αν ῾ο τι βουλοιντο (no change is possible)
     He said that he would do whatever they might wish.
 
Here the dependent clause follows a secondary tense, but its verb 
(originally a secondary tense of  the indicative or an optative) retains 
its mood and tense, 

S663. When a complex sentence is indirectly quoted, after primary 
tenses the dependent verbs  retain the same mood and tense, After 
past tenses, dependent primary tenses of the indicative and  all 
dependent subjunctives may either be changed to the same tense 
of the optative, or retain their  original mood and tense. When a 
subjunctive becomes optative, ᾽an is dropped. But dependent  
secondary tenses of the indicative and dependent optatives remain 
unchanged.

S664. 			VOCABULARY.  

᾽αισχυνω (᾽αισχυν),᾽αισχυνω, ᾽ῃσχυνα, ᾽ῃσχυνθην (compare ᾽αισχρος),  shame; ᾽αισχυνομαι as passive deponent, feel ashamed, feel ashamed before. 
᾽αλλως (compare ᾽αλλος),  adverb, otherwise. 
᾽αν-οιγω, ᾽αν-οιξω, ᾽αν-εῳξα, ᾽αν-εῳγα. and ᾽αν-᾽εῳχα, ᾽αν-εῳγμαι, 
     ᾽αν-εῳχθην,  open up, open. 
 δεω, δησω, ᾽εδησα, δεδεκα, δεδεμαι,᾽εδεθην,  bind, fetter. 
 κατα-σχιζω, split open, burst open. 
῾οσος,᾽η,᾽ον, relative pronoun, how much or great, how many, as. 
 πως, adverb, in any way, at all (enclitic).  
 πωφροσυνη, ης,῾η, self-control. 
 τιτρωσκω (τρο), τρωσω, ᾽ετρωσα, τετρωμαι,᾽ετρθην, wound. 
 τοσουτοσ, η, ον,  demonstrative pronoun, so much, so many. 
 τυγχανω (τυχ), τευξομαι, ᾽ετυχον, τετυχηκα,  and τετευχα,  hit, attain, get, happen. 
 φλυαρεω, φλυαρησω,  talk nonsense, talk bosh. 
 
Give the original forms of all the indirect quotations and questions in 
the following exercise (665)
 
S665
1. ᾽ῃσχυνθημεν και θεους και ᾽ανθρωπους τον ᾽ηγεμονα δησαι. 

2. ᾽ηρωτων πολλοι ᾽ει ῾ησθησεται βασιλευς, ᾽εαν ᾽οικαδε πορευωμεθα.

3. Kυρος γαρ ᾽ενομιζεν ῾οσῳ θαττον ᾽ελθοι, τοσουτῳ 
   ᾽απαρασκευοτερῳ βασιλει μαχεισθαι. 

  ῾οσῳ . . . τοσουτῃ,  by how much . . . by so much,  ie. in english, 
            the . . . the, datives of the degree of difference (867).  

    Cyrus thought, ῾οσῳ ᾽αν θαττον ᾽ελθω, τοσουτῳ ᾽απαρασκευοτερy 
         βασιλει μαχουμαι. 

4. κατασχισειν τε τας πυλας ᾽εφασαν, ᾽ει μη ῾εκοντες ᾽ανοιξειαν. 

5. ᾽ενθα πολλην σωφροσυνην ᾽εδιδαχθησαν῾οι παιδες. 

     σωφροσυνην  Cyrus thought, ῾οσῳ ᾽αν θαττον ᾽ελθω, τοσουτῳ
     ᾽απαρασκευοτερῳ βασιλει μαχουμαι. 

6. Κυροs ῾υπεσχετο ᾽αυτοις, ᾽ει καλως καταπραξειε τον στολον, 
    μη προσθεν παυσεσθαι πριν ᾽αυτους καταγαγοι᾽οικαδε. 

7  και πολλοι ᾽ετρωθησαν των πελταστων. 

8. ῾ουτος δ᾽ ᾽ειπεν ῾οτι φλυαροιη ῾οστις λεγοι ᾽αλλως πως σωτηριας ᾽αν τυχειν. 

     σωτηριαs  the genitive follows verbs signifying to attain (845). 

     ᾽αν τυχειν In the original ᾽αν τυχοιμι.  

9. ῾οι μεν δη στρατηγοι ῾ουτω ληφθεντες ᾽ηχθησαν προς βασιλεα και 
    ᾽αποτμηθεντες τας κεφαλας ᾽ετελευτησαν. 

     κεφαλας  compare 616, 5.

10. τουτο δη δει λεγειν, πως ᾽αν πορευοιμεθα τε ῾ως ᾽ασφαλεστατα 
      και ᾽ει μαχεσθαι δεοι ῾ως κρατιστα μαχοιμεθα.  

     ᾽ασφαλεστατα as safely as possible. For ῾ω, with superlatives, 
       latin quam, see the general vocabulary. 

     μαχοιμεθα -᾽αν belongs also with μαχοιμεθα. 

S666. 
1. The soldiers were drawn up and forced to proceed. 
     drawn up  Use the aorist participle. 

2. But the enemy flee in fear that they will be encircled on both sides. 
    fear  Use the aorist participle of δειδω. 

3. You will be forced to open the gates. 

4. If these should be worsted, nobody would be left. 

5. He promised him that if he would come he would make him a 
    friend to Cyrus. 

S667. 		The King is Coming!  
 
   και ᾽ηδη τε ᾽ην ᾽αμφι ᾽αγοραν πληθουσαν και πλησιον ᾽ην ῾ο σταθμος
᾽ενθα Kυρος ᾽εμελλε καταλυειν, ῾ηνικα ᾽ανηρ Περσησ προφαινεται 
᾽ελαυνων ᾽ανα κρατος και ᾽ευθυς πασιν ῾οις ᾽ενετυγχανεν ᾽εβοα και 
βαρβαρικως και ᾽Eλληνικως ᾽οτι  βασιλευς συν στρατευματι πολλy 
προσερχεται ῾ως (as if) ᾽εις μαχην παρεσκευασμενος. ᾽ενθα δη πολυς 
ταραχος ᾽εγενετο.  ᾽αυτικα γαρ ᾽εδοκουν ᾽οι ῾Ελληνης και παντες δε 
᾽ατακτοις σφισιν ᾽επιπεσεισθαι. 

Notes.
1.᾽ην . . . πληθουσαν: it was about the time of full market. 
2. σταθμος: halting place.  
3. προφαινεται . . . κρατοs: comes in sight riding at full speed. 
7. κατ παντες δε and (δε) all alike, i.e. Persians as  well as Greeks. 
8. ᾽επιπεσεισθαι: their thought was. ᾽αταλκτοις (in disorder) ῾ημιν 
᾽επιπεσειται βασιλευς.  see ᾽επι-πιπτω. 

Lesson LXXII

Second Passive System. 

S668. The second passive system includes the second aorist and second 
future passive. 

S669. Conjugate the second passive system of στελλω, send, in 780. 
Give its synopsis, first in the second aorist, then in the second future. 

S670. The stem of the second aorist passive is formed by adding the 
tense suffix ε to the verb stem, as στελλω (στελ), send, second aorist 
passive stem σταλε (672). This is lengthened to η in the indicative, and 
in the other moods before a single consonant in the ending. As a 
secondary tense the second aorist passive has augment in the indicative. 
It follows the inflection of the first aorist passive (770). 

S671. The second future passive adds σο/ε to the stem of the second 
aorist passive, with the tense suffix ε lengthened to η. It follows the 
inflection of the first future passive (770). 

S672. An ε in the verb stem generally becomes α. 

S673.  		VOCABULARY  

 βιαιως (compare βιαζομαι), adverb, violently.
῾εξακοσιοι, αι, α, 600. 
 κονιορτος, ου, ῾ο, cloud of dust. 
 λευκος, η, ον, white. 
 μεχρι, conjunction, until. 
 νεφελη, ης η, cloud. 
 νεκρος, ου, ῾ο corpse; 
῾οι νεκροι, the dead. 
 παλτον, ου, το, spear, javelin. 
 τροπη, ης, η (compare τρεπω), rout, defeat 
῾υστεραιος, α, on (compare ῾υστερος), later, following. 
 
S674. 
1. Κυρος ᾽επληγη παλτῳ ῾υπο τον ᾽οφθαλμον βιαιως. 

2. ᾽ει πορευθειη ᾽επι τους στρατιωτας, ᾽εκπλαγειεν ᾽αν.

3. ᾽εφανη κονιορτος ῾ωσπερ νεφελη λευκη  

4. ᾽ου πολλῳ δε ῾υστερον ῾οι λοχαγοι κατακοπησονται. 

   πολλῳ Dative of the degree of difference (867) with ῾υστερον,   
   literally later by much, i.e. much later.

5. ῾ομως δε λεξον, ᾽εφη, ᾽εκ τινοs ᾽επληγης.

     ᾽εκ τινος  in consequence of what, i.e. why.

6. ᾽ενταυθα ῾οι πελτασται ᾽εδιωκον μεχρι το δεξιον ᾽αυ διεσπαρη  .

7. τῃ δε ῾υστεραιᾳ ᾽ουκ ᾽εφανησαν ῾οι πολεμλοι, ᾽ουδε τῃ τριτῃ· 

    ῾υστεραιᾳ  Dative of the time when (870).

8. ῾ως (when)῾η τροπη ᾽εγενετο, διεσπαρησαν και ῾οι Κυρου
    ᾽εξακοσιοι ᾽εις το διωκειν ῾ορμησαντες. 

    ᾽εξακοσιοι Cyrus's bodyguard of 600 horse.
     διωκειν in pursuit. The infinitive with the article may, like a 
     noun, depend on a preposition.

9. ᾽εφασαν τους λοχους κατακοπηναι ῾υπο των Κιλικων. 

10. ᾽ει μεντοι πλειους συλλεγειεν, κινδυνευσειεν ᾽αν διαφθαρηναι 
       πολυ του στρατευματος. 

11. και ᾽εβουλευομεθα συν τουτοις πως᾽αν ταφειησαν ῾οι των 
     ῾Ελληνων νεκροι. 

S675. 
1. The general appeared again with a thousand horsemen. 

2. The barbarians turned and fled. 
    turned - Use the aorist passive participle.

3. The soldiers came together and deliberated. 

4. Show yourselves the bravest of the captains. 
    yourselves - Use the aorist passive.  

5. If the army should be scattered, it would be destroyed by the enemy. 

S676. 			The Order of Battle.  
 
     και Κυρος ᾽εθωρακιζετο και τα παλτα ᾽εις τασς χειρας ᾽ελαβε, τοις 
τε ᾽αλλοις πασι παρηγγελλεν ᾽εξοπλιζεσθαι. ᾽ενθα δη συν πολλῃ σπουδῃ 
᾽εταττοντο, Kλεαρχος μεν το δεξιον του ᾽Ελληνικου ᾽εχων προς τῳ 
᾽Ευφρατῃ ποταμῳ, Προξενος δε ᾽εχομενος, ᾽οι δ᾽ ᾽αλλοι μετα τουτον, 
Μενων δε και το στρατευμα το ᾽ευωνυμον κερας ᾽εσχε του ῾Ελληνικου. 
του δε βαρβαρικου ῾ιππεις μεν Παφλαγονες ᾽εις χιλιους παρα Κλεαρχον 
᾽εταχθησαν ᾽εν τῳ δεξιῳ και το ᾽Ελληνικον πελταστικον, ᾽εν δε τῳ
᾽ευωνυμῳ ᾽Αριαιος τε ῾ο Κυρου ῾υπαρχος και το ᾽αλλο βαρβαρικον.  

Notes. 
᾽εχομενοs: being next. 
᾽εις χιλιους: scilicet ῾ιππεας, to the number of a thousand  (horse), 
τῳ ᾽εεωνυμy: of the entire Greek force. 

Lesson LXXIII

Verbal Adjectives. 

S677. Verbal adjectives are derived from verb stems, and are generally 
equivalent to passive participles in meaning. They are formed by adding 
τος and τεος to the verb stem, which generally has the same form as in 
the first aorist passive (with the change of φ and χ to π and κ (before τ).  

thus, ποιεω, do, ᾽εποιηθην, ποιητεος; πορευομαι, advance, ᾽επορευθην, 
πορευτεοs; πεμπω, send, ᾽επεμφθην, πεμπτεοs; θαυμαζω, wonder at, 
᾽εθαυμασθην, θαυμαστοs; πειθω, persuade, middle obey, ᾽επεισθην, 
πειστεοs; διωκω, pursue, ᾽εδιωχθην, διωκτεοs. 

S678. The verbal in τεος has both a personal and an impersonal construction, 
of which the latter is more common. 

S679.  
1. ᾽αλλαι νηες μεταπεμπτεαι ᾽εισιν.
     Other ships must be sent for. 

 2. ᾽ωφελητεα σοι ῾η πολις ᾽εστιν.  
      The city must be succored by you. 

S680. in the personal construction, the verbal in TeoS is passive in sense, 
and expresses necessity, like the latin partiiciple ill dus, agreeing with the 
subject. the agent is expressed by the dative. 

S681. 
1.  ταυτα ῾ημιν ποιητεον ᾽εστιν.  
     We must do this. 

2.  πεμπτεα ᾽εστι τον στρατηγον ῾υμιν. 
     You must send your general. 

 3  την πορειαν ῾υμιν πεζῃ ποιητεον.  
     You must make the journey on foot. 

S682. In the impersonal construction the verbal is in the neuter of the 
nominative singular (sometimes plural), with ᾽εστι expressed or understood. 
The expression is equivalent to δει, one must, with the infinitive. it is 
practically active in sense, and allows transitive verbals to have an object 
like their verbs. the agent is expressed by the dative. 

S683.  
1. ᾽ελαθε τον Κυρον ᾽απελθων.  
     He went off unnoticed by Cyrus. 

2. ᾽ετυχε γαρ ταξις ᾽αυτῳ ῾επομενη των ῾οπλιτων.
     As it chanced, a division of heavy-armed men was following him. 

3.  φθασει τους ᾽αλλους Κυρος ᾽αφικομενος.  
     Cyrus will arrive before the others. 

S684. The participle with λανθανω, escape the notice of,  τυγχανω,  happen, 
and φανω, anticipate,  contains the leading idea of the expression and is usually 
translated by a verb. The aorist participle  here coincides in time with the verb 
(unless this expresses duration) and does not denote past time  in itself. 

S685. 			VOCABULARY. 

᾽απο-πορειυομια go off, depart, 
 ζηλωτος, η, ον (compare ζηλοω, envy), to be envied, enviable. 
 θαυμαστος, η, ον, (compare. θαυμαζω), wonderful, surprising.
῾ιππικος, η ον (compare. ῾ιπποs), for cavalry; 
 το ῾ιππικον, the cavalry, the horse.
 λανθανω (λαθ), λησω, ᾽ελαθον, λεληθα, λελησμια escape the notice of; 
     middle forget, 
 μανθανω (μαθ), μαθησομαι, ᾽εμαθον, μεμαθηκα, learn, especially, by inquiry, 
   find out, hear of.    
 μεταπεμπτος, ον (compare. μεταπεμπομαι), sent for. 
 μη-ποτε (μη + ποτε), never.
 ξιφος, ους, το, sword.  
 φθανω (φθα), φθησομαι and φθασω, ᾽εφθην and ᾽εφθασα, anticipate, outstrip. 

S686.  
1. ᾽εις καλον ῾ηκετε ᾽επι γαρ το ᾽ορος πορευτεον. 
     καλον - Scilicet χρονον, in the nick of time. 

2. σκεπτεον μοι δοκει᾽ειναι ῾οπως τα ῾οπλα ῾εξομεν, τα δορατα και τα 
    ξιφη και τα ᾽αλλα.

3. και ῾οι ῾ιππεις ᾽ελανθανον ᾽αυτους ᾽επι τῳ γηλοφῳ γενομενοι. 
    Note ῾αυτους, they got there before they knew it. 

4. ᾽ουκ ᾽αν ᾽ειη θαυμαστον ᾽ει τυχοιεν ταυτα μαθοντες. 

5. ῾ουτος δε τεταγμενος ᾽ετυγχανεν ᾽επι τῳ ᾽ευωνυμῳ του ῾ιππικου ᾽αρχων. 
     ῾ιππικου With ᾽αρχων, as commander of the horse. 

6. ᾽ω ᾽ανδρες στρατιωται, την πορειαν πεζῃ ποιητεον. ᾽ου γαρ ᾽εστι πλοια. 

7. παρην δε και Λακεδαιμονιος τις ᾽επι των νεων, μεταπεμπτος ῾υπο Κυρου.

8. και φθανουσιν ᾽επι τῃ ᾽ακρῳ γενομενοι τους πολεμιους. 

9. ᾽ημιν δε παντα ποιητεα ῾ως μηποτ᾽ ᾽επι τοις βαρβαροις γενωμεθα.
    an object of envy to his (friends) at home. For the two accusatives 
    after ποιεω, see 840.

10. ᾽εγω δε ῾υμων τον ᾽οικαδε βουλομενον ᾽αποπορευεσθαι τοις ᾽οικοι 
       ζηλωτον ποιησω.  

S687. 
1. This it seems to me must be considered. 

2. On the following day the generals resolved that they must advance 
    through the mountains. 

3. For there are many (reasons) why I must not do this. 

   many Use the neuter plural.

   why   δι᾽ ῾α.

4. It would not be surprising if Cyrus should think that he must pursue these men. 

5. He says that the generals ought to consider what the hindrance is. 

S688. Armor of Cyrus and his Bodyguard. The Enemy appear. 
    
    Κυρος δε και ᾽οι ῾ιππεις τουτου ῾οσον ᾽εξακοσιοι ῾ωπλισμενοι ᾽ησαν 
θωραξι μεν ᾽αυτοι και παραμηριδιοις και κρανεσι παντες πλην Kυρου. 
Kυρος δε ψιλην ᾽ειχε την κεφαλην ᾽εν τῃ μαχῃ· ᾽οι δ᾽ ῾ιπποι παντες ᾽οι 
μετα Kυρου ᾽ειχον και προμετωπιδια και προστερνιδια. ᾽ειχον δε και 
μαχαιρας ᾽οι ῾ιππεις ῾Eλληνικας.  και ᾽ηδη τε ᾽ην μεσον ῾ημερας και 
᾽ουπω καταφανεις ᾽ησαν ῾οι πολεμιοι.  ῾ηνικα δε δειλη ᾽εγιγνετο, ᾽εφανη 
κονιορτος  ῾ωσπερ νεφελη λευκη, χρονῳ δε πολλῳ ῾υστερον ῾ωσπερ 
μελανια τις ᾽εν τῳ πεδιῳ ᾽επι πολυ. 

Notes.
῾οσον: neuter as adverb, with numerals, about, 
 πλην Κυρου: the exception extends only to κρανεσι, 
῾ηνικα . . .᾽εγιγνετο: when it began to be (literally, was becoming) afternoon, 
᾽εφανη: there was seen. 
χρονῳ . . .᾽επι πολυ: considerably later (the cloud of dust appeared) just like a sort of blackness in the plain for a great distance (᾽επι πολυ). For χρονῳ, a dative of the degree of difference, see 867, 

Lesson LXXIV
 
Regular Verbs in μι, τιθημι. 

S689. Some verbs form the present and second aorist systems by adding 
the personal endings directly to the verb stem, omitting the tense suffix 
ο/ε (135, 606), except in the subjunctive. In these verbs, therefore, the 
present and second aorist stems are the simple verb stem, which is, 
however, often reduplicated with i in the present system. 

S690. Compare the following forms of the present indicative active 
of τι-θημι (θε), place, put, with those of luw (λυ), loose: 

	SING.              PLUR.		DUAL.  	        SING.     PLUR.		DUAL        
1 	τι-θη-μι 		τιθε-μεν   				λυω 		λυο-μεν 
2 	τι-θη-ς   		τι-θε-τε    	τι-θε-τον		λυεις    	λυε-τε 		λυε-τον
3 	τι-θη-ξσι 		τι-θε-ασι 		τι·θε-τον 		λυει         λυουσι    		λυε-τον
   
S691. Such verbs are called Verbs in μι, because they retain the personal 
ending μι in the first person singular of the present indicative active. Verbs 
like λυω are called Verbs in ω. 

S692. Learn the conjugation of the present and second aorist systems of 
τιθημι (θε), place, put, in 781 and 788. 

S693. Review the endings and suffixes given in 136,145,175, 401, 413, 
455, 484, 493, 

Read and note the following in explanation of the paradigms: 

S694. 
1. In the singular of the present indicative active, and in the first person of 
the singular of the imperfect indicative active, θε is lengthened to θη, and 
the third person plural of the present ends in ασι (for νσι). 

2. In the imperfect indicative active, ᾽ετιθεις, ᾽ετιθει are formed as if from a 
contract verb τιθεω.  Compare᾽επροιεις, and ᾽εποιει (782). Similarly τιθει in 
the present imperative active. Compare ποιει (782). 

3. The subjunctive has the long vowel ω or η, as in verbs in ω (315, 332), 
but this contracts with the final vowel of the verb stem (340). 

4. The optative has the mood suffix (362, 379), ι or ιη, but the latter only 
before active endings. the mood suffix is added directly to the verb stem 
and contracts with it. in these forms the accent cannot pass beyond the 
mood suffix. 

5. The singular of the second aorist indicative active does not occur. it is 
supplied by the first aorist forms ᾽εθηκα, ᾽εθηκας, ᾽εθηκε, formed with the 
tense suffix κα for σα (148). 

6. In the second aorist imperative active, θες is irregular, and the infinitive 
θειναι (for θε-εναι) is formed with the ending εναι (for simple ναι). 

7. The active participles τιθεις and θεις are declined like λυθεις (754). 

S695. 			VOCABULARY. 
᾽αιχμαλωτος, ον, captured;  as a noun, ῾οι αιχμαλωτοι, 
       prisoners of war, captives.
᾽ανα-τλθημι, set up, dedicate. 
᾽αυτου (compare αυτοs), adverb, in the very place, here, there. 
 βακτηρια, ας  ῾η,  staff, cane, walking stick. 
 γερρον, ου, το, wicker shield. 
 γονυ, γονατος το, knee. 
 δερμα, ατος το,  hide, skin. 
 δια-τιθημι, set out in order, arrange, dispose. 
᾽εν-τιθημι, put or place in, of fear, instill in, inspire in. 
᾽επι-τιθημι, impose on, inflict; middle, put oneself on, attack. 
 συν-τιθημι, put or place together; middle, contract, agree on, make 
      an agreement. 
 τιθημι (θε), θησω, ᾽εθηκα, τεθεικα, τεθειμαι, ᾽ετεθην, put, set, place. 

S696. 
1. ᾽επιθησεται ῾ημιν. 

2. τουτους δε ᾽εκελευε θεσθαι τα ῾οπλα περι την ῾αυτου σκηνην. 

    For the phrase θεσθαι το ῾οπλα, see the general 
     vocabulary.

3. την δικην χρῃζω ᾽επιθειναι αυτῳ.

4. και κελευουσι φυλαττεσθαι μη ῾υμιν ᾽επιθωνται της νυκτος ῾οι βαρβαροι. 

5. και πασας τας ῾οικιαs ᾽εκαεν, ῾ινα φοβον ᾽ενθειη τοις ᾽αλλοις. 

  ᾽αλλοις The dative follows many verbs compounded with 
     ᾽εν, συν, or ᾽επι (865).

6. ᾽ουκετι ᾽επετιθεντο ῾οι πολεμιοι τοις ῾Ελλησι, δεδοικοτες μη ᾽αποτμηθειησαν. 

7. τους μεν ῾οπλιτας ᾽αυτου ᾽εκελευσε μειναι, τας ασπιδας προς τα γονατα θεντας.

    ᾽αυτου  The adverb.

8. ᾽ενταυθα ᾽ανετιθεσαν ῾οι στρατιωται δερματων πληθος και βακτηριαs 
     και τα ᾽αιχμαλωτα γερρα. 

   γερρα  They dedicated these in thanksgiving for their safe 
       arrival at the sea.

9. και συντιθεμεθα την νυκτα, ᾽ην λαβωμεν το ᾽ακρον, το χωριον φυλαττειν. 

      νυκτα  An accusative of extent of time (836). Construe with φυλαττειν.

10. παντας ῾ουτω διατιθεις ᾽απεπεμπετο ῾ωστε ᾽αυτῳ μαλλον φιλους ᾽ειναι ᾽η βασιλει. 
   
S697. 
1. The hoplites grounded arms. 

2. They feared that the Greeks would attack them during the night. 

3. He will inflict punishment on them. 

4. I fear that he may take and inflict punishment on me. 

    take  Use the aorist participle.

5. And when they had made this agreement, they proceeded to the 
    river. 

   agreement ταυτα (cognate accusative) συνθεμενοι. 

S698. The Enemy’s Array. Cyrus wishes to attack the Persian Center.  
 
     ῾οτε δε ᾽εγγυτερον ᾽εγιγνοντο, ταχα δη και χαλκος τις ᾽ηστραπτε και ᾽αι 
 λογχαι και ᾽αι ταξεις καταφανεις ᾽εγιγνοντο.  και ᾽ησαν ῾ιππεις μεν ᾽επι του
᾽ευωνυμου των πολεμιων, ᾽εχομενοι δε γερροφοροι,᾽εχομενοι δε ῾οπλιται 
 συν ξυλιναις ᾽ασπισι.  παντες δε ῾ουτοι κατα ᾽εθνη ᾽εν πλαισιῳ πληρει 
᾽ανρωπων ᾽επορευοντο.  προ δε ᾽αυτων ᾽ην ᾽αρματα τα δρεπανηφορα 
 καλουμενα.  και ᾽εν τουτῳ Κυρος παρελαυνων ᾽αυτος συν Πιγρητι τῳ
῾ερμηνει και ᾽αλλοις τρισιν ᾽η τετταρσι τῳ Κλεαρχῳ ᾽εβοα ᾽αγειν το 
στρατευμα κατα μεσον το των πολεμιων, ῾οτι ᾽εκει βασιλευς ᾽ην.  "Καν τουτ᾽," 
᾽εφη, "νικωμεν, πανθ᾽ ῾ημιν πεποιηται."

 χαλκος τις ᾽ηστραπτε:  here and there (τις) their bronze armor began to flash.  
 κατα ᾽εθνη: nation by nation. 
᾽εν πλαισιῳ πληρει ᾽ανθρωπων: in a solid square. 
 κολουμενα: so called. 
 καν:  i.e. καν: και ᾽εαν.  
 πεποιηται: although a perfect in form, this refers vividly to the future, our whole work is    
     (will have been) done.  compare 317. 

ῳῃ῾᾽
Lesson LXXV
Ρεγυλαρ Ψερβς ιν μι, διδωμι. 

S699. Learn the conjugation of the present and second aorist systems of διδωμι (δο), give, in 785 and 789. 

Read and note the following in explanation of the paradigms: 

S700. 
1. In the singular of the present indicative active do is lengthened to δο, and the 
third person plural ends in ασι. 

2. In the imperfect indicative active, ᾽εδιδουν, ᾽εδιδους, ᾽εδιδου are formed as if 
from a contract verb διδοω. Compare ᾽εδηλουν, ᾽εδηλους, ᾽εδηλου (783). 
Similarly διδου in the present imperative active. Compare δηλου (783). 

3. For the formation of the subjunctive and optative, see 694, 3 and 4, but here in the subjunctive ο + ῃ = ῳ, not οι (340). 

4. The singular of the second aorist indicative active does not occur. It is supplied 
by the first aorist forms ᾽εδωκα, ᾽εδωκας, ᾽εδωκε, formed with the tense suffix 
κα for σα (148). 

5. In the second aorist imperative active, δος is irregular, and the infinitive 
δουναι (for δο-εναι) is formed with the ending εναι. 

6. The active participles διδους and δους are declined like λυων (754), 
except in the nominative singular masculine. 

S701. 			VOCABULARY. 
 
῾αλισκομαι (αλ, αλο), ῾αλωσομαι, ῾εαλων and ῾ηλων, ῾εαλωκα and ῾ηλωκα, be captured, 
      taken, or caught, used as passive to αιρεω. 
᾽αν αγιγνωσκω, know again, recognize, read. 
 γιγνωσκω (γνο), γνωσομαι, ᾽εγνωn, ᾽εγνωκα, ᾽εγνωσμαι, ᾽εγνωσθην, know, perceive,  
        feel, experience, learn, think. 
 διδωμι (δο), δωσω, ᾽εδωκα, δεδωκα, δεδομαι ᾽εδοθην, give, grant, permit. 
 κανδυς, υος, ῾ο, caftan, a long outer garment.
 παρα-διδωμι, pass along, give up, surrender, hand over. 
 πλεω (πλυ), πλευσομαι and πλευσουμαι, ᾽επλευσα, πεπλευκα, πεπλευσμαι, sail. 
 προ-διδωμι, give over, betray, abandon. 
 στεφανος, ου, ῾ο, crown, wreath, chaplet, garland. 
 χρυσο-χαλινος, ον (χρυσος, gold + χαλινος, bridle), with gold mounted bridle. 

a. Although not μι-verbs, ῾αλισκομαι and γιγνωσκω have second aorists of the μι-form. 

S702.  
1. ᾽αναγνους την ᾽επιστολην ᾽εδωκε Σωκρατει. 

2. Κυρος δε ᾽εκεινῳ διδωσιν ῾ιππον χρυσοχαλινοn και κανδυν. 

3. πρωτων ᾽εκεινοι ᾽ει δοιεν ᾽αν τουτων τα πιστα. 

4. ῾υμων δε των ῾Ελληνωn και στεφανον ᾽ειαστῳ χρυσουν δωσω. 

5. και δουναι και λαβειν πιστα ᾽εθελομεν. 

6. και ᾽ευθυς ᾽εγνωσαν παντες ᾽οτι ᾽εγγυς ᾽εστι βασιλευς. 

7. ᾽επι Σαρδεις ᾽ου πλευσουνται, ᾽εαν μη ᾽αυτοις χρεματα διδωτε. 

8. και ῾ιπποι ῾ηλωσαν ᾽εις ᾽εικοσι, και ῾η σκηνη ῾εαλω. 

     ᾽εις about.

9. τῃ γαρ προσθεν ῾ημερᾳ πεμπων βασιλευς τα ῾οπλα παραδιδοναι ᾽εκελευεν. 

10.᾽αναγκη δη μοι ῾υμας προδοντα τῃ Κυρου φιλιᾳ χρησθαι. 

     ᾽αναγκη - Scilicet. ᾽εστι
      προδοντα - In agreement with me, the unexpressed subject of χρησθαι.

11. προς δε βασιλεα πεμπων ᾽ηξιου Κυρος ᾽αδελφος ᾽ων ᾽αυτου δοθηναι ῾οι 
      ταυτας τας πολεις μαλλον ᾽η Τισσαφερνην ᾽αρχειν ᾽αυτων.  

      ᾽ων - The participle expresses cause (495, 2). 
      ῾οι - See 437 and 435.

S703. 
1. And he did not give them pay. 

2. They bound the guide and handed (him) over to them. 

3. She is said to have given much money to Cyrus. 

4. They gave the Greeks barbarian spears. 

5. He took the letter and gave it to Cyrus. 

S704.    Clearchus refuses. The Barbarians Advance. 
 
   ᾽ορων δε Κλεαρχος το μεσον στιφος και ᾽ακουων βασιλεα του ᾽ευωνυμου 
᾽εξω ᾽οντα ᾽ουκ ᾽ηθελεν ᾽αποσπασαι ᾽απο του ποταμου το δεξιον κερας, 
φοβουμενος μη κυκλωθειη᾽εκατερωθεν, τῳ δε Κυρῳ ᾽απεκρινατο ῾οτι
᾽αυτῳ μελοι ῾οπως καλως ᾽εχοι.  και ᾽εν τουτῳ τῳ καιρῳ βασιλευς μεν 
συν τῳ ῾εαυτου στρατευματι προσερχεται, το δε ᾽Ελληνικον ᾽ετι ᾽εν τῳ
᾽αυτῳ μενοn συνταττεται.  και ῾ο Κυρος παρελαυνωn ᾽ου πανυ προs ᾽αυτῳ
τῳ στρατευματι κατεθεατο ῾εκατερωσε ᾽αποβλεπων ᾽εις τε τους πολεμιους 
και τους φιλους. 
 
Notes.  
῾ορον . . . στιφος: although he saw the compact body at the 
      center,  i.e. the 6000 cavalry mentioned in 618.
᾽ακουων: also concessive.
βασιλεα . . .᾽οντα: what he heard was.  
βασιλευς του ᾽ευωνυμου (i.e. του Κυρου) ᾽εξω᾽εστι.  See 628. 
῾οτι . . .᾽εχοι: his answer was, ᾽εμοι μελει ῾οπως καλως ᾽εχῃ. it is my concern that all 
       shall be well. See 663. 
᾽ου πανυ προς : not very near.
 κατεθεατο: was surveying the field.
 ῾εκατερωσε ᾽αποβλεπων: looking in each direction. 

Lesson LXXVI

Regular Verbs in μι, ῾ιξρτημι. 

S705. Learn the conjugation of the present and second aorist systems of  
῾ιξρτημι (στα); set, make stand, in 786 and 790. 

Read and note the following in explanation of the paradigms: 

S706. 
1.῾ιστημι is for σι-στη-μι, the rough breathing representing the σ of the 
reduplicating syllable. 

2. In the singular of the present and imperfect indicative active, στα is 
lengthened to στη, and the third person plural of the present ends in ασι,
῾ιστασι arising from ῾ιστα-ασι by contraction. 

3. In the imperfect indicative, ι is due to the augment (67, 2). 

4. For the formation of the subjunctive and optative, see 694, 3 and 4, 
but here in the subjunctive α + η = η, not α, and α + ῃ = ῃ, not  ᾳ (340). 

5. In the present imperative active, ῾ιστη (for ῾ιστα-θι) rejects θι 
and lengthens the final vowel of the stem. 

6. The lengthening of στα to στη occurs also in the second aorist 
indicative, imperative (except in σταντων), and infinitive active, 

7. The active participles ῾ισταs and στας are declined like λυσας (754). 

8. The second aorist middle of  ῾ιστημι does not occur. 

S707. 			VOCABULARY. 
᾽αν-ιστημι, make rise, rouse; mid with perfect and second aorist 
     active, intransitive, stand up, rise. 
᾽απο-διδρασκω, run away, escape by stealth. 
 βαινω (βα), βησομαι, ᾽εβην, βεβηκα, βεβαμαι, ᾽εβαθην, go, walk. 
 δια-βαινω, go over, cross. 
 διδρασκω (δρα), δρασομαι, ᾽εδραν, δεδρακα, run. 
 δυναμαι (δυνα), δυνησομαι, δεδυνημαι, ᾽εδυνηθην, be able or capable, 
          be with, amount to, signify. 
᾽εμ-πιμπλημι, fill full, satisfy.
᾽επισταμαι (᾽επιστα), ᾽επιστησομαι, ᾽ηπιστηθην, understand, know. 
᾽εφ-ιστημι, bring to a stand, make halt; middle with perfect and 
        second aorist active, intransitive, halt, stop. 
῾ιστημι (στα), στησω, ᾽εστησα. and ᾽εστην, ῾εστηκα, ᾽εσαμαι, ᾽εσαθην, set, 
       make stand, make halt; middle (except first aorist), with perfect and second 
       aorist active, intransitive, stand, stop, halt. 
 καθ-ιστημι, set down or in order, settle, station, establish; middle, with 
     perfect and second aorist active, intransitive, take ones place. 
 πιμπλημι (πλα), πλησω, ᾽επλησα, πεπληκα, πεπλημαι and πεπλησμαι, 
    ᾽επλησθην,  fill. 

a. Although not μι-verbs, βαινω, διδρασκω, and φθανω (685) have second 
    aorists of the μι-form. 

S708.   
1. ῾οι δε πολεμιοι ᾽ουκετι ᾽εστησαν, 

2. ᾽εαν τι δυνωμαι ταυτα ποιησω.  

     δυνωμαι  With recessive accent, disregarding the contraction. 
     Compare ῾ιστωμαι (786), and see 694, 3.

3. τας διφθερας ᾽επιμπλασαν χιλου. 

     χιλου Verbs signifying to fill take the accusative of the thing 
               filled and the genitive of material (848).

4. ᾽ανεσησαν ῾οι ῾Ελληνες κια ᾽ειπον ῾οτι ῾ωρα τους φυλακας καθισταναι. 

5. και ᾽εφθησαν ᾽επι τῳ ᾽ακρῳ γενομενοι τους ῾ιππεας. 

     ᾽εφθησαν Second aorist of the μι-form.

6. ᾽αλλα και τουτο γε ᾽επιστασθε. 

7. τουτο δε ᾽ουδεν ᾽αλλο δυναται ᾽η ᾽αποδραναι.

       τουτο Refers to a course of conduct
      ᾽η than.

8. ᾽εβουλευοντο ῾οπως ᾽αν καλλιστα διαβαιεν. 

9. ᾽επεστη ῾ο Κυρος συν τοις περι ᾽αυτον ᾽αρστοις. 

10. ῾ο δε ᾽εμπιμπλας ᾽απαντων την γνωμην ᾽απεπεμπεν.

        γνωμην  satisfying the desire.

11. σταντων ῾οι ῾οπλιται. 

12, ᾽αλλ῾ ᾽ευ ᾽επιστασθων ῾οτι ᾽ουκ ᾽αποδεδρακασιν. 
 
S709. 
1. He halted his men.

2. Anabasis rose and spoke as follows. 

3. He was not able to rise.

4. They made those who had been wounded rise. 

      wounded Use the perfect participle with the article (487,3 and 4). 

5. You must cross the river, that the enemy may not escape by 
    stealth.

S710. The Sacrifices are favorable. The Watchword.  
 
    ᾽ιδων δε Κυρον ᾽απο του ᾽Ελληνικου Ξενοfων ᾽Αθηναιος, πελασας
῾ωστε συναντησαι ᾽ηρετο ᾽ει τι παραγγελλοι. ῾ο δε ᾽επιστησας ᾽ειπε 
και λεγειν ᾽εκελευσε πασιν ᾽οτι τα ῾ιερα καλα. ταυτα δε τῳ Ξενοφωντι 
λεγων θορυβου ᾽ηκουσε, και ᾽ηρετο τις ῾ο θορυβος ᾽ειη. ῾ο δε Kλεαρχος 
᾽ειπεν ῾οτι συνθημα παρερχεται δευτερον ᾽ηδη δια των ταξεων. κια
᾽εθαυμασε Kυρος τισ παραγγελλει, και ᾽ηρετο ῾ο τι ᾽ειη το συνθημα.
῾ο δ᾽ ᾽απεκρινατο, "Zευς Σωτηρ και Nικη." ῾ο δε Kυρος ᾽ακουσας, 
"Aλλα δεχομαι τε, ᾽εφη, "και τουτο ᾽εστω."  ταυτα δ᾽ ᾽ειπων᾽εισ την
᾽αυτου χωραν ᾽απηλαυνεν. 
 
Notes.   
πελασαs κτλ: approaching him so as to meet him. (κτλ - see § 465)
᾽ηρετο: the second aorist of poetic ᾽ερομαι, equivalent to ᾽ερωταω. 
᾽ει τι παραγγελλοι: whether he had any commands. For the  
        optative in the indirect question, see 569.
3.᾽επιστησας: first aorist, transitive, pulling up (his horse ), 
4. θορυβου: for the genitive following ᾽ακουω, see 846.  
5. Κλεαρχος ᾽ειπεν: he had ridden up in the meantime. , 
7. τις παραγγελλει:  who was giving it out, without his approval. 

Lesson LXXVII

Regular Verbs in μι, δεικνυμι.

S711. Learn the conjugation of the present system of δειικνυμι (δωε), show, 
in 787, and the second aorist system of δυω (δυ), enter, in 791. No second 
aorist of δεικνυμι occurs. 

Read and note the following in explanation of the paradigms: 

S712. 1. In the present system of δεικνυμι, the personal endings are not added 
directly to the verb stem δεικ (689), but to the verb stem increased by νυ. 

2. In the singular of the present and imperfect indicative active, δεικνυ is 
lengthened to δεικνυ, and the third person plural of the present ends in ασι. 

3. The subjunctive and optative are formed as in verbs in ω. 

4. In the present imperative active, δεικνυ (for δεικνυ-θι) rejects θι and 
lengthens the final vowel of the stem. 

5. In the second aorist active, δυ is lengthened to δυ in the indicative, imperative 
(except in δυντων), and infinitive. 

6. The active participles δεικνυ, and δυ, are declined δεικνυς, δεικνυσα, 
δεικνυν, genitive δεικνυντος, δεικνυσης, δεικνυντος, etc. 

7. The second aorist middle does not occur. 

S713.				 VOCABULARY

᾽απο-δεικνυμι, set forth, make known, appoint; middle, set forth 
       one's views, declare. 
᾽απ-ολλυμι, destroy utterly, kill, middle., with second perfect 
       active, perish, die, be lost. 
'Απολλων, ωνος,῾ο,  Αpollo.
 δεικνυμι (δεικ), δειξω, ᾽εδειξα, δεδειχα, δεδειγμαι, ᾽εδειχθην, show. 
 δερω, δερω, ᾽εδειρα, δεδαρμαι, ᾽εδαρην (compare δερμα),  flay. 
 δυω, δυσω, ᾽εδυσα and ᾽εδυν, δεδυκα, δεδυμαι, ᾽εδυθην, make enter,
          intransitive, enter. 
᾽εκδερω, strip off the skin, flay. 
᾽ενδυω, put on, clothe oneself in. 
᾽επιδεικνυμι, show to, exhibit, disclose. 
῾ευρισκω (ευρ), ῾ευρησω, ῾ηυρον, ῾ηυρηκα, ῾ηυρημαι, ῾ηυρεθην, find, discover;
          middle, find for oneself, procure. 
 κρεμαννυμι (κrεμα), κρεμω, ᾽εκρεμασα, ᾽εκρεμασθην, hang up. 
 Μαρσυας, ᾽ου, ῾o,  Marsyas, a satyr. 
᾽ολλυμι (᾽ολ), ᾽ολω, ᾽ωλεσα and ᾽ωλομην, ᾽ολωλεκα and ᾽ολωλα, destroy, lose; 
        middle with second perfect active, perish. 
᾽ομνυμι (᾽ομ, ᾽ομο), ᾽ομουμαι, ᾽ωμοσα, ᾽ομωμοκα, ᾽ομωμομαι and ᾽ομωμοσμαι, 
        ᾽ωμοθην and ᾽ωμοσθην, swear, take an oath. 

S714. 
1. ᾽αποδεικνυνται῾οι μαντεις παντες γνωμην ᾽οτι μαχη ᾽ουκ ᾽εσται. 

2. τους ᾽ανδρας ᾽αυτους ῾οις ᾽ωμνυτε ᾽απολωλεκατε. 

3. ῾οι δε ᾽οπλιται του Μενωnοs ῾υπολειφθεντες και ᾽ου δυναμενοι
    ᾽ευρειν το ᾽αλλο στρατευμα ᾽απωλοντο. 

4.  και ᾽αποτεμοντες τας κεφαλας των νεκρων, ᾽επεδεικνυσαν τοις 
    ῾εαυτων πολεμιοις. 

5.  τοις παισιν ᾽εδεικνυσαν ῾ο τι δεοι ποιειν. 

6. ᾽ενταυθα λεγεται ᾽Απολλων ᾽εκδειραι Μαρσυαν και το δερμα κρεμασαι. 

7.  κωμην δε δεξαs ᾽αυτοις ῾οπου σκηνησουσι ᾽απεπορευθη. 

8.  κυρος τον θωρακα ᾽ενεδυ.  

9.  βουλομενοs ᾽ουν Κυροs ᾽επιδεικνυναι το στρατευμα, ᾽εξετασιν ποιειται 
    ᾽εν τῳ πεδιῳ των ᾽Ελληνωn και των βαρβαρων. 
    
S715. 
1. Hereupon he expresses his opinion. 

2. After him another rose up, pointing out what must be done. 

3. He disclosed the plot to the general. 

4. They put on their breast plates and ordered arms. 

5. Many of the beasts of burden perished. 

S716. The Greeks charge on the Run, and the Enemy take to Flight. 
 
    και᾽ουκετι τρια ᾽η τετταρα σταδια διειχετην τω φαλαγγε ᾽απ᾽ ᾽αλληλων 
῾ηνικα ᾽επαιανιζον τε ῾οι ῾Eλληνες και ᾽ηρχοντο ᾽αντιοι ᾽ιεναι τοις πολεμιος. 
῾ως δε πορευομενων των ᾽Eλληνων ᾽εξεκυμαινε μερος τι της φαλαγγος, το ῾υπολειπομενον ᾽ηρξατο δρομῳ θειν:  και ᾽αμα ᾽εφθεγξαντο παντες, και 
 παντες δε ᾽εθεον. λεγουσι δε τινες ῾ως και ταις ᾽ασπισι προς τα δορατα 
᾽εδουπησαν, φοβον ποιουντες τοισ ῾ιπποις.  πριν δε τοξευμα ᾽εξκνεισθαι,
᾽εκκλινουσιν ῾οι βαρβαροι και φευγουσι. και ᾽ενταυθα δη ᾽εδωκον μεν 
κατα κρατος ῾οι ῾Eλληνες, ᾽εβοων δε ᾽αλληλοις μη θειν δρομῳ, ᾽αλλ᾽ ᾽εν 
ταψει ῾επεσθαι. 
 
Notes.  
και ᾽ουκετι . . .᾽αλληλων:  i.e., the two lines (dual) were less than three or 
     four stades (accusative of extent of space, (836) apart. This was less 
    than half a mile. 
᾽επαιανιζον: began to sing the paean, as an omen of victory.  
᾽αντιοι ᾽ιεναι:  to go to meet, to go against. For the following dative, see 863.
῾ως δε φαλαγγοs: when, as the Greeks proceeded (genitive absolute, 516) a 
     part of the phalanx surged, forward (see ᾽εκκυμαινω), literally billowed out.
 το ῾υπολειπομενον: equivalent to ῾οι ᾽αλλοι. See 487, 3 and 4.
 και παντες δε: compare 667, 7. 
᾽ασρπισι: dative of instrument (866). ,
῾ιπποις: dative of disadvantage (861 ),
 πριν . . .᾽εξικνεισθαι: before an arrow reached them (536),  i.e. before the 
     Greeks were within bowshot. 

Lesson LXXVIIΙ

S717.  A few verbs have second perfects and pluperfects formed without tense
suffix, after the anology of verbs in μι, the personal endings being added directly
to the verb stem.

S718.  Learn the conjugation of the second perfect system without tense suffix
of  ῾ιστημι in 792.

S719.  
1. The indicative singular does not occur.  ῾εστως (for ῾ε-στα-ως) is declined
῾εστως, ῾εστωσα, ῾εστος, genitive ῾εστωτος, ῾εστωσης, ῾εστωτος, etc.
2. Other verbs have forms in the second perfect without suffix.  Thus, βαινω
(βα), go,  βεβασι, they have gone, participle βεβως; θνῃσκω (θαν) die, 
τεθνασι, they are dead, participle τεθνεως; δεδια (δε),  fear  (compare 
δεδοικα), δεδιασι, they fear, participle δεδιως.

S720.  Here belongs also the irregular verb in μι, ᾽οιδα (ιδ, ειδ), know,  a 
second perfect with present force, formed without reduplication, the 
pluperfect (as imperfect) being ῃδη or ῃδειν.

S721.  Learn the conjugation of  ᾽οιδα in 793.

S722.  VOCABULARY  
᾽Ακρας, αδος, ῾ο, an Arcadian.
 καιπερ, conjugation, although, used with the concessive participle.
 μισθο-φορα, ας, ῾η, (compare μισθο-φορος) pay.
᾽οιδα, ᾽εισομαι, know, know of.
᾽οιχομαι, ᾽οιχησομαι, present with perfect force, have gone, be gone.
 προ-διαβαινω, cross first.
 προ-λαυνω, ride forward, push on.
 πω, adverb, yet, up to this time (enclitic).
 συμμαχια, ας, ῾η, (compare συμ-μαχος) alliance.
 συν-οιδα,  share in knowledge, be conscious.

S723.  
1. ᾽ουκ ᾽ιστε ῾ο τι ποιειτε. 

2. ῾οι δε ᾽αλλοι ῾εστασαν, ᾽απορουντες τῳ πραγματι. 

      πραγματι Dative of cause (866).

3. ῾οι πολεμιοι ᾽ουκ ᾽ισασι πω την ῾ημετεραν συμμαχιαν. 

4. τους προδιαβεβωτας λαβων ᾽ῳχετο. 

5. δεδιασι τουσ στρατιωτας ῾οι την μισθοφοραν ῾υπεσχημενοι. 

     ῾υπεσχημενοι those who have promised (487, 3 and 4).

6.  ᾽ανδρες στρατιωται, των ᾽Αρκαδων ῾οι μεν τεθνασιν, ᾽οι δε 
      λοιποι ᾽επι γηλοφοφου τινος πολιορκουνται. 

      μεν some (815). Here in the second member we have a fuller 
      expression ῾οι λοιποι, the rest, for ῾οι δη, others.

7.  παρεστι δε ῾ο σατραπης βουλομενοs ᾽ειδεναι τι πραχθησεται. 

8. ᾽ου γαρ ῃδεσαν ῾οι ῾Ελληνες Κυρον τεθνηκοτα, ᾽αλλ᾽ ᾽εικαζον 
᾽η διωκοντα᾽οιχεσθαι ᾽η καταληψομενοn τι προεληλακεναι. 

     τεθνηκοτα  Participle in indirect discourse 628). The original 
      thought was Kurος τεθνηκe first perfect). 

    ᾽οιχεσθαι Infinitive in indirect discourse (469). Their thought 
      was ᾽η διωκων ᾽οιχεται ᾽η καταληψομενος τι προεληλακε.

9.  τῳ δε ᾽ανδρι πεισομαι, ῾ινα ᾽ειδητε ᾽οτι και ᾽αρχεσθαι ᾽επισταμαι. 

     ᾽ανδρι Dative following πεισομαι, I will obey (860).

10. ᾽Ορονταν προσεκυνησαν, καιπερ ᾽ειδοτες ᾽οτι ᾽επι θανατον ᾽αγοιτο. 

11. ῾οι δε ᾽αλλοι ᾽εφεστασαν ᾽εξω των δενδρων.  ᾽ου γαρ ᾽ην ᾽ασφαλες
     ᾽εν τοις δενδροις ῾εσταναι. 

12. συνοιδα γαρ ᾽εμαυταῳ παντα ᾽εψευσμενος ᾽αυτον.  
 
        παντα Accusative of specification (834).

       ᾽εψευσμενος  that I have deceived. The participle is in indirect 
        discourse 628).

S724. 
1. They said that the generals knew this. 

2. Be assured that they will follow you. 

3. They were standing among the trees. 

4. Whether, then, I shall do what is just, I do not know. 

    just   just (things). See 806.

5. I am not willing to go, fearing that he may take me and inflict punishment on (me). 

S725. The Kings Chariots are useless. Cyrus on the Alert.  
 
    των  δ᾽ ῾αρματων τα μεν δι ᾽αυτων των πολεμιων ᾽εφεροντο, το δε και δια 
των ῾Ελληνωn, κενα ῾ηνιοχων.  ῾οι δ᾽ ᾽επει προιδοιεν, διισταντο.   και 
κατεληφθη τις ῾ωσπερ ᾽εν ῾ιπποδρομῳ ᾽εκπλαγεις.   και ᾽ουδεν μεντοι ᾽ουδε 
τουτον παθειν ᾽εφασαν, ᾽ουδ ᾽αλλος των ᾽Ελληλνωn ᾽εν ταυτῃ τῃ μαχῃ 
᾽επαθεν ᾽ουδεις ᾽ουδεν, πλην᾽επι τῳ ᾽ευωνυμῳ τοξευθηναι τις ᾽ελεγετο. 
Κυρος δ ῾ορων τους ῾Ελληνας νικωντας το καθ᾽ ᾽αυτους και διωκοντας,
῾ηδομενος και προσκυνουμενοs ᾽ηδη ῾ως βασιλευς ῾υπο των ᾽αμφ ᾽αυτον,
᾽ουδ᾽ ῾ως ᾽εξηχθη διωκειν, ᾽αλλα ᾽επεμελειτο ῾ο τι ποιησει βασιλευς.  και 
γαρ ᾽ῃδει ᾽αυτον ῾οτι μεσον ᾽εχοι του Περσικου στρατευματος. 

Notes.  
των ῾αρματων:  i.e. of the enemy. 
τα μεν . . . τα δε: some . . . . others (815)
῾ηνιοχων: genitive following the adjective signifying want (855),     
῾οι δε: and they, i.e. the Greeks.  
᾽επει προιδοιεν, διισταντο: opened a gap, whenever they saw them coming on, 
     optative in general supposition (533, 5),  
κατεληφθη τις ᾽εκπλαγεις:  one Greek was caught in his consternation. He 
      was rattled and failed to get out of the way! 
και . . .᾽εφασαν: and yet, in fact (και μεντοι), they said that not even he 
     suffered any harm. For the emphatic negative expressed by the 
     accumulation of negatives, see the note on 616, 10.  Compare the next 
     in line. 
τις: a single man. 
῾ορων: when he saw (495, 1) 
νικωντας, διωκοντας: participles in indirect discourse (628).
῾ηδομενος, προσκυνουμενοs: concessive participles (495, 6).
῾ουδ᾽ ῾ως: not even then (thus, under these circumstances)
᾽ῃδει ᾽αυτον ῾οτι ᾽εχοι: knew him that he had, i.e. knew that he had. 

ῳῃ῾᾽
Lesson LXXIX

Irregular Verbs in ΜΙ, φημι, ᾽ειμι, ᾽ειμι. 

S726. Certain important verbs follow the analogy of regular verbs in μι in the 
present and second  aorist systems, but are more or less irregular in formation. 
Some of them lack the second aorist  system entirely. In their other systems, so 
far as these occur, they follow verbs in ω. 

S727. Learn the conjugation of φημι,᾽ειμι, and᾽ειμι in 794, 795, 796, and 
review 166, 168, 169, 

S728. VOCABULARY. 
᾽απ-ειμι (᾽ειμι), go off or away, depart. 
᾽ειμι (᾽εσ), ᾽εσομαι, be. 
᾽ειμι (ι), go, proceed, march; present indicative with future force, shall go. 
᾽επ-ειμι (᾽ειμι), go or come on, advance, make an attack. 
 κατα-καω, burn down, burn up. 
 κρισις, εως,῾η (compare κρινω), decision, trial. 
 προ-ειμι (᾽ειμι), go forward, advance. 
῾ρεω (ρυ), ῾ρευσομαι, ᾽ερρυηκα ᾽ερρυην, flow. 
 σαλπιζω (σαλπιγγ), ᾽εσαλπιγξα, blow the trumpet.
῾υπ-οπτευω, ῾υπ-οπτευσω, ῾υπ-ωπτευσα, ῾υπ-ωπτευθην (compare ᾽οψομαι), 
        suspect, apprehend. 
 φερω (φερ, ῾οι, ᾽ενεκ, ᾽ενεγκ), ᾽οισω, ᾽ηνεγκα and ᾽ηνεγκον, ᾽ενηνοχα, 
       ᾽ενηνεγμαι, ᾽ηνεχθην, bear, bring, carry, produce, endure;   
 χαλεπως φερω, be troubled. 
 φημι (φα), φησω, ᾽εφησα  say, declare, state. 
 φλυαρια, αs,῾η (compare φλυαρεω), nonsense;  plural bosh. 
 χολεπως (compare χαλεπος), painfully, with difficulty. 

S729.
1. ᾽αλλ᾽ ᾽εγω φημι ταυτα φλυαriας ᾽ειναι. 

     ᾽ειναι  φημι takes the infinitive in indirect discourse (469).

2.  παρα Κυρου ᾽ουδεις ᾽απῃει προς βασιλεα. 

3.  και ᾽επει ᾽εσαλπιγξεν, ᾽επῃεσαν. 

      ᾽εσαλπιγξεν  i.e. the trumpeter.

4. ῾ουτω γαρ απιοντες ᾽ασφαλως ᾽αν ᾽απιοιμεν. 

5. ᾽εμοι, ᾽ω ᾽ανδρες, θυομενῳ ᾽ιεναι ᾽επι βασιλεα ᾽ουκ ᾽εγιγνετο τα ῾ιερα. 

       ᾽ιεναι  for going. Construe with ᾽ουκ ᾽εγιγνετο, were not 
        favorable. The infinitive expresses purpose  (461, 7).

6. ᾽ανδρες στρανωται, μη θαυμαζετε ᾽οτι χαλεπως φερω τοις παρουσι πραγμασιν. 

         πραγμασιν Dative of cause (866).

7. δια μεσου δε του παραδεισου ῾ρει ῾ο Μαιανδρος ποταμοs.  ῾αι δε πηγαι
   ᾽αυτου ᾽εισιν᾽εκ των βασιλειων. 

       βασιλειων  It would be more natural to say ᾽εν τοις βασιλειοις, but the 
       speaker has in mind the flow of the  living water from the palace.

8.  τα δε πλοια ᾽ουτος προιων κατεκαυσεν, ῾ινα μη Κυρος διαβαιη τον ποταμον. 

9.  νυν μεν ᾽ουν ᾽απιτε, καταλιποντες τονδε τον ᾽ανδρα.  ῾υστερον  δε παρεστε 
    προς την κρισιν. 

       ᾽απιτε Imperative.

10.  και ᾽ου φασιν ᾽ιεναι, ᾽εαν μη τις ᾽αυτοις χρηματα διδῳ. 

      ᾽ιεναι  say they will not go. They said, ᾽ουκ ᾽ιμεν.

11. ᾽οι δε ῾υπωπτευον και τουτου ᾽ενεκα ᾽αυτον λεγειν, ῾ως μη πεζῃ ᾽ιοντες 
      την των βαρβαρων τι χωραν κακον ᾽εργαζοιντο. 

        ᾽εργαζοιντο  For two accusatives after verbs of  doing, see  839.
   
S730. 
1. Let us go to the men. 

2. They made the attack with a great shout. 

3. I say, therefore, that  you ought to cross the Euphrates. 

4. But (while) saying this, he heard a noise going through the  ranks. 

    noise Use the genitive (846).

5. They went frequently to his headquarters and demanded their pay. 

S731. The King begins to move, and Cyrus charges.  
 
   και παντες δ᾽ ῾οι των βαρβαρων ᾽αρχοντες μεσον ᾽εχοντες το ᾽αυτων 
᾽ηγουνται, νομιζοντες ᾽ουτως ᾽εν ᾽ασφαλεστατῳ ᾽ειναι. και βασιλευς 
δη τοτε μεσον ᾽εχων της᾽αυτου στρατιας ῾ομως ᾽εξω ᾽εγενετο του 
Κυρου ᾽ευωνυμου κερατος.  ᾽επει δ ᾽ουδεις ᾽αυτῳ ᾽εμαχετο ᾽εκ του 
᾽αντιου ᾽ουδε τοις ᾽αυτου τεταγμενοις ᾽εμπροσθεν, ᾽επεκαμπτεν ῾ως ᾽εις 
κυκλωσιν.  ᾽ενθα δη Κυρος, δεισας μη ᾽οπισθεν γενομενος κατακοψειε. 
το ᾽Eλληνικον, ᾽ελαυνει ᾽αντιος.   και ᾽εμβαλων συν τοισ ῾εξακοσιοις 
νικᾳ τους προ βασιλεως τεταγμενους και ᾽εις φυγην ᾽ετρεψε τους 
῾εξακισχιλιους, και ᾽αποκτειναι  λεγεται ᾽αυτος τῃ ῾εαυτου χειρι  
᾽Aρταγερσην τον ᾽αρχοντα ᾽αυτων. 

Notes.  
μεσον . . .῾ηγουνται: i.e. they always command their own centers.
῾ουτως: thus, repeats the thought of,  μεσον᾽εχοντες το ῾αυτων.
᾽εν ᾽ασφαλεστατῳ: in the safest (position).
και βασιλευς . . .῾ομως: the king accordingly (δη) on this occasion held 
     (concessive participle, 495, 6) the center, but still, etc. 
᾽αυτου: with ᾽εμπροσθεν, in front of him (856).
᾽επεκαμπτεν . . . κυκλωσιν: he wheeled round (literally against), as if to 
         encircle (the enemy). 
᾽ελαυνει᾽αντιος: charged to meet (him). 
᾽αυτος τῃ ῾εαυτου χειρι: himself with his own hand (866). 

Lesson LXXX

Irregular Verbs in MI (continued), ῾ιημι, κειμαι, ῾ημαι. 

S732. Learn the conjugation of ῾ιημι, send, κειμαι, lie, and καθημαι, sit, 
in 797, 798, and 799. 

S733. 			VOCABULARY. 

᾽Αθηναιος, α, ον, from Athens, Athenian. 
῾αμαρτανω (῾αμαρτ), ῾αμαρτησομαι, ῾ημαρτον, ῾ημαρτηκα, ῾ημαρτημαι, 
      ῾ημαρτηθην, miss the mark, miss, err, do wrong.
᾽αφ-ιημι, send away, let go or depart. 
 δι-ελαυνω, drive or ride through. 
᾽επι-κειμαι, lie upon, attack. 
῾ιημι (ε), ῾ησω, ῾ηκα, ῾εικα, ῾ιμαι, ῾ειθην, send, throw, hurl at; middle, rush, charge. 
 καθ-ημαι (῾ησ), sit down, be seated, sit. 
 κειμαι, κεισομαι, lie, be laid, lie dead, be situated. 
 λιθος, ου, ῾ο, stone. 
 προ-ιημι, send forth, middle, give oneself up, entrust, surrender, abandon. 

S734. 
1. ᾽επι του ῾αρματος καθημενος Κυρας την πορειαν ᾽εποιειτο. 

2. τοις διαβαινουσιν ᾽επικεισονται, ᾽οι πολεμιοι ᾽οπισθεν. 

      διαβαινουσιν  Thε dative follows  ᾽επικεισονται (865).

3. ᾽ενθα δη λοχαγος τις ᾽Αθηναιοs ᾽αυτους ᾽εκελευσεν ᾽αφιεναι ῾εαυτον. 

4.  ῾ουτοι δε, ῾οτι ᾽ουκ ᾽ηθελε Κυρας τους φευγοντας προεσθαι, ᾽εφοβουντο ᾽αυτον.

5. ᾽ουκ ᾽αξιον ᾽εστι βασιλει ᾽αφειναι τους ᾽εφ᾽ ᾽εαυτον στρατευσαμενους. 

6.  κρατιστον ῾ημιν ῾ιεσθαι ῾ως ταχιστα ᾽επι το ᾽ακρον. 

7. ᾽εντευθεν ᾽επορευθησαν προς τειχος ᾽ερημον μεγα, προς τῃ πολει κειμενοn. 

8. των δε Μενωνος στρατιωτων ξυλα σχιζων τις, ῾ως ᾽ειδε Κλεαρχον 
    διελαυνοντα, ῾ιησι τῃ ᾽αξινῃ.   και ῾ουτος μεν ᾽αυτου ᾽ημαρτεν.  
   ᾽αλλος δε λιθῳ και ᾽αλλος, ᾽ειτα πολλοι, κραυγης γενομενης.  

       ᾽αξινῃ  Dative of instrument (866).

       ᾽αυτου The genitive follows verbs signifying to hit or miss (845).

        λιθῳ  Scilicet ῾ιηλτι.

S735. 
1. Straightway they rushed into the boats. 

2. He says he will never abandon his friends. 

3. But crying out, I see the man, he rushed upon him. 

        crying out ᾽ειπων

4. The enemy were encamped in the open road. 

5. They surprised the guards sitting round a fire. 

S736. Cyrus attacks the King in Person, and is slain. 
 
    ῾ως δ᾽ τροπη ᾽εγενετο, διασπειρονται και ῾οι Κυρου ῾εξακοσιοι ᾽εις 
το διωκειν ῾ορμησαντες, πλην πανυ ᾽ολιγοι ᾽αμφ᾽ ᾽αυτον κατελειφθησαν. 
συν τουτοις δε ᾽ων καθορᾳ βασιλεα και το ᾽αμφ᾽ ᾽εκεινον στιφος.   και
᾽ειπων, "τον᾽ανδρα῾ορω,"  ῾ιετο ᾽επ᾽ ᾽αυτον και παιει κατα το στερνον 
και τιτρωσκει δια του θωρακοs.  παιοντα δ᾽ ᾽αυτον ᾽ακοντιζει τις παλτῳ
῾υπο τον ᾽οφθαλμον βιαιως.   και ᾽ενταυθα ᾽εμαχοντο και βασιλευς και 
Κυρος και ῾οι ᾽αμφ᾽ ᾽αυτους ῾υπερ ᾽εκατερου.  και των μεν ᾽αμφι 
βασιλεα ᾽απεθνῃσκον πολλαι, Kυρος δε ᾽αυτος ᾽απεθανε και ᾽οκτω ῾οι 
᾽αριστοι των περι ᾽αυτον ᾽εκειντο ᾽επ᾽ ᾽αυτῳ.   ῾ουτως ᾽ουν ᾽ετελευτησε 
Kυρας, ᾽ανηρ ᾽ων Περσων των μετα Kυρον τον ᾽αρχαιον γενομενων 
βασιλικωτατος τε και ᾽αρχειν ᾽αξιωτατος. 

Notes
᾽εις το διωκειν: in pursuit. compare 674, 8. 
 πλην: here a conjunction, except. 
 στιφοs: the kings immediate attendants, who now rallied round 
      him is a compact body (στιφοs) for his protection.
δ᾽ ᾽αυτον:  i.e. Cyrus. 
Περσων . . . γενομενωn: the Persians meant are those of the 
      royal line born (γενομενωn) after the time of Cyrus the Great. 

I.  First position of Cyrus facing down stream. 
II.  First position of King facing up stream. 
III.  Second position of King facing down stream. 
IV. Second position of Greek Troops facing up stream. 

1. Paphlagonian Cavalry. 	5. Position of Cyrus. 		9. Troops of Gobryas. 
2. Greek light-armed Troops. 	6. Cyreian Camp. 		10. Troops of Arbaces. 
3. Greek Phalanx. 		7. Position of King. 		11. Hill. 
4. Native Troops of Cyrus. 	8. Troops of Tissaphernes. 	12. Cunaxa. 

The dotted lines indicate the scythe-bearing chariots, posted in front of the Persian forces in both armies. 

ῳᾳῃ῾᾽

APPENDIX. 

CONTAINING MATERIALS FOR USE IN THE PRECEDING LESSONS. 

Contraction of Vowels. 

S737. 1. Two vowels which can form a diphthong simply unite in one  syllable. 

Thus,᾽ευρει, ᾽ευρει (747-749); κπεαι, κρεαι (747); ᾽αληθει, ᾽αληθει (752). 

2. Two like vowels ( i.e. two α sounds, two ε sounds, or two ο sounds, without 
regard to quantity) unite to form the common long (α, η, or ω). 

thus, μναα, μνα (742); ποιεητε, ποιητε (782); δηλοω, δηλω (783). exception: 
κρεαα, κρεα (747). 

a. But ε + ε gives ει, and  ο + ο  gives ου. 

    Thus, ποιεετε, ποιειτε (782); ᾽ευρεε, ᾽ευρει, τριηπεες, τριηρεις (747-749); 
᾽αληθεε, ᾽αληθει, ᾽αληθεες, ᾽αληθεις (752); δηλοομεν, δηλουμεν (783); νοος  
νους (742); ῾απλοος, ῾απλους (751). 

3. When an ο sound precedes or follows an α or an ε sound, the two become  ω. 

Thus, τιμαω, τιμω, τιμαομεν, τιμωμεν (781); κπεαος, κρεως, κπεαων, κρεων (747); δηλοητε, δηλωτε (783); ποιεω, ποιω (782); τπιηπεων, τριηρων (747); ᾽αληθεων, ᾽
αληθωn (752). 

a. But ο + ε and ε + ο give ου. 

   Thus, δηλοετε, δηλουτε (783); νοε, νου (742); ποιεομεν, ποιουμεν (782); 
   χπυσεος, χρυσους (751); ᾽ευπεο  ᾽ευρους (747); ᾽αληθεος, ᾽αληθους (752). 

4. When an α sound precedes or follows an ε sound,  the first (in order) 
prevails, and we have α or η. 

Τhus, τιμαετε, τιματε, τιμαητε, τιματε (781); ᾽ευπεα, ᾽ευρη, τπιηπεα, τριηρη, 
᾽αλττεα, ᾽αστη (747, 748); ᾽αληθεα, ᾽αληθη (752). 

5.  A vowel disappears by absorption before a diphthong beginning with the same 
vowel, and ε is always absorbed before οι. 

Thus, ποιεει, ποιει (782); δηλοουλτι, δηλουσι, δηλοοι, δηλοι (783); ποιεοι, 
ποιοι (782); ᾽ευπεοιν, ᾽ευροιν, τπιηπεοιν, τριηροιν (747); ᾽αληθεοιν, 
᾽αληθοιν (752). 

6. In other cases a simple vowel followed by a diphthong is contracted with 
the first vowel of the diphthong, and a following ι remains as iota subscript, 
but a following υ disappears. 

Thus, τιμαει, τιμᾳ, τιμαουσι, τιμωσι, τιμαῃ, τιμᾳ, τιμαοι, τιμy (781); 
ποιεουσι, 
ποιουσι, ποιεῃ, ποιῃ (782), 

a. But in verbs in οω, ο + ει  and  ο + ῃ give οι. 

Thus, δηλοει, δηλλοι, δηλοῃ, δηλλοι (783). 

b. Infinitives in αειν and οειν contract into αν and ουν. 

Thus, τιμαειν, τιμαν (781); δηλοειν, δηλουν (783). 

7. (Special Rule for Vowel Declension) in contracts of the Vowel Declension, 
every short vowel before α, or before a long vowel or a diphthong, is absorbed. 
See 742; 751. 

a. But in the singular of the A Declension εα is contracted regularly to η (after 
a vowel or ρ, to 1). See 742; 751. 

 
Changes of Consonants. 

S738. 
1. The only consonants which can end a Greek word are ν, ρ, and ς. If others 
are left at the end in forming words, they are dropped. See 251; 253; 254. 

2. Initial ρ is doubled when a vowel precedes it in forming a compound 
word, and after the syllabic augment. 

Thus,  ᾽αναρριπτω (ανα + ῾ριπτω); ᾽ερριπτον  (imperfect of ῾ριπτω). 
 
MUTES BEFORE OTHER MUTES. 

3. Before a τ-mute, a π-mute or a κ-mute is made co-ordinate (8); 
another τ-mute becomes σ. 

Thus,  πεμπω, ᾽επεμφθην, ᾽αγω, ᾽ηχθην, πειθω, ᾽επεισθην (196); 
λειπω, λελειπται (209, 1); ᾽αγω, ᾽ηκται (217, 1);  πειθω, πεπεισται 
(220, 1) See also 677. 

4. Before κ, a τ-mute is dropped. 

Thus, ᾽αθποιζω, ᾽ηθροικα, ῾αρπαζω, ῾ηρπακα (113). 
 
MUTES BEFORE Σ. 

5. A π-mute with σ forms ψ; a κ-mute forms ξ;  a τ-mute is dropped. 
 
Thus, πεμπω, πεμψω, ῾επεμψα, διωκω, διωξω, ᾽εδιωξα, ῾αρπαζω, 
῾αρπασω,῾ηρπασα (90); λειπω, λελειψαι (209, 1); ᾽αγω, ᾽ηξαι (217, 1); 
πειθω, πεπεισαι (220, 1). See also 243, 250. 
 
MUTES BEFORE Μ. 

6. Before μ a π-mute becomes μ; a κ-mute becomes γ; a τ-mute becomes σ. 

Thus,  λειπω, λελειμμαι (209, 1); ᾽αγω, ᾽ηγμαι (217, 1); πειθω, πεπεισμαι (220, 1). 

N BEFORE OTHER CONSONANTS. 

7. Before a π-mute ν becomes μ; before a κ-mute it becomes γ-nasal (10); 
before a τ-mute it is unchanged. 

Thus,  ᾽εμπιπτω (᾽εν + πιπτω); συμβουλευω (συν + βουλευω); συμφερω 
(συν + φεπω) φαινω, πεφαγκα (625); φαινω, ᾽εφανθην (659). 
 
8. Before another liquid ν is changed to that liquid. 

Thus,  συλλεγω (συν + λεγω); ᾽εμμενω (᾽εν + μενω); συρρεω (συν + ῾ρεω).  
 
9. Before σ, ν is generally dropped, and the preceding vowel is lengthened 
(α to α; ε to ει; ο to ου). But ν is dropped before σι of the dative plural 
without lengthening the vowel. 

Thus, μελαs (for μελαν-ς); ᾽εις (for ῾εν-ς);  λυουσι (for λυονσι); 
῾ηγεμων, ῾ηγεμοσι (346). 
   
10. Before σ and a consonant, ν in συν is dropped. 

Thus,   συστρατευομαι (συν + στρατευομαι). 
   
11. The combinations ντ and νθ are dropped before σ and the preceding vowel is lengthened, as above (9). 

Thus,  γερων, γερουσι (251); χαριεις (for χαριεντ-ς),  πας (for παντ-ς) 
πεισομαι (for πενθ-σομαι).  See 262. 

CHANGES OF Σ. 

12. Between two consonants or two vowels, σ is sometimes dropped. 

Thus,   λειπω, λελειφθε (209, 2); ᾽αγω, ᾽ηχθε (217, 2); πειθω, πεπεισθε 
(220, 2); ᾽ευρους (for ᾽ευρεσ-ος ); κρεως (for κρεασ-ος), ᾽αληθους (for 
᾽αληθεσ-ος), see 395; 428.  

13. At the beginning of a word, an original σ sometimes appears as the 
rough breathing. 

Thus,   ῾ιστηιμι (for σιστημι); ῾επομαι (for σεπομαι).  
 
CHANGES IN ASPIRATES. 

14. When a smooth mute (π κ τ) is brought before a rough vowel, it is 
itself made rough. 

Thus,  ᾽αφιημι (for ᾽απ-ιημι); ᾽αφ᾽ ῾ων (for ᾽απο ῾ων). 
 
15. In reduplications, an initial rough mute is always made smooth. 

Thus,  θυω, τεθυκα (106). 
 
16. The ending θι of the first aorist imperative passive becomes τι 
after θη of the tense stem. 

Thus,  λυθητι (for  λυθη-θι).  
 
17. There is a transfer of the aspirate in a few verbs which are supposed to have had originally two rough consonants in the stem. 

Thus,   τρεφω (τπεφ for θπεφ), θρεφω, etc. θαπτω (ταφ for θαφ), ᾽εταφην.  

Reference Section:      Paradigms

			PARADIGMS

			   NOUNS. 

S739 A DECLENSION, FEMININES

		χωρᾱ,          	στρατιᾱ,         	κωμη,    	
          	country		army		village

				    	singular
NV 		χωρᾱ		στρατιᾱ           κωμη 
G 		χωρᾱς 	      	στρατιας         	κωμης
D 		χωρᾳ 	      	στρατιᾳ	       	κωμῃ 
A        	χωρᾱν 	      	στρατιᾱν 	       	κωμην

				    	plural
NV		χωραι 	      	στρατιαι 	       	κωμαι 
G 		χωρων       	στρατιων 	κωμων 
D 		χωραις       	στρατιαις 	κωμαις
A 		χωρᾱς 	      	στρατιᾱς 	       	κωμᾱς 

				  	dual
NAV 	χωρᾱ      		στρατιᾱ 	       	κωμᾱ
GD 		χωραιν       	στρατιαιν 	κωμαιν

	     	σκηνη		γεφυρα 		θαλαττα 
	     	tent 			bridge		sea

				      	singular
NV      	σκηνη 		γεφυρα 		θαλαττα 
G 	     	σκηνης		γεφυρας 		θαμττης 
D 	     	σκηνῃ 		γερυρᾳ	  	θαλαττῃ
A      	σκηνην    	γεπυραν 		θαλατταν 

				  	plural
NV	   	σκηναι		γεφυραι		θαλατται 
G 	   	σκηνων   		γεφυρων		θαλαττων 
D 	   	σκηναις        	γεφυραις 		θαλατταις 
A 	   	σκηνας 		γεπυρας  		θαααττᾱς 

				  	dual
NAV  	σκηνᾱ 	 	γεφυρᾱ 		θαλαττα 
GD 		σκηναιν      	γεφυραιν     	θαλατταιν 

S740 A DECLENSION, MASCULINES 

		νεανιας 	 		στρατιωτης	
      		young man	 		soldier

			     singular
N 		νεανιας 		στρατιωτης 	
G 		νεᾱνιου 		στρατιωτου 	
D 		νεᾱνιᾳ 		στρατιωτῃ 	
A 		νεᾱνιᾱν 		στρατιωτην 	
V 		νεᾱνιᾱ	 	στρατιωτα 	

			     plural
NV 		νεᾱνιαι 		στρατιωται 	
G 		νεᾱνιων 		στρατιωτων 	
D 		νεᾱνιαις 		στρατιωταις 	
A 		νεᾱνιᾱς 		στρατιωτας 	

			     dual
NAV   	νεανιᾱ 		στρατιωτα 	
GD 		νεᾱνιαιν 		στρατιωταιν 	

		πελταστης 		περσης  
 		targeteer			Persian

				 singular
N 		πελταστης 		Pερσης 
G 		πελταστου 		Pερσου 
D 		πελταστῃ 		Pερσῃ 
A 		πελταστην 		Pερσην 
V 		πελταστα 		Pερσα 

				   plural
NV 		πελτασται 		Pερσαι 
G 		πελταστων 		Pερσων 
D 		πελτασταις 		Pερσαις 
A 		πελταστας 		Pερσας 

				   dual
NAV 	πελταστα 		Pερσα 
GD 		πελτασταιν 		Pερσαιν 

S741 O DECLENSION 
	
          	λογος,῾ο,    	᾿οινος,῾ο, 
		word		wine

	                  singular
N 		λογος 		᾿οινος 
G 		λογου 		᾿οινου 
D 		λογῳ		᾿οινῳ 
A 		λογον 		᾿οινον
V 		λογε 		᾿οινε 	

			     plural
NV 		λογοι 		᾿οινοι 
G 		λογων 		᾿οινων 
D 		λογοις 		᾿οινοις 
A 		λογους 		᾿οινους

			     dual
NAV  	λογω 		᾿οινω 
GD   	λογοιν		᾿οινοιν

	῾οδος,῾η,		δωρον, το, 
 	 road		gift

		  singular 
N 	῾οδος 		δωρον 
G 	῾οδου 		δωρου 
D 	῾οδῳ			δωρῳ 
A 	῾οδον 		δωρον 
V 	῾οδε 			δορον 

		    plural
NV 	῾οδοι 		δωρα 
G 	῾οδων 		δωρων 
D 	῾οδοις 		δωροις 
A 	῾οδους		δωρα 

		      	    dual
NAV	῾οδω 		δωρω 
GD   	῾οδοιν 		δωροιν 

 	ανθρωπος,῾ο,῾η,    
	    man 

		    singular	
N		᾿ανοθρωπος  
G 		᾿ανοθρωπου
D 		᾿ανοθρωπῳ 	
A 		᾿ανθρωπον 
V 		᾿ανθρωπε 	

	  	   plural
NV		᾿ανθρωποι 	
G 		᾿ανθρωπων	 
D 		᾿ανθρωποις 		
A 		᾿ανθρωπους

  		      dual
NAV 	᾿ανοθρωπω	 
GD 		᾿ανθρωποιν 	

S742 CONTRACT NOUNS OF THE 
          O AND A DECLENSIONS 

            νους, ῾ο, 	    		μνα, ῾η, 		
            mind				mina

	                         singular		 
N 	(νοος) 	νους 	    	(μναα)    μνα 	
G 	(νοου) 	νου 	    		(μναας)  μνας 	
D 	(νοῳ)  	νῳ 	    		(μναᾳ)    μνᾳ	
A 	(νοον) 	νουν 	    	(μνααν)  μναν 	
V 	(νοε)  	νου 	    		(μναα)   μνα 	

				  plural
NV	(νοοι)   	νοι 	    		(μνααι)   μναι
G 	(νοων) 	νων 	    		(μναων)  μνων 
D 	(νοοις) 	νοις 	    		(μνααις)  μναις 
A 	(νοους) 	νους 	    	(μναας)   μνας 

				       dual
NAV 	(νοω) νω 	    		(μναα)     μνα 
GD 		(νοοιν) νοιν  		(μνααιν)  μναιν

	 γη, ῾η, 
  	earth

	singular
N    (γεα) 	γη 
G    (γεας) 	γης 
D    (γεᾳ) 	γῃ 
A    (γεαν) 	γην 
V    (γεα) 	γη 

No plural
No dual

S743  CONSONANT DECLENSION 			   
	Labial And Palatal Mute Stems		   

	    κλωψ, ῾ο, 	φυλαξ, ῾ο,	
	    thief		guard

                   singular 	
NV  	κλωψ 		φυλαξ 		
G 	κλωπος 		φυλακος 	
D 	κλωπι 		φυλακι 	
A 	κλωπα 		φυλακα 	

		      plural
NV	κλωπες 		φυλακες	
G 	κλωπων 		φυλακων	
D 	κλωψι 		φυλαξι		
A 	κλωπας 		φυλακας 	

	  		 dual
NAV   	κλωπε 	φυλακε 	
GD      	κωποιν 	φυλακοιν 	

                φαλαγξ, ῾ο, 	διωρυξ,῾η, 	   
	       	phalanx 		canal

			     singular 
NV 		φαλαγξ 		διωρυξ 	   
G 	       	φαλαγγος 	διωρυχος 	   
D 	       	φαλαγγι 		διωρυχι 	   
A 	       	φαλαγγα 		διωρυχα 	   

			      plural
NV  		φαλαγγες	διωρυχες 	   
G 	      	φαλαγγων 	διωρυχων 	   
D 	      	φαλαγξι 		διωρυξι 	   
A 	      	φαλαγγας 	διωρυχας 	   

				dual
NAV    	φαλαγγε 		διωρυχε 	   
GD      	φαλαγγοιν 	διρυχοιν 	   

S744 Lingual Mute Stems 			   

	νυξ, ῾η 		᾿ασπις, ῾η 
 	night		 shield

		 	singular
N 		νυξ             	᾿ασπις     
G 		νυκτος       	᾿ασπιδος
D 		νυκτι 		᾿ασπιδι 
A 		νυκτα        	᾿ασπιδα 
V 		νυξ 	         	᾿ασπι 	    

		             plural
NV 		νυκτες      	᾿ασπιδες
G 	  	νυκτων     	᾿ασπιδων
D 	  	νυξι 	 		᾿ασπισι
A 	  	νυκτας      	᾿ασπιδας

				dual
NAV  	νυκτε    		᾿ασπιδε
GD 		νυκτοιν  		᾿ασπιδοιν

 	     γερων, ῾ο       	῾αρμα, το 	   
	     old man		chariot

		 	     singular
N 		γερων 		῾αρμα 	   
G 	   	γεροντος		῾αρματος 	   
D 	   	γεροντι 		῾αρματι 	   
A 	   	γεροντα 		῾αρμα 	   
V 	   	γερον 		῾αρμα      	   

			       plural
NV   	γεροντες 		῾αρματα
G 	    	γεροντων 	῾αρματων 	   
D 	    	γερουσι 		῾αρμασι 	   
A 	    	γεροντας 		῾αρματα 
			   
				dual
NAV  	γεροντε 		῾αρματε 	   
GD 		γεροντοιν 	῾αρματοιν 	   

	    ᾿ορνις,῾ο,῾η 	 	   
	       bird

	    	singular
N		᾿ορνις 		   
G 	    	᾿ορνιθος 	
D 	    	᾿ορνιθι 	
A 	    	᾿ορνιν 	
V 	    	᾿ορνις 		   

	  	plural
NV  		᾿ορνιθες 	 
G 	    	᾿ορνιθων 	
D 	    	᾿ορνισι	
A 	    	᾿ορνιθας 	

		dual
NAV 	᾿ορνιθε 
GD 		᾿ορνιθοιν 		   

S745  Liquid Stems

	᾿αγων,῾ο          ῾ηγεμοων, ῾ο 	
	 contest		 guide

	           singular
N	᾿αγων		῾ηγεμων 	
G 	᾿αγωνος 		῾ηγεμωνος 	
D 	᾿αγωνι 		῾ηγεμωνι 	
A 	᾿αγωνα 		῾ηγεμονα 	
V 	᾿αγων 		῾ηγεμων 	

		       plural
NV	᾿αγωνες 		῾ηγεμονες 	
G 	᾿αγωνων 		῾ηγεμονων 	
D 	᾿αγωσι 		῾ηγεμοσι 	
A 	᾿αγωνας 		῾ηγεμονας 	

			      dual
NAV 	᾿αγωνε 		῾ηγεμονε 	
GD 		᾿αγωνοιν 	῾ηγεμονοιν 	

	μην, ῾ο 	᾿ρητωρ,῾ο
	month	 orator

	      	singular
N 	μην 		᾿ρητωρ 
G 	μηνος 	᾿ρητορος 
D 	μηνι 	᾿ρητορι 
A 	μηνα 	᾿ρητορα 
V 	μην 		᾿ρητορ 

    	  	 plural
NV	μηνες 	᾿πητορες 
G 	μηνων	᾿πητορων 
D 	μησι		᾿πητορσι 
A 	μιλνας	᾿πητορας 

		            dual
NAV 	μηνε 		᾿πητορε 
GD 		μηνοιν 		᾿πητοροιν 

S746  Syncopated Liquid Stems 

		πατηρ,῾ο 			μητρ,῾η 	    
		father	        	mother

			    singular	       
N 	           πατηρ 			μητηρ 		      
G  	(πατερος) πατρος     (μητερος) μητρος
D   	(πατηρι)   πατρι       (μητερι) μητρι 
A 	          πατερα	            	μητερα      	 
V 	          πατερ 			μητερ 		 

				  plural
NV	         πατερες 		μητερες     
G 	         πατερων 	μητερων    
D 	         πατρασι 		μητρασι     
A 	         πατερας 		μητερας     

				  dual
NAV     	πατερε		μητερε       
GD		πατεροιν 		μητεροιν    

  	᾿ανηρ,῾ο
   	  man

		      	singular 
N	᾿ανηρ 
G    (᾿ανερος) ᾿ανδρος 
D    (᾿ανερι) 	 ᾿ανδρι 
A    (᾿ανερα)  ᾿ανδρα 
V    			᾿ανερ 

		  	plural
NV	(᾿ανερες)  ᾿ανδρες 
G 	(᾿ανερων) ᾿ανδρων 
D 			   ᾿ανδρασι 
A 	(᾿ανερας)  ᾿ανδρας

		   	  dual
NAV 	(᾿ανερε) 		᾿ανδρε 
GD 		(᾿ανεροιν) 	᾿ανδροιν 

S747    Stems in  σ
 
	   ᾿ευρος, το	          		τριηρης,῾η 
	     breadth				 trireme

			      	    singular 
N       	᾿ευρος 	        		τριηρης 	
G  	(᾿ευρεος) ᾿ευρους    		(τριηρεος) τριηρους
D  	(᾿ευρει) ᾿ευρει 	   		(τριηρει)  τριηρει
A 	  	᾿ευρος 	   		(τριηρεα) τριηρη 
V 	       	᾿ευρος 	         		τριηρες 

				     plural
NV  (᾿ευρεα)  ᾿ευρη     	(τριηρεες)  τριηρεις
G 	(᾿ευρεων) ᾿ευρεων          	(τριηρεων) τριηρων
D 		᾿ευρεσι 	        		τριηρεσι 
A 	(᾿ευρεα) ᾿ευρη          		τριηρεις 

				 	    dual
NAV (᾿ευρεε) ᾿ευρει    		(τριηρεε)  τριηρει
GD     (᾿ευρεοιν)  ᾿ευροιν     	(τριηρεοιν)  τριηροιν

     		κρεας, το 	   
	     	 meat

	      	singular
N		κρεας
G    (κρεαος) κρεως 	   
D    (κρεαι)   κρεαι 	   
A 		κρεας 	   
V        	κρεας 	   

		plural
NV   (κρεαα)  κρεα
G 	 (κρεαων) κρεων 	   
D 	   	κρεασι
A           (κρεαα)

No dual

S748 Stems in ι and υ 

      	πολις,῾η      			πηχυς,῾ο	
	 city					forearm

		  singular
N	πολις	       			πηχυς	
G  	πολεως     			πηχεως	
D  (πολει) πολει   	         (πηχει) πηχει
A 	πολιν	       			πηχυν	
V 	πολι	       				πηχυ	

			  	plural
N   (πολεες) πολεις         (πηχεες) πηχεις 
G   	πολεων      			πηχεων		
D    	πολεσι     			πηχεσι		
A    	πολεις	   			πηχεις 

				  	dual
NAV  (πολεε)πολει       (πηχεε) πηχει 
GD          πολεοιν	    		πηχεοιν	       

		᾿αστυ, το			᾿ιχθυς,῾ο	   
		  town			  fish

		     		singular   
N		᾿αστυ			᾿ιχθυς	   
G    		᾿αστεως			᾿ιχθυος
D       (᾿αστει)᾿αστει		᾿ιχθυι	   
A    		᾿αστυ			᾿ιχθυν	   
V    		᾿αστυ			᾿ιχθυ	

			      plural
N 	(᾿αστεα) ᾿αστη	  	᾿ιχθυες	   
G     		᾿αστεων 		᾿ιχθυων	   
D     		᾿αστεσι  		᾿ιχθυσι	   
A    	(᾿αστεα) ᾿αστη	  	᾿ιχθυς	   

			     dual
DNA (᾿αστεε)᾿αστει	᾿ιχθυε	   
GD   ᾿αστεοιν	  		᾿ιχθυοιν	   

S749	Stems in a Dipthong

        	  βασιλευς,῾ο			βους,῾ο῾η	
	   	   king				ox, cow

			      	     singular
N   		βασιλευς				βους	
G   		βασιλεως				βοος	
D     (βαγιλει) βασιλει			βοι	
A       	βασιλεα				βουν	
V       	βασιλευ				βου	

				  	plural
NV  (βασιλεες)  βασιλεις		βοες
G       	βασιλεων				βοων	
D       	βασιλευσι			βουσι	
A        	βασιλεας				βους	

			     		dual
NAV 	βασιλεε				βοε	
GD   	βασιλεοιν			βοοιν	

		γραυς,῾η			ναυς,῾η  
        	old woman      	 	ship

			   singular
N   		γραυς			ναυς
G      	γραος			ναως
D        	γραι				νηι  
A       	γραυν			ναυν
V       	γραυ			ναυ

			  plural
NV   	γραες	  		νηες
G       	γραων			νεων
D       	γραυσι			ναυσι
A        	γραυς			ναυς

			     dual
NAV  	γραε				νηε
GD   	γραοιν			νεοιν

S750 ADJECTIVES OF THE 
          VOWEL  DECLENSION 

                       ᾿αγαθος
			 good

	      			singular
Masculine        	Feminine 	   		Neuter 
N	᾿αγαθος    	᾿αγαθη      		᾿αγαθον
G   	᾿αγαθου    	᾿αγαθης    		᾿αγαθου
D   	᾿αγαθῳ		᾿αγαθῃ     		᾿αγαθῳ
A   	᾿αγαθον   	᾿αγαθην   		᾿αγαθον
V    	᾿αγαθε	     	᾿αγαθη     		᾿αγαθον
	
				  plural
NV ᾿αγαθοι     	᾿αγαθαι      		᾿αγαθα
G    	᾿αγαθων    	᾿αγαθων    		᾿αγαθων
D    	᾿αγαθοις    	᾿αγαθαις   		᾿αγαθοις
A    	᾿αγαθους  	᾿αγαθaς     		᾿αγαθα

				  	  dual
NAV 	᾿αγαθω   		᾿αγαθα      	᾿αγαθω
GD     	᾿αγαθοιν    	᾿αγαθαιν   	᾿αγαθοιν

                 ᾿αξιος
		  worthy
	      			singular
	Masculine       	Feminine 	   		Neuter 
N	᾿αξιος		᾿αξια	     		᾿αξιον
G   	᾿αξιου		᾿αξιας	     		᾿αξιου
D   	᾿αξιῳ 		᾿αξιᾳ	     		᾿αξιῳ
A   	᾿αξιον		᾿αξιαν	     		᾿αξιον
V    ᾿αξιε			᾿αξια	     		᾿αξιον
	
				  plural
NV ᾿αξιοι		᾿αξιαι	     		᾿αξια
G     ᾿αξιων		᾿αξιων	     		᾿αξιων
D     ᾿αξιοις		᾿αξιαις	     		᾿αξιοις
A     ᾿αξιους		᾿αξιας	     		᾿αξια

				 	 dual
NAV 	᾿αξιω	᾿αξια	     		᾿αξιω
GD  		᾿αξιοιν	᾿αξιαιν	     		᾿αξιοιν

S751 CONTRACT ADJECTIVES OF 
          THE VOWEL  DECLENSION 

		        χρουσους, golden

	      						singular
	      Masculine		        Feminine 				Neuter
N (χρυσεος) χρυσους 		(χρυσεα)   χρυση 		(χρυσεον)  χρυσουν 
G (χρυσεου) χρυσου 		(χρυσεας)  χρυσης 		(χρυσεον)  χρυσου 
D (χρυσεῳ   χρυσῳ 		(χρυσεᾳ)   χρυσῃ 		(χρυσεῳ)   χρυσῳ 
A (χρυσεον) χρυσουν 		(χρυσεαν)  χρυσην 		(χρυσεον)  χρυσουν 

				    			plural
N (χρυσεοι)  χρυσοι 		(χρυσεαι)  χρυσαι 		(χρυσεα)   χρυσα 
G (χρυσεων)  χρυσων 		(χρυσεων) χρυσων 		(χρυσεων)  χρυσων 
D (χρυσεοις) χρυσοις 		(χρυσεαις) χρυσαις 	(χρυσεοις)  χρυσοις 
A (χρυσεους) χρυσους 		(χρυσεας) χρυσας 		(χρυσεα)   χρυσα 

							dual
NA (χρυσεω)  χρυσω 		(χρυσιᾱ)   χρυσα 		(χρυσεω)   χρυσω 
GD (χρυσεοιν) χρυσοιν 		(χρυσεαιν) χρυσαιν 	(χρυσεοιν) χρυσοιν 

		῾απλους, 	simple, sincere

	      					singular
	      Masculine		        Feminine 			         Neuter	   
N	(῾απλοος) ῾απλους 		(῾απλοη)  ῾απλη 		(῾απλοον)  ῾απλουν 	   
G 	(῾απλοου) ῾απλου 		(῾απλοης) ῾απλης 		(῾απλοου)  ῾απλου 	   
D 	(῾απλοῳ)  ῾απλῳ 		(῾απλοῃ)  ῾απλῃ 		(῾απλοῳ)   ῾απλῳ 	   
A 	(῾απλοον) ῾απλουν 		(῾απλοην) ῾απλην 		(῾απλοον)  ῾απλουν 	   

				    			plural
N    (῾απλοοι)    ῾απλοι 		(῾απλοαι) ῾απλαι 		(῾απλοα)  ῾απλα 	   
G 	(῾απλοων)  ῾απλων 		(῾απλοων) ῾απλων 		(῾απλοων) ῾απλων 	   
D 	(῾απλοοις) ῾απλοις 		(῾απλοαις) ῾απλαις 		(῾απλοοις) ῾απλοις 	   
A 	(῾απλοους) ῾απλους 	(῾απλοᾱς)  ῾απλας 		(῾απλοα)  ῾απλα	   

							dual
NA 	(῾απλοω)   ῾απλω 		(῾απλοᾱ)   ῾απλα 		(῾απλοω)  ῾απλω	   
GD   (῾απλοοιν) ῾απλοιν 	(῾απλοαιν) ῾απλαιν 	(αρλοοιν) ῾αποιν 	   

			αργυρους, of silver
	      					singular
	      Masculine		        Feminine	   		    		Neuter
N (᾿αργυρεος) ᾿αργυρους    	(᾿αργυρεᾱ)    ᾿αργυρᾱ 		(᾿αργυρεον) ᾿αργυρουν 	   
G (᾿αργυρεου) ᾿αργυρου     	(᾿αργυρεᾱς)   ᾿αργυρας 		(᾿αργυρεου) ᾿αργυρου 	   
D (᾿αργυρεῳ)  ᾿αργυρῳ 		(᾿αργυρεῃ)    ᾿αργυρᾳ 		(᾿αργυρεῳ)  ᾿αργυρῳ 	   
A (᾿αργυρεον) ᾿αργυρουν    	(᾿αργυρεᾱν)   ᾿αργυραν 		(᾿αργυρεον)  ᾿αργυρουν 	   

				    			plural
N (᾿αργυρεοι) ᾿αργυροι 		(᾿αργυρεαι)   ᾿αργυραι 		(᾿αργυρεα)   ᾿αργυρα	   
G (᾿αργυρεων) ᾿αργυρων    	(᾿αργυρεων)   ᾿αργυρων 	(᾿αργυρεων)  ᾿αργυρων 	   
D (᾿αργυρεοις) ᾿αργυροις    	(᾿αργυρεαις)  ᾿αργυραις 	(᾿αργυρεοις)  ᾿αργυροις 	   
A (᾿αργυρεους) ᾿αργυρους   	(᾿αργυρεᾱς)   ᾿αργυρας 		(᾿αργυρεα)   ᾿αργυρα 	 
				
								dual
NA (᾿αργυρω)  ᾿αργυρω     	(᾿αργυρεᾱ)    ᾿αργυρα 		(᾿αργυρεω)   ᾿αργυρω    
GD (᾿αργυροιν) ᾿αργυροιν    	(᾿αργυρεαιν)  ᾿αργυραιν 	(᾿αργυριοιν)  ᾿αργυροιν 	   

S752 ADJECTIVES OF THE CONSONANT OR 
           CONSONANT AND A DECLENSIONS 

		χαριεις (χαριεντ), pleasing

				singular
	Masculine	Feminine         Neuter 	
N 	χαριεις     	χαριεσσα     	χαριεν 	
G 	χαριεντος   	χαριεσσης   	χαριεντος
D 	χαριεντι    	χαριεσσῃ     	χαριεντι 
A 	χαριεντα   	χαριεσσαν   	χαριεν 	
V 	χαριεν 	    	χαριεσσα    	χαριεν 

				    plural
NV χαριεντες   	χαριεσσαι   	χαριεντα
G 	χαριεντων  	χαρυσσοων  	χαριεντων
D 	χαριεσι    	χαριετσσαις  	χαριεσι 
A 	χαριεντας  	χαριεσστᾱς   	χαριεντα
			
					dual
NAV  	χαριεντε    	χαριεσσᾱ    	χαριεντε 
GD 		χαριεντοιν  	χαριεσσαιν  	χαριεντοιν 

		πας (παντ), all

				singular
	Masculine	Feminine         Neuter 	
N 	πᾱς 			πασα 		παν 
G 	παντος 		πασης 		παντος 
D 	παντι 		πασῃ 		παντι 
A 	παντα 		πασαν 		παν 

				plural
NV 	παντες 		πασαι 		πυντα 
G 	παντων 		παων 		παντων 
D 	πασι 		πασαις 		πασι 
A 	παντας 		πασᾱς 		παντα 

No dual

	    ῾εκων (῾εκοντ) willing

				singular
	Masculine	Feminine         Neuter 	
N     ῾εκων 	 	῾εκουσα    	῾εκον
G     ῾εκοντος   	῾εκονσης   	῾εκοντος 
D     ῾εκοντι    		῾εκονσῃ    	῾εκονοτι 
A     ῾εκονοτα  	῾εκοασαν  	῾εκον 	
V     ῾εκοων    		῾εκουσα    	῾εκον 	

				  plural
N V  ῾εκοντες  	῾εκουσαι   	῾εκοντα
G     ῾εκοντων 		῾εκουσων   	῾εκοντων 
D     ῾εκουσι   		῾εκουσαις   	῾εκουσι 
A     ῾εκοντας  	῾εκονσᾱς  	῾εκοντα

				    dual
NAV ῾εκοντε  		῾εκονσᾱ    	῾εκοντε 
GD   ῾εκοντοιν 	῾εκονσαιν  	῾εκοντοιν 

	         μελᾱς (μαλαν) black

				singular
	Masculine	Feminine         Neuter 	
N     μελᾱς 	     μελαινα     	μελαν 
G     μελανος       μελαινης    μελανος 
D     μελανι 	     μελαινῃ     	μελανι 
A     μελανα 	     μελαιναν    μελαν 
V     μελαν 	     μελαινα     	μελαν 
		
				plural
NV  μελανες      μιλαιναι    	μελανα 
G     μελανων    μελαινων   	μελανων 
D     μελασι 	  μελαιναις   	μελασι 
A     μελανας     μελαινᾱς    	μελανα 

			    dual
NAV μιλανε    μελαινᾱ    	μελανε 
GD   μελανοιν  μελαινοιν   	μελανοιν 

	᾿ευδαιμων (᾿υδαμον) fortunate

					singular
         Masculine, Feminine                        Neuter
N 		᾿ευδαιμων 				᾿ευδαιμον 
G 		᾿ευδαιμονος 				᾿ευδαιμονος
D 		᾿ευδαιμονι 				᾿ευδαιμονι 
A 		᾿ευδαιμονα 				᾿ευδαιμον 
V 		᾿ευδαιμον 				᾿ευδαιμον 

				    	plural
NV 	᾿ευδαιμονες 				᾿ευδαιμονα 
G 	᾿ευδαιμονων 				᾿ευδαιμονων
D 	᾿ευδαιμοσι 				᾿ευδαιμοσι 
A 	᾿ευδαιμονας 				᾿ευδαιμονα

					    	dual
NAV   	᾿ευδαιμονε 				᾿ευδαιμονε
GD 		᾿ευδαιμονοιν 				᾿ευδαιμονοιν

            ᾿αληθης (᾿αληθσ) true  

					singular
	Masculine,Feminine         	 	Neuter 	 
N 		᾿αληθης 		      	          	᾿αληθες 
G 	(᾿αληθεος)  ᾿αληθους 	      	(᾿αληθεος)  ᾿αληθους 
D 	(᾿αληθει)   ᾿αληθει 	      	(᾿αληθει)   ᾿αληθει 
A 	(᾿αληθεα)  ᾿αληθη 	 		᾿αληθες 
V 		᾿αληθες 	 	      			᾿αληθες 

				    	plural
NV (᾿αληθεες) ᾿αληθεις            	(᾿αληθεα)   ᾿αληθη 
G 	(᾿αληθεων) ᾿αληθων     	(᾿αληθεων)  ᾿αληθων 
D 		᾿αληθεσι       	        		᾿αληθεσι 
A 		᾿αληθεις    			(᾿αληθεα)   ᾿αληθη 

					  dual
NAV  (᾿αληθει) ᾿αληθει   		(᾿αληθεε)   ᾿αληθει 
GD     (᾿αληθεοιν) ᾿αληθοιν 	(᾿αληθεοιν) ᾿αληθοιν 

    	               ῾ηδυς (῾ηδυ), sweet
	   
					singular
	     Masculine	      Feminine      	Neuter   
SN		῾ηδυς	    	῾ηδεια	    	῾ηδυ 
G 	       	῾ηδεος	    	῾ηδειᾱς	    	῾ηδεος 	 
D	(῾ηδει) ῾ηδει	    	῾ηδειᾳ	  (῾ηδει)῾ηδει 	 
A 	    	῾ηδυν	    	῾ηδειαν	    	῾ηδευ 	 
V 	       	῾ηδυ	    		῾ηδεια	    	῾ηδευ 	      

				    	plural
NV  (῾ηδεες)῾ηδεις    	῾ηδειαι	    	῾ηδεα 
G           	῾ηδεων	    	῾ηδειων	    	῾ηδεων
D            ῾ηδεσι	    	῾ηδειαις	    	῾ηδεσι 
A            ῾ηδεις	    	῾ηδειᾱς	    	῾ηδεα 

				    	dual	
NAV  (῾ηδεε)῾ηδει    	῾ηδεια	    	῾ηδει 	 
GD        	῾ηδεοιν	    	῾ηδειαιν	    	῾ηδεοιν 	 

	    ῾ηδιων (῾ηδιον), sweeter

				singular
	Masculine,feminine         	Neuter 	
N	       	῾ηδιων        			῾ηδιον         
G 	       	῾ηδιονος        			῾ηδιονος         
D      	῾ηδιονι        			῾ηδιονι         
A    	῾ηδιονα,῾ηδιω       			῾ηδιον         

				    	plural
NV  ῾ηδιονες, ῾ηδιους     	῾ηδιονα, ῾ηδιω         
G            ῾ηδιονων        		῾ηδιονων         
D            ῾ηδιοσι        			῾ηδιοσι         
A     ῾ηδιονας ῾ηδιους    		῾ηδιονα, ῾ηδιω  

				    dual
NAV	῾ηδιονε        		῾ηδιονε
GD    	῾ηδιονοιν        		῾ηδιονοιν

S753	  IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES
		μεγας (μεγα, μεγαλα) 		
		          great 			        

				singular
	Masculine       Feminine        Neuter    	
N 	μεγας 	       	μεγαλη 		μεγα 		
G 	μεγαλου     	μεγαλης 		μεγαλου 	
D 	μεγαλῳ      	μεγαλῃ 		μεγαλῳ 	
A 	μεγαν 	      	μεγαλην 		μεγα 		
V 	μεγαλε       	μεγαλη 		μεγα 

				  plural
NV μεγαλοι     	μεγαλαι 		μεγαλα 	
G 	μεγαλων    	μεγαλων 		μεγαων 	
D 	μεγαλοις    	μεγαλαις		μεγαλοις 	
A 	μεγαλους   	μεγαλᾱς 		μεγαλα 	

				  dual
NAV  μεγαλω     	μεγαλᾱ 	 	μεγαλω 
GD     μεγαλοιν    μεγαλαιν    	μεγαλοιν 

			πολυς (πολυ, πολ) 
			   much, many

			     singular
	Masculine    Feminine    Neuter 	
N	πολλυς     	πολλη      πολλυ 	
G	πολλου     	πολλης    πολλου 
D	πολλ     		πολλ     	πολλ 
A	πολλ     		πολλ     	πολλ
V	πολλυν     	πολλην    πολλυ 

			   plural
N	πολλοι      πολλαι     πολλα 
G	πολλων     πολλων   πολλων     
D	πολλοις     πολλαις   πολλοις 
A	πολλους    πολλᾱς    πολλα 

S754 	PARTICIPLES 
		λυων (λυοντ) 							
		    loosing 				                 	
 
            			singular
	Masculine    	Feminine     	Neuter    		
NV 	λυων  	  	λυοσα	     	λυον			
G    	λυοντος	  	λυοσης    	λυοντος		
D     	λυοντι	  	λυοσῃ	     	λυοντι		
A     	λυοντα	  	λυοσαν    	λυον			

			  	plural
NV 	λυοντες		λυοσαι    		λυοντα		
G     	λυοντων		λυοσων    	λυοντων		
D     	λυουσι	  	λυοσαις   	λυουσι		
A     	λυοντας		λυοσᾱς    	λυοντα		

			    	dual
NA	λυοντε	  	λυοσᾱ	     	λυοντε		
GD  	λυοντοιν  	λυοσαιν   	λυοντοιν		

		λυσᾱς (λυσαντ)
	         having loosed

					singular
	Masculine       Feminine    	Neuter
NV 	λυσᾱς		λυσᾱσα		λυσαν
G    	λυσαντος		λυσᾱσης		λυσαντος
D      λυσαντι  		λυσᾱσῃ		λυσαντι
A      λυσαντα		λυσᾱσαν		λυσαν

			  	plural
NV 	λυσαντες		λυσᾱσαι		λυσαντα
G    	λυσαντων	λυσᾱσων		λυσαντων
D     	λυσᾱσι	        λυσᾱσαις		λυσᾱσι
A     	λυσαντας		λυσᾱσας		λυσαντα

			    	dual
NA	λυσαντε		λυσᾱσᾱ 		λυσαντε
GD  	λυσαντοιν	λυσᾱσαιν		λυσαντοιν

		λελυκως (λελυκοτ)	  
		having loosed

				singular
	Masculine    	Feminine     	  Neuter
NV 	λελυκως      	λελυκυια 	  λελυκος
G 	λελυκοτος    	λελυκυιᾱς 	  λελυκοτος
D 	λελυκοτι     	λελυκυιᾳ 	  λελυκοτι
A	λελυκοτα    	λελυκυιαν   	  λελυκος

			  	plural
NV 	λελυκοτες    	λελυκυιαι 	  λελυκοτα
G 	λελυκοτων   	λελυκυιων 	  λελυκοτων
D 	λελυκοσι     	λελυκυιαις  	  λελυκοσι
A	λελυκοτας   	λελυκυιᾱς 	  λελυκοτα

				    	dual
NAV  	λελυκοτε     	λελυκυιᾱ 	  λελυκοτε
GD 		λελυκοτοιν   	λελυκυιαιν        λελυκοτοιν

		λυθεις (χυθεντ) 
             having been loosed

					singular
	Masculine    	Feminine     	Neuter
NV 	λυθεις 	    	λυθεισα 		λυθεν 
G 	λυθεντος    	λυθεισης    	λυθεντος 
D 	λυθεντι 		λυθεισῃ 		λυθεντι 
A	λυθεντα    	λυθετσαν    	λυθεν 

			  	plural
NV  	λυθεντες    	λυθεισαι     	λυθεντα 
G 	λυθεντων   	λυθεισων   	λυθεντων 
D 	λυθεισι     	λυθεισαις   	λυθεισι 
A	λυθεντας    	λυθεισᾱς    	λυθεντα 

				    	dual
NAV   	λυθεντε 		λυθεισᾱ 		λυθεντε 
GD 		λυθεντοιν  	λυθεισαιν   	λυθεντοιν 

S755 	PARTICIPLES OF CONTRACT VERBS

			τιμων (τιμαοντ)
			 honoring

					singular
	Masculine    	Feminine     	Neuter
NV   τιμων       	τιμωσα		τιμων
G     	τιμωντος   	τιμωσης		τιμωντος
D     	τιμωντι     	τιμωσῃ		τιμωντι
A      τιμωντα    	τιμωσαν		τιμων
	
			  	plural
N    	 τιμωντες   	τιμωσαι		τιμωντα
G      τιμωντων  	τιμωσων		τιμωντων
D      τιμωσι     	τιμωσαις		τιμωσι
A	 τιμωντας   	τιμωσᾱς		τιμωντα

				    	dual
NAV     	τιμωντε     	τιμωσᾱ		τιμωντε
GD  		τιμωντοιν   	τιμωσαιν		τιμωντοιν

			ποιων (ποιεοντ)
			doing, making

					singular
	Masculine    	Feminine     	Neuter
NV  	ποιων	     	ποιουσα		ποιουν
G     	ποιουντος     	ποιουσης		ποιουντος
D     	ποιουντι 		ποιουσῃ		ποιουντι
A     	ποιουντα	     	ποιουσαν		ποιουν
	
			  	plural
N    	 ποιουντες	ποιουσαι		ποιουντα
G      ποιουντων    	ποιουσων		ποιουντων
D     	ποιουσι	     	ποιουσαις	ποιουσι
A	ποιουντας    	ποιουσᾱς		ποιουντα

				    	dual
NAV    	ποιουντε		ποιουσᾱ		ποιουντε
GD  		ποιουντοιν    	ποιουσαιν	ποιουντοιν

S756 			        	NUMERALS 
	CARDINAL 			ORDINAL 				ADVERB 
1	᾿εις, μια,᾿εν, one 		πρωτος, η, ον, first 			᾿απαξ, once 
2 	δυο, two 				δευτερος, ᾱ, ον, second 		δις, twice
3 	τρεις, τρια 			τριτος 					τρις 
4 	τετταρες, τετταρα 		τεταρτος 					τετρακις 
5 	πεντε 				πεμπτος 					πεντακις 
6      ῾εξ 		        	       	῾εκτος 			        	῾εξακις 
7      ῾επτα 		        	῾εβδομος 		        		῾επτακις 
8 	᾿οκτω 		        	᾿ογδοος		 			᾿οκτακις 
9 	᾿εννεα 		        	᾿ενατος 					᾿ενακις 
10 	δεκα 				δεκατος 					δεκακις 
11   	῾ενδεκα 				῾ενδεκατος 		        	῾ενδεκακις 
12 	δωδεκα 				δωδεκατος 				δωδεκακις 
13 	τρεσκαιδεκα 			τριτος και δεκατος 
14 	τετταρεσκαιδεκα 		τεταρτος και δεκατος 
15 	πεντεκαιδεκα 			πεμπτος και δεκατος 
16 	῾εκκαιδεκα 			῾εκτος και δεκατος 
17 	῾επτακαιδεκα 			῾εβδομος και δεκατος 
18 	᾿οκτωκαιδεκα 	 		᾿ογδοος και δεκατος 
19 	᾿εννεακαιδεκα 		᾿ενατος και δεκατος 

	CARDINAL 			ORDINAL 			ADVERB
20 	᾿ετκοσι 				᾿ετκοστος 			᾿εικοσακις 
21 	᾿εις και ᾿ετκοσι, 
        ᾿εικοσι και ᾿εις, 
	or ᾿ετκοσιν ᾿εις 
30 	τριᾱκοντα 			τριᾱκοστος 			τρᾱκοντακις 
40 	τετταρακοντα 			τετταρακοστος 		τετταρακοντακις 
50 	πεντηκοντα 			πεντηκοστος 			πεντηκοντακις 
60 	῾εξηκοντα 			῾εξηκοστος 			῾εξηκοντακις 
70 	῾εβδομηκοντα 			῾εβδομηκοστος 		῾εβδομηκοντακις 
80 	᾿ογδοηκοντα 			᾿ογδοηκοστος 			᾿ογδοηκοντακις 
90 	᾿ενενηκοντα 			᾿ενενηκοστος 			᾿ενενηκοστακις 
100 	῾εκατον 				᾿εκατοστος 			῾εκατοντακις 
200 	 διᾱκοσιοι, αι, α 		διᾱκοσιοστος 			 διᾱκοσιακις 
300 	 τριᾱκοσιοι, αι, α 		τριᾱκοσιοστος 
400 	 τετρακοσιοι, αι, α 		τετρακοσιοστος 
500 	 πεντακοσοι αι, α 		πεντακοσιοστος 
600 	῾εξακοσιοι, αι, α 		῾εξακοσιοστος 
700 	῾επτακοσιοι, αι, α 		῾επτακοσιοτος 
800 	᾿οκτακοσιοι, αι, α, 		᾿οκτακοσιοστος 
900 	᾿ενακοσιοι, αι, α 		᾿ενακοσιοστος 
1,000 	χιλιοι, αι, α 		χιλιοστος 			χιλιακις 
2,000 	δισχιλιοι, αι, α 	δισχιλιοστος 
3,000 	τρισχιλιοι, αι, α 	τρισχιλιοστος 
10,000   	μυριοι, αι, α 		μυριοστος 			μυριακις 
20,000   	δισμυριοι, αι, α 
100,000  	δεκακισμυριοι, αι, α 

S757 DECLENSION OF THE FIRST FOUR CARDINALS
 
	singular 	 			
N    ῾εις     	μια     	῾εν 
G    ῾ενος  	μιᾱς    	῾ενος
D    ῾ενι    	μιᾳ     	῾ενι   
A    ῾ενα   	μιαν    	῾εν   

       	plural  		       plural
N 	τρεις	τρια		τετταρες  	τετταρα 
G 	τριων   	τριων    	τετταρων   	τετταρων 
D 	τρισι    	τρισι     	τετταρσι   	τετταρσι 
A  	τρεις   	τρια 	τετταρας   	τετταρα 

	dual
NA   δυο
GD	 δυοιν

DEFINITE ARTICLE AND PRONOUNS 

S758  ARTICLE 			

				singular
	Masculine    	Feminine         Neuter
N 		῾ο 		῾η 			το 	
G		του 		της     		του 	
D 		τῳ 		τῃ 			τῳ 	
A		τον     	την 			το 	

				plural
N 		῾οι      	᾿αι			τα 	
G 		των 		των 			των 	
D 		τοις 		ταις 			τοις 	
A		τους 	τας 			τα 	

				dual
NA 	τω 		τω 			τω 	 
GD 	τοιν     	τοιν    		τοιν 	 

S759 PERSONAL AND INTENSIVE PRONOUNS 
                                       
				singular                      
N  	᾿εγω 			συ 		 
G  	᾿εμου, μου 		σου 	        	῾ου     
D  	᾿εμοι, μοι 		σοι 			῾οι	             
A  	᾿εμε,  με 			σε        		᾿ε 	             
	
					plural
N  	῾ημεις 	           	῾ημεις 	     	σφεις 
G  	῾ημων	           	῾ημων	     	σφων 
D  	῾ημιν 	           	῾ημιν         	σφισι  
A  	῾ημας 			῾αμας 	     	σφας 

			dual
NA   νω 				σφω 		  
GD   νῳν 			σφῳν		  

				singular
	Masculine    	Feminine     	Neuter
N  	᾿αυτος		᾿αυτη 		᾿αυτο 
G  	᾿αυτου 		᾿αυτης 		᾿αυτου 
D  	᾿αυτῳ 		᾿αυτῃ 		᾿αυτῳ 
A  	᾿αυτον 		᾿αυτην 		᾿αυτο 

				  plural
N  	᾿αυτοι    		᾿αυται 		᾿αυτα 
G  	᾿αυτων 		᾿αυτων 		᾿αυτων 
D  	᾿αυτοις 		᾿αυταις 		᾿αυτοις
A  	᾿αυτους 		᾿αυτᾱς 		᾿αυτα

				  dual
NA  ᾿αυτω 		᾿αυτᾱ 		᾿αυτω 
GD  ᾿αυτοιν 		᾿αυταιν 		᾿αυτοιν 

S760 	REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS 

		      singular
	Masculine    		Feminine     
G    	᾿εμαυτου			᾿εμαυτης	
D	᾿εμαυτῳ			᾿εμαυτῃ	
A	᾿εμαυτον			᾿εμαυτην	

         		    plural
G	῾ημων  ᾿αυτων		῾ημων ᾿αυτων
D	῾ημιν ᾿αυτοις		῾ημιν ᾿αυταις
A	῾ημας ᾿αυτους		῾ημας ᾿αυτᾱς

		             singular
	Masculine    	Feminine     Neuter
G	᾿εαυτου		᾿εαυτης		᾿εαυτου
D	᾿εαυτῳ		᾿εαυτῃ		᾿εαυτῳ
A	᾿εαυτον		᾿εαυτην		᾿εαυτο

				plural	
G	᾿εαυτων		᾿εαυτων		᾿εαυτων
D	᾿εαυτοις		᾿εαυταις		᾿εαυτοις
A	᾿εαυτους		᾿εαυτᾱς		᾿εαυτα

		REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS 

			    			singular
	      M                    F 		  		M	      	   F 
G    σεαυτου	      	σεαυτης	       			σαυτου   		σαυτης	
D	σεαυτῳ	      	σεαυτῃ     	or           	σαυτῳ    		σαυτῃ
A	σεαυτον	      	σεαυτην	       			σαυτον  		σαυτην

G	῾υμων ᾿αυτων    	῾υμων  ᾿αυτων
D	῾υμιν  ᾿αυτοις   	῾υμιν  ᾿αυταις
A	῾υμας ᾿αυτους   	῾υμας  ᾿αυτᾱς

			    plural
	Masculine    Feminine     	Neuter
G	᾿αυτου		᾿αυτης		᾿αυτου
D	᾿αυτῳ		᾿αυτῃ		᾿αυτῳ
A	᾿αυτον		᾿αυτην		᾿αυτο
	
G	᾿αυτων		᾿αυτων		᾿αυτων
D	᾿αυτοις		᾿αυταις		᾿αυταις
A	᾿αυτους		᾿αυτᾱς		᾿αυτᾱς

S761 RECIPROCAL PROUNOUN 

				plural
	Masculine    	Feminine     	Neuter
G	᾿αλληλων	᾿αλληλων	᾿αλληλων
D	᾿αλληλοις	᾿αλληλαις	᾿αλληλοις
A	᾿αλληλους	᾿αλληλᾱς		᾿αλληλα

				dual
GD 	᾿αλληλοιν	᾿αλληλαιν	᾿αλληλοιν
A	᾿αλληλω		᾿αλληλᾱ		᾿αλληλω

S762 DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS 

			singular
Masculine    	Feminine     	Neuter
῾ουτος 	       	᾿αυτη    		τουτο 
 τουτου        	ταυτης   		τουτου
 τουτῳ 	        ταυτῃ    		τουτῳ 
 τουτον        	ταυτην  		τουτο 

			plural
῾ουτοι 	       	᾿αυται     		ταυτα 
 τουτων      	τοντων    		τουτων
 τουτοις      	ταυταις   		τουτοις
 τουτους     	ταυτᾱς    		ταυτα 	

		    	dual
 τουτω 	  	τουτω     		τουτω 	
 τουτοιν     	τουτοιν   		τουτοιν

			singular
Masculine    	Feminine     	Neuter
῾οδε    		῾ηδε     		τοδε 	
τουδε   		τησδε   		τουδε 	
τῳδε    		τῃδε 		τῳδε 	
τονδε   		τηνδε  		τοδε 	

			plural
῾οιδε		῾αιδε		ταδε 	
τωνδε 		τωνδε 		τωνδε 	
τοισδε 		ταισδε 		τοισδε 	
τουσδε 		τασδε 		ταδε 	

		    	dual
τωδ 			τωδ 			τωδ 	
τοινδ 		τοινδε 		τοινδε 	

			singular
Masculine    	Feminine     	Neuter
᾿εκεινος   	᾿εκεινη		῾εκεινο 
᾿εκεινου   	᾿εκεινης		῾εκεινου 
᾿εκεινῳ    	᾿εκεινῃ		῾εκεινῳ 
᾿εκεινον   	᾿εκεινην		῾εκεινο 

			plural
᾿εκεινοι    	᾿εκειναι		᾿εκινα 
᾿εκεινων   	᾿εκεινων		᾿εκεινων
᾿εκεινοις   	᾿εκειναις		᾿εκεινοις 
᾿εκτινους  	᾿εκεινᾱς		᾿εκεινα 

		    	  dual
᾿εκεινω		᾿εκεινω		᾿εκεινω 
᾿εκεινοιν		᾿εκεινοιν		᾿εκεινο

S763 INTERROGATIVE AND INDEFINITE PRONOUNS 

						singular
       Masc, Fem    		Neuter 		Masc, Fem    Neuter
N		τις		 	τι			τις			τι
G 	  	τινος, του 	τινος, του 	τινος, του 	τινος, του 
D       	τινι, τῳ		τινι,	τῳ		τινι, τῳ 		τινι τῳ
A		τινα 			τι 			τινα 			τι 

						plural
N 		τινες 		τινα 			τινες 		τινα 
G 		τινων 		τινων 		τνων 		τινων 
D 		τισι 			τισι 			τισι 			τισι 
A		τινας 		τινα 			τινας 		τινα

		    				dual
NA 	τινε 			τινε 			τινε 			τινε 
GD 	τινοιν 		τινοιν 		τινοιν 		τινοιν

S764 	RELATIVE PRONOUNS
				singular 
	Masculine    Feminine     	Neuter
N 	῾ος 			῾η 			῾ο 	
G	῾ου 			῾ης 			῾ου	
D	῾ῳ 			῾ῃ 			῾ῳ 	
A	῾ον       		῾ην       		῾ο	

				plural
N 	῾οι 			῾αι 			῾α 	
G	῾ων 			῾ων			῾ων 	
D 	῾οις      		῾αις 			῾οις 	
A	῾ους 		῾ᾱς 			῾α 	
		
				dual
NA	῾ω			῾ω 			῾ω 	
GD 	῾οιν 			῾οιν 			῾οιν 	

					singular
N 	῾οστις	 		῾ητις 	 	῾ο τι 
G	῾ουτινος,῾οτου 	῾ηστινος 		῾ουτινος, ῾οτου 
D	῾ῳτινι,῾οτῳ 		῾ητινι		῾ῳτινι, ῾οτῳ 
A	῾οντινα 			῾ηντινα 		῾ο τι 

					plural
N 	῾οιτινες 			῾αιτινες 		῾ατινα,῾αττα 
G	῾ωντινων,῾οτων 	῾ωντινων 	῾ωνττνων,῾οτων 
D 	῾οιστισι,῾οτοις 	῾αιστισι 		῾αιστισι, ῾οτοις 
A	῾ουστινας 		῾ᾱστινας 		῾ᾱστινας,῾αττα 

	    				dual
NA	῾ωτινε	 		῾ωτινε 		῾ωτινε 
GD 	῾οιντινοιν       		῾οιντινοιν 	῾οιντινοιν 

S765 Present System of λυω, loose

		ACTIVE                		MIDDLE & PASSIVE 
  	Present 	 Imperfect 		Present 		Imperfect
             Indicative 					  Indicative 
1	λυω 		᾿ελυον 			λυομαι 		᾿ελυομην 
2 	λυεις 	᾿ελυες 			λυει 			᾿ελυου 
3 	λυει 		᾿ελυε 			λυεται 		᾿ελυετο 

1 	λυομεν 	᾿ελυομεν 			λυομεθα 	᾿ελυομεθα 
2 	λυετε 	᾿ελυετε 			λυεσθε 		᾿ελυεσθε 
3 	λυουσι 	᾿ελυον 			λυονται 	᾿ελυοντο 

2 	λυετον 	᾿ελυετον 			λυεσθον 	᾿ελυεσθον 
3 	λυετον 	᾿ελυετην 			λυεσθον 	᾿ελυεσθην 

	Present					Present
1 	λυω 						λυωμαι 
2 	λυῃς 					λυῃ
3 	λυῃ 						λυηται 

1  	λυωμεν 					λυωμεθα 
2 	λυητε 					λυησθε 
3 	λυωσι	 				λυωνται 

1  	λυητον 					λυησθον 
3 	λυητον 					λυησθον 

1 	λυοιμι 					λυοιμην 
2 	λυοις 					λυοιο 
3 	λυοι 					λυοιτο 

1   	λυοιμεν 					λυοιμεθα 
2 	λυοιτε 					λυοισθε 
3 	λυοιεν 					λυοιντο 

1  	λυοιτον 					λυοισθον 
3 	λυοιτην 					λυοισθην 

2   	λυε 						λυου 
3 	λυετω 					λυεσθω 

1   	λυετε 					λυεσθε 
3 	λυοντων 					λυεσθων 

1   	λυετον 					λυεσθον 
3 	λυετων	 				λυεσθων 

Infinitive λυειν 					λυεσθαι 
Participle λυων, ουσα, ον 		λυομενος, η, ον 

S766 Future System of λισω 

	ACTIVE  					MIDDLE 
                                Future
				singular	 	    
1  	λυσω						λυσομαι
2	λυσεις						λυσει	
3	λυσει						λυσεται
				plural
1  	λυσομεν						λυσεμεθα
2	λυσετε						λυσεσθε
3	λυσουσι						λυσoνται
				dual
2  	λυσετον						λυσεσθον
3	λυσετον						λυσεσθον

1  			
2	 		
3			

1  			
2			
3			

2  			
3			

				singular
1  	λυσοιμι						λυσοιμην
2	λυσοις						λυσοιο
3	λυσοι						λυσοιτο
				plural
1  	λυσοιμεν						λυσοιμεθα
2	λυσοιτε						λυσοισθε
3	λυσοιεν						λυσοιντο
				dual
2  	λυσοιτον						λυσοισθον
3	λυσοιτην						λυσοισθην

2  			
3
			
2  			
3			

2  			
3			

Infinitive     λυσειν					λυσεσθαι
Participle λυσων, ουσα, ον			λυσομενος, η, ον

S767 First Aorist System of λυω 

	ACTIVE  				MIDDLE 
        	              First Aorist
				singular
1  	᾿ελυσα					᾿ελυσαμην
2	᾿ελυσας					᾿ελυσω
3	᾿ελυσε					᾿ελυσατο
				plural
1  	᾿ελυσαμεν				᾿ελυσαμεθα 
2	᾿ελυσατε					᾿ελυσασθε 
3	᾿ελυσαν					᾿ελυσαντο 
				dual
2  	᾿ελυσατον				᾿ελυσασθον 
3	᾿ελυσατην				᾿ελυσασθην 

				singular
1  	 λυσω			 		λυσωμαι
2  	 λυσῃς			 		λυσῃ
3	 λυσῃ			 		λυσηται 
				plural
1  	 λυσωμεν		 			λυσημεθα 
2	 λυσητε		 			λυσησθε 
3	 λυσωσι		 			λυσωνται 
				dual
2  	 λυσητον		 			λυσησθον 
3	 λυσητον		 			λυσησθον 

				singular
1  	λυσαιμι		 			λυσαιμην
2	λυσειας, λυσαις 			λυσαιο
3	λυσειε, λυσαι		 		λυσαιτο 
				plural
1  	λυσαιμεν		 			λυσαιμεθα 
2	λυσαιτε		 			λυσαισθε 
3	λυσειαν, λυσαιεν 			λυσαιντο 
				dual
2  	λυσαιτον		 			λυσαισθον 
3	λυσαιτην		 			λυσαισθην 

				singular
2  	 λυσον			 		λυσαι
3	 λυσατω		 			λυσασθω
				plural
2  	 λυσατε		 			λυσασθε 
3	 λυσαντων		 		λυσασθων 
				dual
2  	 λυσατον		 			λυσασθον 
3	 λυσατων					λυσασθων

Infinitive	 λυσαι			 	λυσασθαι
Participle λυσᾱς,σᾱσα,σαν	 	λυσαμενος η, ον

S768 First Perfect System of λυω 
	
			     ACTIVE  	
  	First Perfect     		First Pluperfect
				singular 
1  	λελυκα				᾿ελελυκη		
2	λελυκας				᾿ελελυκης		
3	λελυκε				᾿ελελυκει		
				plural
1  	λελυκαμεν			᾿ελελυκεμεν		
2	λελυκατε				᾿ελελυκετε		
3	λελυκᾱσι				᾿ελελυκεσαν		
				dual
2  	λελυκατον			᾿ελελυκετον		
3	λελυκατον			᾿ελελυκετην		
	
	singular
1  	λελυκω				
2	λελυκῃς				
3	λελυκῃ					

	plural
1  	λελυκωμεν				
2	λελυκητε				
3	λελυκωσι				

	dual
2  	λελυκητον				
3	λελυκητον				

	singular
1  	λελυκοιμι			
2	λελυκοις			
3	λελυκοι				

	plural
1  	λελυκοιμεν			
2	λελυκοιτε			
3	λελυκοιν			

	dual
2  	λελυκοιτον			
3	λελυκοιτην			

2  						
3						

2  						
3						

2  						
3						

Infinitive     λελυκεναι				
Participle λελυκως, κυια, κος		

S769 Perfect Middle System of λυω (see next table) 

             Middle    and 	Passive 
 	Perfect    			Pluperfect
			singular
1  	λελυμαι			᾿ελελυμην
2	λελυσαι			᾿ελελυσο
3	λελυται			᾿ελελυτο 

			    plural
1  	λελυμεθα			᾿ελελυμεθα 
2	λελυσθε			᾿ελελυσθε 
3	λελυνται			᾿ελελυντο

   			   dual
2  	λελυσθον			᾿ελελυσθον 
3	λελυσθον			᾿ελελυσθην 

	singular
1  	λελυμενος ᾿ω
2	λελυμενος ᾿ης  
3	λελυμενος ᾿η

	plural
1  	λελυμενοι  ᾿ωμεν
2	λελυμενοι  ᾿ητε
3	λελυμενοι  ᾿ωσι

	dual
2  	λελυμενω  ᾿ητον
3	λελυμενω  ᾿ητον

	singular
1  	λελυμενος  ᾿ειην
2	λελυμενος  ᾿ειης  
3	λελυμενος  ᾿ειη 

	plural
1  	λελυμενοι  ᾿ειμεν        ᾿ειημεν
2	λελυμενοι  ᾿ειτε          ᾿ειητε
3	λελυμενοι  ᾿ειεν          ᾿ειησαν

	dual
2  	λελυμενω   ᾿ειτον or  ᾿ειητον
3	λελυμενω   ᾿ειτην       ᾿ειητην

	singular
2  	λελυσο
3	λελυσθω 

	plural
2  	λελυσθε 
3	λελυσθων 

	dual
2  	λελυσθον 
3	λελυσθων 

Infinitive  λελυσθαι 
Participle λελυμενος, η, ον

PERFECT MIDDLE SYSTEM OF λυω (continued) 	

   MIDDLE and PASSIVE 	
     FUTURE PERFECT
       
Future Perfect Indicative
	singular 	
1   	λελυσομαι 		
2     λελυσει			
3     λελυσεται 			

	plural
1     λελυσομεθα 		
2     λελυσεσθε 		
3     λελυσονται 		

	dual
2     λελυσεσθον 		
3     λελυσεσθον 		

Future Perfect Subjunctive
1
2 	  			
3

1  		   		
2   				
3
  	 	  		
2			 	
3   				

Future Perfect Optative
	singular
1 	λελυσοιμην 		
2   	λελυσοιο 			
3     λελυσοιτο 		

	plural
1     λελυσοιμεθα	 	
2   	λελυσοισθε 		
3     λελυσοιντο 		

	dual
2   	λελυσοισθον		
3     λελυσοισθην		

Future Perfect Imperative
2 	  			
3  		   		

2   				
3  	 	  		

2			 	
3   				

Infinitive   λελυσεσθαι 	       
Participle  λελυσομενος, η, ον   

S770 FIRST PASSIVE SYSTEM of λυω 

                            	PASSIVE 
      First Aorist 				First Future
				Indicative
				singular
1	᾿ελυθην 				λυθησομαι 
2   	᾿ελυθης 				λνθησει 
3     ᾿ελυθη 				λυθησεται 
				plural
1     ᾿ελυθημεν				λυθησομεθα 
2   	᾿ελυθητε 				λυθησεσθε 
3     ᾿ελυθησαν 			λυθησονται 
				dual
2   	᾿ελυθητον			λυθησεσθον 
3     ᾿ελυθητην				λυθησεσθον 

	Subjunctive
	singular
1     λυθω 
2   	λυθῃς 
3     λυθῃ 

	plural
1     λυθωμεν 
2   	λυθητε 
3     λυθωσι 

	dual
2   	λυθητον 
3     λυθητον 

				Optative
				singular
1     λυθειην 					λυθησοιμην 
2   	λυθειης 					λυθησοιο 
3     λυθειη 					λυθησοιτο 

				plural
1     λυθειμεν    	λυθειημεν 		λυθησοιμεθα 
2   	λυθειτε	    	λυθειητε 			λυθησοισθε 
3     λυθειεν      	λυθειησαν 		λυθησοιντο 

				dual
2   	λυθειτον or 	λυθειητον 		λυθησοισθον 
3     λυθειτην    	λυθειητην 		λνθησοισθην 

	Imperative
	singular
2   	λυθητι 
3     λυθητω 

	plural
2   	λυθητε 
3     λυθεντων 

	dual
2     λυθητον 
3     λυθητων 

Infinitive        λυθηναι 			λυθησεσθαι 
Participle    λυθεις,εισα,εν 		λυθησομενος, η, ον

S771 FUTURE SYSTEM OF LIQUID
	VERBS φαινω (φαν), show

	Active 				Middle	
			  Future
			singular	
1  	φανω 				φανουμαι 	
2	φανεις 				φανει 		
3 	φανει 				φανειται 	

				plural
1   	φανουμεν 			φανουμεθα 	
2	φανειτε 				φανεισθε 	
3 	φανουσι 				φανουνται 	

				dual
2 	φανειτον 				φανεισθον 	
3 	φανειτον 				φανεισθον 	

1   					
2					
3 					
2 					
3 					
1   					
2					
3 					

				singular
1   	φανοιην or  φανοιμι  	φανοιμην 	
2 	φανοιης      φανοις 		φανοιο 	
3 	φανοιη         φανοι 	   	φανοιτο 	

				plural
1   	φανοιμεν 	   		φανοιμεθα 	
2	φαανοιτε 	   		φανοισθε 	
3 	φανοιεν 	   			φαανοιντο 	

				dual
2 	φανοιτον 	   		φανοισθον 	
3 	φανοιτην 	   		φανοισθην 	

2 					
3	 				
2	 				
3 					
2	 				
3 	
				
Infinitive   φανειν 		  	φανεισθαι 	
Participleφανων,ουσα,ουν  	φανουμενος,η,ον 	

S772     FIRST AORIST SYSTEM OF LIQUID

        	VERBS φαινω (φαν),  show
	Active	 	     		Middle 
		      	First Aorist 
			singular
1	᾿εφηνα 				᾿εφηναμην 
2   	᾿εφηνας 				᾿εφηνω 
3   	᾿εφηνε 				᾿εφηνατο 

				plural
1     ᾿εφηναμεν 			᾿εφηναμεθα 
2   	᾿εφτσνατε 			᾿εφηνασθε 
3   	᾿εφηναν 				᾿εφηναντο 
				dual
2   	᾿εφηνατον 			᾿εφηνασθον 
3   	᾿εφηνατην 			᾿εφηνασθην 

			singular
1     φηνω 				φηνωμαι 
2   	φηνῃς 				φηνῃ
3   	φηνῃ 				φηνηται 

				plural
1     φηνωμεν 				φηνωμεθα 
2   	φηνητε 				φηνησθε 
3   	φηνωσι 				φηνωνται 

				dual
2   	φηνητον	 			φηνησθον 
3   	φηνητον 				φηνησθον 

			singular
1   	φηναιμι 				φηναιμην 
2 	φηνειας, φηναις 		φηναιο 
3 	φηνειε, φναι 			φηναιτο 

				plural
1 	φηναιμεν 			φηναιμεθα 
2 	φηναιτε 				φηναισθε 
3 	φηνειαν, φναιεν 		φηναιντο 

				dual
2 	φηναιτον 			φηναισθον 
3 	φηναιτην 			φηναισθην 

				singular
2   	φηνον 				φηναι 
3   	φηνατω 				φηνασθω

				plural
2  	φηνατε 				φηνασθε 
3  	φηναντων 			φηνασθων 

				dual
2   	φηνατον 				φηνασθον 
3  	φηνατων 				φηνασθων

Infinitive  φησναι 			φηνασθαι 
Participle  φηνᾱς, ᾱσα, αν 	φηναμενος, η, ον 

S773 SECOND AORIST SYSTEM 

            of λειπω (λιπ), leave

	Active 				Middle       
                	Second Aorist 	
1	᾿ελιπον 				᾿ελιπομην 	
2 	᾿ελιπες 				᾿ελιπου 	
3 	᾿ελιπε 				᾿ελιπετο 	

				plural
1   	᾿ελιπομεν 			᾿ελιπομεθα 	
2 	᾿ελιπετε 				᾿ελιπεσθε 	
3 	᾿ελιπον 				᾿ελιποντο 	

				dual
2 	᾿ελιπετον 			᾿ελιπεσθον 	
3 	᾿ελιπετην 			᾿ελιπεσθην 	

  				singular				
1   	λιπω 				λιπωμαι 	
2 	λιπῃς 				λιπῃ 		
3 	λιπῃ 				λιπηται 	

				plural
1   	λιπωμεν 				λιπωμεθα 	
2 	λιπητε 				λιπησθε 	
3 	λιπωσι 				λιπωνται 	

				dual
2 	λιπητον 				λιπησθον 	
3 	λιπητην 				λιπησθον 	

				singular
1   	λιποιμι 				λιποιμην 	
2 	λιποις 				λιποιο 	
3 	λιποι 				λιποιτο 	

				plural
1   	λιποιμεν 				λιποιμεθα 	
2 	λιποιτε 				λιποισθε 	
3 	λιποιεν 				λιποιντο 	

				dual
2 	λιποιτον 				λιποισθον 	
3 	λιποιτην 				λιποισθην 	

				singular
2 	λιπε 					λιπου 
3 	λιπετω 				λιπεσθω 

				plural
2 	λιπετε 				λιπεσθε 
3 	λιποντων 			λιπεσθων 

				dual
2 	λιπετον 				λιπεσθον 
3 	λιπετων 				λιπεσθων 

Infinitive   λιπειν 		 	λιπεσθαι 			
Participle λιπων,ουσα,ον     	λιπομενος,η,ον 		

S774 Second Perfect System  of λειπω 

 		  (λιπ), leave

                     		Active
	Second Perfect 	Second Pluperfect 
				singular
1	λελοιπα 			᾿ελελοιπη 
2 	λελοιπας 			᾿ελελοιπης 
3 	λελοιπε 			᾿ελελοιπει 

				plural
1   	λελοιπαμεν 		᾿ελελοιπεμεν 
2 	λελοιπατε 		᾿ελελοιπετε 
3 	λελοιπᾱσι 		᾿ελελοιπεσαν 

				dual
2 	λελοιπατον 		᾿ελελοιπετον 
3 	λελοιπατον 		᾿ελελοιπετην 

	Second Perfect
	singular
1   	λελοιπω 
2 	λελοιπῃς 
3 	λελοιπῃ 

	plural
1   	λελοιπωμεν 
2 	λελοιπητε 
3 	λελοιπωσι 

	dual
2 	λελοιπητον 
3 	λελοιπητον 

	singular
1   	λελοιποιμι 
2 	λελοιᾱροις 
3 	λελοιποι 

	plural
1   	λελοιποιμεν 
2 	λελοιποιτε 
3 	λελοιποιεν 

	dual
2 	λελοιποιτον 
3 	λελοιποιτην 

2 
3 
2 
3 
2 
3 

Infinitive 	λελοιπεναι 
Participle	λελοιπως, υια, ος

S775 Perfect Middle System of Labial Mute Verbs: 

	λειπω (λιπ), leave

				    Middle and Passive 
	Perfect Indicative				Pluperfect Indicative
						singular
1  	(λελειπμαι) λελειμμαι 			(᾿ελελειπμην) ᾿ελελειμμην 
2 	(λελειπσαι) λιλειψαι 			(᾿ελελειπσο)   ᾿ελελειψο 
3 	(λελειπται) λελειπται 			(᾿ελελειπτο) 	᾿ελελειπτο 

						plural
1   	(λελειπμεθα) λελειμμεθα 		(᾿ελελειπμεθα) ᾿ελελειμμεθα
2 	(λελειπσθε) λελειφθε 			(᾿ελελειπσθε)  ᾿ελελειφθε 
3 	(λελειπμενοι) λελειμμενοι εισι	(λελειπμενοι)    λελειμμενοι ᾿ησαν 

						dual
2 	(λελειπσθον) λελειφθον 		(᾿ελελειπσθον) ᾿ελελειφθον 
3 	(λελειπσθον) λελειφθον 		(᾿ελελειπσθην) ᾿ελελειφθην 

				Perfect Subjunctive
singular	(λελειπμενος) 		λελειμμενος ᾿ω, etc 
plural 	(λελειπμενοι) 		λελειμμενοι ᾿ωμεν, etc
dual 	(λελειπμενω) 			λελειμμενω ᾿ητον, etc
			
				Perfect Optative
singular 	(λελειπμενος) 		λελειμμενος ᾿ειην, etc 
plural 	(λελειπμενοι) 		λελειμμενοι ᾿ειμεν, etc 
dual 	(λελειπμενω) 			λελειμμενω ᾿ειτον, etc 

			        Subjunctive		
				singular
2   	(λελειπσο) 			λελειψο 
3 	(λελειπσθω) 			λελειφθω

				plural
2 	(λελειπσθε) 			λελειφθε 
3 	(λελειπσθων) 		λελειφθων 

				dual
2 	(λελειπσθον) 			λελειφθον 
3 	(λελειπσθων)			λελειφθων 

Infinitive  	(λελειπσθαι) 		λελειφθαι 
Participle (λελειπμενος) 	λελειμμενος, η, εv 

                 FUTURE PERFECT 
INDIC (λελειπσομαι) 		λελειψομαι, etc
OPT    (λελειπσοιμην) 		λελειψοιμην, etc 
Infinitive (λελειπσεσθα,) 	λελειψεσθαι 
Participle (λελειπσομεvος) 	λελειψομενος, η, ον 

S776   PERFECT MIDDLE SYSTEM OF 
            PALATAL MUTE VERBS: 

	᾿αγω (᾿αγ), lead

   	Middle and Passive
	Perfect 
	singular
1   	(᾿ηγμαι)  ᾿ηγμαι 	
2 	(᾿ηγσαι)  ᾿ηξαι 	
3 	(᾿ηγται)   ᾿ηκται 	

	plural
1   	(᾿ηγμεθα) ᾿ηγμεθα
2 	(᾿ηγσθε)   ᾿ηχθε 	
3 	(᾿ηγμενοι)᾿ηγμενοι ᾿εισι

	dual
2 	(᾿ηγσθον) ᾿ηχθον 	
3 	(᾿ηγσθον) ᾿ηχθον 	

	Pluperfect 	
	singular
1   	(᾿ηγμην)  ᾿ηγμην 		
2 	(᾿ηγσο)   ᾿ηξο 		
3 	(᾿ηγτο)    ᾿ηκτο 		
	
	plural
1   	(᾿ηγμεθα) ᾿ηγμεθα 	
2 	(᾿ηγσθε)  ᾿ηχθε 		
3 	(᾿ηγμενοι) ᾿ηγμενοι ᾿ησαν 

	dual
2 	(᾿ηγσθον) ᾿ηχθον 		
3 	(᾿ηγσθην) ᾿ηχθην 	

		Perfect 	
SUBJV  (᾿ηγμενος)  ᾿ηγμενος ᾿ω etc 
OPT      (᾿ηγμενος)  ᾿ηγμενος ᾿ειην, etc	 

	singular
2 	(᾿ηγσο)     ᾿ηξο 		
3 	(᾿ηγσθω)    ᾿ηχθω 		

	plural
2 	(᾿ηγσθε)    ᾿ηχθε 		
3 	(᾿ηγσθων   ᾿ηχθων 		

	dual
2 	(᾿ηγ·σθον)   ᾿ηχθον 		
3 	(᾿ηγσθων)  ᾿ηχθων 		

Infinitive   (᾿ηγσθαι   ᾿ηχθαι 	
Participle (᾿ηγμενος)  ᾿ηγμενος, η, ον 

NO FUTURE PERFECT 

S777 PERFECT MIDDLE SYSTEM
          OF PALATAL MUTE VERBS: 

          πειθω (πιθ), persuade

   		Middle and Passive	
			Perfect 		
				singular
1	(πεπειθμαι)		πεπεισμαι 
2 	(πεπειθσαι) 		πεπεισαι 
3 	(πεπειθται)  		πεπεισται 

				plural
1   	(πεπειθμεθα)   	πελιεισμεθα 
2 	(πεπειθσθε) 		πεπεισθε 
3 	(πεπειθμενοι)   	πεπεισμενοι ᾿εισι 

				dual
2 	(πεπειθσθον)   	πεπεισθον 
3 	(πεπειθσθον)   	πεπεισθον 

	Pluperfect 		Pluperfect 
				singular
1   	(᾿επεπειθμην) 		᾿επεπεισμην 
2 	(᾿επεπειθσο) 		᾿επεπεισο 
3 	(᾿επεπειθτο) 		᾿επεπειστο 

				plural
1   	(᾿επεπειθμεθα) 	᾿επεπεισμεθα 
2   	(᾿επεπειθσθε)   	᾿επεπεισθε 
3 	(᾿επεπειθμενοι) 	πεπεισμενοι ᾿ησαν

				dual
2   	(᾿επεπειθσθον) 	᾿επεπεισθον 
3 	(᾿επεπειθσθην) 	᾿επεπεισθην 

				    Perfect 
SUBJV (πεπειθμενος)   	πεπεισμενος, ᾿ω, etc
OPT     (πεπειθμενος)   	πεπεισμενος, ᾿ειην, etc

				Imperative
				singular
2     (πεπειθσο) 	    		πεπεισο 
3   	(πεπειθσθω) 			πεπεισθω
				plural
2     (πεπειθσθε) 			πεπεισθε 
3   	(πεπειθσθων) 			πεπεισθων 
				dual
2     (πεπειθσθον)			πεπεισθον 
3   	(πεπειθσθων) 			πεπεισθων 

Infinitive      (πεπειθσθαι)	πεπεισθαι 
Participle   (πεπειθμενος) 	πεπεισμενος, η, ον  

NO FUTURE PERFECT 	NO FUTURE PERFECT 

S778 PERFECT MIDDLE SYSTEM of LIQUID 

   VERBS: στελλω (στελ)  send

   	Middle and Passive
	Perfect 			Pluperfect 
			singular
1	᾿εσταλμαι		᾿εσταλμην 	
2   	᾿εσταλσαι 	     	᾿εσταλσο 
3 	᾿εσταλται 	     	᾿εσταλτο 	
			plural
1   	᾿εσταλμεθα      	᾿εσταλμεθα
2   	᾿εσταλθε 	     		᾿εσταλθε 	
3 	᾿εσταλμενοι ᾿εισι  	᾿εσταλμενοι ᾿ησαν
      	 	    	dual	 	   
2   	᾿εσταλθον 	     	᾿εσταλθον 	
3 	᾿εσταλθον 	     	᾿εσταλθην 	

           Perfect Subjunctive
S 	᾿εσταλμενος, ᾿ω  etc	
P 	᾿εσταλμενοι ᾿ωμεν, etc
D 	᾿εσταλμενω ᾿ητον, etc	

           Perfect Optative	
S 	᾿εσταλμενος ᾿ειην, etc
P 	᾿εσταλμενοι ᾿ειμεν, etc
D 	᾿εσταλμενω ᾿ειτον, etc

           Perfect Imperative
	singular
2   	᾿εσταλσο 
3 	᾿εσταλθω 		

	plural
2   	᾿εσταλθε 		
3 	᾿εσταλθων 		

	dual
2   	᾿εσταλθον 		
3 	᾿εσταλθων 		

Infinitive    ᾿εσταλθαι 	
Participle  ᾿εσταλμενος, η, ον 	

NO FUTURE PERFECT 	

S779 PERFECT MIDDLE SYSTEM of LIQUID 

          VERBS: φαινω (φαν), show

	       	Middle and Passive
	Perfect 			Pluperfect 
			singular
1	πεφασμαι 		᾿επεφασμην 
2   
3 	πεφανται 		᾿επεφαντο 

			plural
1   	πεφασμεθα 		᾿επεφασμεθα
2   	πεφανθε 			᾿επεφανθε 
3 	πεφοσμενοι ᾿εισι	πεφασμενοι ᾿ησαν

			dual
2   	πεφανθον 		᾿επεφανθον 
3 	πεφανθον 		᾿επεσανθην 

	Perfect Subjunctive	
S 	πεφασμενος ᾿ω, etc
P 	πεφασμενοι ᾿ωμεν, etc 
D 	πεφασμενω ᾿ητον, etc 

	Perfect Optative	
S 	πεφασμενος ᾿ειην, etc 
P 	πεφασμενοι ᾿ειμεν, etc 
D 	πεφασμενω ᾿ειτον, etc 

	Perfect Imperative
	singular
2   	
3 	πεφανθω 

	plural
2   	πεφανθε 
3 	πεφανθων 

	dual
2   	πεφανθον 
3 	πεφανθων 

Infinitive πεφανθαι 
Participle πεφασμενος, η, ον 

NO FUTURE PERFECT 

S780 Second Passive System of 

          στελλλω (στε), send

   			   	Passive Indicative
	Second Aorist 					Second Future 
					singular
1	᾿εσταλην 					σταλησομαι 
2   	᾿εσταλης 						σταλησει 
3 	᾿εσταλη 						σταλησεται 
					plural
1   	᾿εσταλημεν 					σταλησομεθα 
2   	᾿εσταλητε 					σταλησεσθε 
3     ᾿εσταλησαν 					σταλησονται 
					dual
2   	᾿εσταλητον 					σταλησεσθον 
3 	᾿εσταλητην 					σταλησεσθον 

   	Passive Subjunctive
	singular
1   	σταλω 
2   	σταλῃς 
3 	σταλῃ 

	plural
1   	σταλωμεν 
2   	σταλητε 
3 	σταλωσι 

	dual
2   	σταλητον 
3 	σταλητον 

   			   	Passive Optative
					singular
1   	σταλειην 						σταλησοιμην 
2   	σταλειης 						σταλησοιο 
3 	σταλειη 						σταλησοιτο 
					plural
1     σταλειμεν 	σταλειημεν 		σταλησοιμεθα 
2     σταλειτε 		σταλειητε 		σταλησοισθε 
3   	σταλειεν 		σταλειησαν 		σταλησοιντο 

					dual
2     σταλειτον or  σταλειητον 		σταλησοισθον 
3   	σταλειτην     σταλειητην 		σταλησοισθην 

   	Passive Imperative
	singular
2   	σταληθι 
3 	σταλητω 

	plural
2   	σταλητε 
3 	σταλεντων 

	dual
2   	σταλητον 
3 	σταλητων 

Infinitive    σταληναι 				σταλησεσθαι  
Participle σταλεις, ᾿εισα, εν 			σταλησομενος, η, ον 

 
S781 Present System of 

			τιμαω, honor

		Active 			   	Middle and Passive	   
			Present Indicative
				singular
1 	(τιμαω)  	τιμω 		(τιμαομαι) 	τιμωμαι	   
2 	(τιμαεις) 	τιμᾳς 		(τιμαει) 		τιμᾳ 	   
3 	(τιμαει) 	τιμᾳ 		(τιμαεται) 	τιμαται 	   

				plural
1 	(τιμαομεν) τιμωμεν 	(τιμαομεθα) 	τιμωμεθα 	   
2 	(τιμαετε) 	  τιματε 		(τιμαεσθε) 	τιμασθε 	   
3 	(τιμαουσι) τιμωσι	 	(τιμαονται) 	τιμωνται 	   

				dual
2 	(τιμαετον) τιματον 		(τιμαεσθον) 	τιμασθον 	   
3 	(τιμαετον) τιματον 		(τιμαεσθον) 	τιμασθον 	   

			Imperfect Indicative
					singular
1 	(᾿ετιμαον) ᾿ετιμων 		(᾿ετιμαομην) 	᾿ετιμωμην 	   
2 	(᾿ετιμαες) ᾿ετιμᾱς 		(᾿ετιμαου) 	᾿ετιμω 	   
3 	(᾿ετιμαε) 	᾿ετιμᾱ 		(᾿ετιμαετο) 	᾿ετιματο 
	   
					plural
1 	(᾿ετιμαομεν) ᾿ετιμωμεν 	(᾿ετιμαομεθα) 	᾿ετιμωμεθα 	   
2 	(᾿ετιμαετε)   ᾿ετιματε 	(᾿ετιμαεσθε) 	᾿ετιμασθε 	   
3 	(᾿ετιμαον)    ᾿ετιμων 	(᾿ετιμαοντο) 	᾿ετιμωντο 	   

					dual
2 	(᾿ετιμαετον) ᾿ετιματον 	(᾿ετιμαεσθον) 	᾿ετιμασθον 	   
3 	(᾿ετιμαετην) ᾿ετιμᾱτην) 	(᾿ετιμαεσθην)	᾿ετιμασθην 	 

			Present Subjunctive
					singular
1 	(τιμαω) 	τιμω 		(τιμαωμαι) 	τιμωμαι	   
2 	(τιμαῃς) 	τιμᾳς 		(τιμαῃ) 		τιμᾳ 	   
3 	(τιμαῃ)  	τιμᾳ 		(τιμαηται) 	τιμαται 	   

					plural
1 	(τιμαωμεν) τιμωμεν 	(τιμαωμεθα) 	τιμωμεθα 	   
2 	(τιμαητε)  τιματε 		(τιμαημθε) 	τιμασθε 	   
3 	(τιμαωσι)	 τιμωσι 		(τιμαωνται) 	τιμωνται

					dual
2 	(τιμαητον) τιματον 	(τιμαησθον) 	τιμασθον 	   
3 	(τιμαητον) τιματον 	(τιμαησθον) 	τιμασθον 	   

Present System of τιμαω, honor   (continued)

		Active 			   	Middle and Passive 	   
				Present Optative
					singular
1 	(τιμαοιμι) τιμῳμι 			(τιμαοιμην) 	τιμῳμην 	   
2 	(τιμαοις) 	 τιμῳς			(τιμαοιο) 	τιμῳο	   
3 	(τιμαοι) 	 τιμῳ			(τιμαοιτο) 	τιμῳτο	   

					plural
1 	(τιμαοιμεν) τιμῳμεν		(τιμαοιμεθα) 	τιμῳμεθα 	   
2 	(τιμαοιτε)   τιμῳτε			(τιμαοισθε) 	τιμῳσθε 	   
3 	(τιμαοιεν)   τιμῳεν			(τιμαοιντο) 	τιμῳντο 	   

					dual
2 	(τιμαοιτον) τιμῳτον 		(τιμαοισθον) 	τιμῳσθον 	   
3 	(τιμαοιτην) τιμῳτην 		(τιμαοισθην) 	τιμῳσθην 	   

	       or                 or 		
1 	(τιμαοιην) 	τιμῳην 					   
2 	(τιμαοιης) 	τιμῳης 					   
3 	(τιμαοιη) 	τιμῳη
 					   
1 	(τιμαοιημεν) 	τιμῳημεν 					   
2 	(τιμαοιητε) 	τιμῳητε 					   
3 	(τιμαοιησαν) 	τιμῳησαν 				   

2 	(τιμαοιητον) 	τιμῳητον 					   
3 	(τιμαοιητην) 	τιμῳητην 					   

				Present Imperative
					singular
2 	(τιμαε) 	 τιμᾱ 			(τιμαου) 		τιμω
3 	(τιμαετω) τιμᾱτω 			(τιμαεσθω) 	τιμᾱσθω 	   

	 	 	 		plural
2 	(τιμαετε) 		τιματε 		(τιμαεσθε) 	τιμασθε 	   
3 	(τιμαοντων) 	τιμωντων 	(τιμαεσθων) 	τιμασθων 	   

					dual
2 	(τιμαετον) 	τιμᾱτον 		(τιμαεσθον) 	τιμασθον 	   
3 	(τιμαετων) 	τιμᾱτων		(τιμαεσθων) 	τιμασθων 	   

Infinitive 	(τιμαειν) 	τιμαν 		(τιμαεσθαι 	τιμασθαι   

				Present Participle
M	(τιμαων) 	τιμων 			(τιμαομενος) 	τιμωενος 	   
F 	(τιμαουσα) τιμωσα 		(τιμαομενη) 	τιμωμενη 	   
N 	(τιμαον) 	τιμων 			(τιμαομενον) 	τιμωμενον 	

S782 	Present System of  

			ποιεω, do, make

		Active 	   	Middle and Passive
			Present Indicative
				singular
1   	(ποιεω) 	ποιω 		(ποιεομαι) 	ποιουμαι 
2   	(ποιεεις) 	ποιεις 		(ποιεει)		ποιει 
3 	(ποιεει) 	ποιει 		(ποιεεται) 	ποιειται 

					plural
1   	(ποιεομεν) ποιουμεν 	(ποιεομεθα) 	ποιουμεθα 
2   	(ποιεετε) 	  ποιειτε 		(ποιεεσθε) 	ποιεισθε 
3 	(ποιεουσι) ποιουσι 		(ποιεονται) 	ποιουνται 

					dual
2   	(ποιεετον) ποιειτον 	(ποιεεσθον) 	ποιεσθον 
3 	(ποιεετον) ποιειτον 	(ποιεεσθον) 	ποιεσθον 

				Imperfect Indicative
					singular
1   	(᾿επιοεον) ᾿εποιουν 	(᾿εποιεομεν) 	᾿εποιουμην 
2   	(᾿εποιεες) ᾿εποιεις 		(᾿εποιεου) 	᾿εποιου 
3 	(᾿εποιεε) 	 ᾿εποιει 		(᾿εποιεετο) 	᾿εποιειτο 

					plural
1   	(᾿εποιεομεν) ᾿εποιουμεν (᾿εποιεομεθα) 	᾿εποιουμεθα 
2   	(᾿εποιεετε)   ᾿εποιειτε 	(᾿εποιεεσθε) 	᾿εποιεισθε 
3 	(᾿εποιεον)    ᾿εποιουν 	(᾿εποιεοντο) 	᾿εποιουντο 

					dual
2   	(᾿εποιεετον) ᾿εποιειτον 	(᾿εποιεσθον) 	᾿εποιεισθον 
3 	(᾿εποιεετην) ᾿εποιειτην 	(᾿εποιεσθην) 	᾿εποιεσθην 

			Present Subjunctive
					singular
1   	(ποιεω) 	ποιω 		(ποιεωμαι) 	ποιωμι 
2   	(ποιεῃς) 	ποιῃς 		(ποιεῃ) 		ποιῃ
3 	(ποιεῃ) 	ποιῃ 		(ποιεηται) 	ποιηται 

					plural
1   	(ποιεωμεν) ποιωμεν 	(ποιεωμεθα)	ποιωμεθα 
2   	(ποιεητε) ποιητε 		(ποιεησθε) 	ποιησθε 
3 	(ποιεωσι)	ποιωσι 		(ποιεωνται) 	ποιωνται 

					dual
2   	(ποιεητον) ποιητον 	(ποιεησθον) 	ποιησθον 
3 	(ποιεητον) ποιητον 	(ποιεησθον) 	ποιησθον 

Present System of  ποιεω, do, make (continued)

 	Active 			   	Middle and Passive
				Present Optative
					singular
1   	(ποιεοιμι) ποιοιμι 		(ποιεοιμην) 	ποιοιμην 
2   	(ποιεοις) 	ποιοις 		(ποιεοιο) 		ποιοιο
3 	(ποιεοι) 	ποιοι 		(ποιεοιτο) 	ποιοιτο 

					plural
1   	(ποιεοιμεν) ποιοιμεν 	(ποιεοιμεθα) 	ποιοιμεθα 
2   	(ποιεοιτε) ποιοιτε 		(ποιεοισθε) 	ποιοισθε 
3 	(ποιεοιεν) ποιοιεν 		(ποιεοιντο) 	ποιοιοντο 

					dual
2   	(ποιεοιτον) ποιοτον 	(ποιεοισθον) 	ποιοισθον 
3 	(ποιεοιτην) ποιοιτην 	(ποιεοισθην) 	ποιοισθην 

	    or 		  or 
1   	(ποιεοιην) 	ποιοιην 
2   	(ποιεοιης) 	ποιοιης 
3 	(ποιεοιη) 		ποιοιη 

1   	(ποιεοιημεν) 	ποιοιημεν 
2   	(ποιεοιητε) 	ποιοιητε 
3 	(ποιεοιησαν) 	ποιοησαν 

2   	(ποιεοιητον) 	ποιοιητον 
3 	(ποιεοιητον) 	ποιοιητην 

			Present Imperative
				singular
2   	(ποιεε) 	ποιει 		(ποιεου) 	   	ποιου 
3 	(ποιεετω) ποιειτω 		(ποιεεσθω) 	ποιεισθω  

				plural
2   	(ποιεετον) ποιειτον 	(ποιεεσθον) 	ποιειθον 
3 	(ποιεετων) ποιειτων 	(ποιεεσθων) 	ποιειθων 

				dual
2   	(ποιεετε) 	ποιειτε 		(ποιεεσθε) 	ποιεισθε 
3 	(ποιεοντων) ποιουντων 	(ποιεεσθων) 	ποιεισθων 

Infinitive (ποιεειν) 	ποιειν 	(ποιεεσθαι) 	ποιεισθαι 

M 	(ποιεων) 	ποιων 		(ποιεομενος) 	ποιουμενος 
F 	(ποιεουσα) ποιουσα 	(ποιεομενη) 	ποιουμενη 
N 	(ποιεον) 	ποιουν 		(ποιεομενον) 	ποιουμενον 

S783 	Present System of 

			δηλοω, manifest

	Active 				   	Middle and Passive
			Present Indicative
					singular
1   	(δηλοω) 	δηλω 		(δηλοομαι) 	δηλουμαι 
2   	(δηλοεις) δηλοις 		(δηλοει) 		δηλοι 
3 	(δηλοει) 	δηλοι 		(δηλοεται) 	δηλουται 
				
					plural
1   	(δηλοομεν) δηλουμεν 	(δηλοομεθα) 	δηλουμεθα
2   	(δηλοετε)    δηλουτε 	(δηλοεσθε) 	δηλουσθε 
3 	(δηλοουσι) δηληουσι 	(δηλοονται) 	δηλουνται 

					dual
2   	(δηλοετον) δηλουτον 	(δηλοεσθον) 	δηλοεσθον
3 	(δηλοετον) δηλουτον 	(δηλοεσθον) 	δηλοεσθον

					Imperfect Indicative
						singular
1	(᾿εδηλοον) ᾿εδηλουν 		(᾿εδηλοομην) 	᾿εδηλουμεν 
2   	(᾿εδηλοες) ᾿εδηλους 		(᾿εδηλοου) 	᾿εδηλου 
3 	(᾿εδηλοε)   ᾿εδηλου 		(᾿εδηλοετο) 	᾿εδηλουτο 

						plural
1   	(᾿εδηλοομεν) ᾿εδηλουμεν 	(᾿εδηλοομεθα) ᾿εδηλουμεθα 
2   	(᾿εδηλοετε)    ᾿εδηλουτε 	(᾿εδηλοεσθε) 	᾿εδηλουσθε 
3 	(᾿εδηλοον)     ᾿εδηλουν 		(᾿εδηλοοντο) 	᾿εδηλουντο 

						dual
2   	(᾿εδηλοετον) ᾿εδηλουτον 	(᾿εδηλοεσθον) ᾿εδηλουσθον 
3 	(᾿εδηλοετην) ᾿εδηλουτην 	(᾿εδηλοεσθην) ᾿εδηλουσθην 

				Present Subjunctive 
					singular
1   	(δηλοω) 	δηλω 		(δηλοωμαι)	δηλωμοι 
2   	(δηλοῃς) 	δηλοις 		(δηλοῃ) 		δηλοι 
3 	(δηλοῃ) 	δηλοι 		(δηλοηται) 	δηλωται 

					plural
1   	(δηλοωμεν) δηλωμεν 	(δηλοωμεθα)	δηλωμεθα
2   	(δηλοητε) δηλωτε 		(δηλοησθε) 	δηλωσθε 
3 	(δηλοωσι) δηλωσι		(δηλοωνται)	δηλωνται 

					dual
2   	(δηλοητον) δηλωτον 	(δηλοησθον) 	δηλωσθον 
3 	(δηλοητον) δηλωτον 	(δηλοησθον) 	δηλωσθον 

Present System of δηλοω, manifest  (Continued)

		Active 			   	Middle and Passive
				Present Optative
						singular
1   	(δηλοοιμι )	δηλοιμι 		(δηλοοιμην) 	δηλοιμην 
2   	(δηλοοις) 	δηλοις 		(δηλοοιο) 	δηλοιο 
3 	(δηλοοι) 		δηλοι 		(δηλοοιτο) 	δηλοιοτο 

						plural
1   	(δηλοοιμεν) 	δηλοιμεν 		(δηλοοιμεθα) 	δηλοιμεθα 
2   	(δηλοοιτε) 	δηλοιτε 		(δηλοοισθε) 	δηλοισθε 
3 	(δηλοοιεν) 	δηλοιεν 		(δηλοοιντο) 	δηλοιντο 

						dual
2   	(δηλοοιτον) 	δηλοιτον 		(δηλοοισθον) 	δηλοισθον 
3 	(δηλοοιτην) 	δηλοιτην 		(δηλοοισθην) 	δηλοισθην 

		or 		   or
1   	(δηλοοιην) 	δηλοιην 
2   	(δηλοοιης) 	δηλοιης 
3 	(δηλοοιη) 	δηλοιη 

1   	(δηλοοιημεν) 	δηλοιημεν 
2   	(δηλοοιητε) 	δηλοιητε 
3 	(δηλοοιησαν) 	δηλοιησαν 

2   	(δηλοοιητον) 	δηλοιητον 
3 	(δηλοοιητην) 	δηλοιητην 

				Present Imperative	
					singular
2   	(δηλοε)		δηλου		(δηλοου) 		δηλου 
3 	(δηλοετω) 	δηλουτω 		(δηλοεσθω) 	δηλουσθω 

					plural
2   	(δηλοετε) 	δηλουτε		(δηλοεσθε) 	δηλουσθε 
3 	(δηλουντων) 	δηλουντων 	(δηλοεσθων) 	δηλουσθων 

					dual
2   	(δηλοετον) 	δηλουτον 	(δηλοεσθον) 	δηλουσθον 
3 	(δηλοετων) 	δηλουτων 	(δηλοεσθων) 	δηλουσθων 

INFIN   (δηλοειν) δηλουν 		(δηλοεσθαι) 	δηλουσθαι 

				Present Participle
M 	(δηλοων) 	δηλων		(δηλοομενος) 	δηλουμενος 
F 	(δηλοουσα) 	δηλουσα		(δηλοομενη) 	δηλουμενη 
N 	(δηλοον) 		δηλουν 		(δηλοομενον) 	δηλουμενον 

VERBS IN μι 

S784 	Present System of  

				τιθημι (θε), put, place

      	   Active 			   			Middle and Passive
   	Present Ind	Imperfect Ind		Present Ind	Imperfect Ind
						singular
1	τιθημι 		᾿ετιθην 		τιθεμαι 		᾿ετιθεμην 	
2     τιθης 		᾿ετιθεις 		τιθεσαι 		᾿ετιθεσο 
3   	τιθησι 		᾿ετιθει 		τιθεται		᾿ετιθετο 

						plural
1     τιθεμεν 		᾿ετιθεμεν 	τιθεμεθα 		᾿ετιθεμεθα 
2     τιθετε 		᾿ετιθετε 		τιθεσθε 		᾿ετιθεσθε 
3   	τιθεασι 		᾿ετιθεσαν	 	τιθενται 		᾿ετιθεντο 

						dual
2     τιθετον 		᾿ετιθετον 	τιθεσθον 		᾿ετιθεσθον 
3   	τιθετον 		᾿ετιθετην		τιθεσθον 		᾿ετιθεσθην 

       			Present Subjunctive	
				singular
1 	τιθω 					τιθωμαι 
2 	τιθῃς 					τιθῃ
3 	τιθῃ 					τιθηται 
				plural
1   	τιθωμεν 					τιθωμεθα 
2   	τιθητε 					τιθησθε 
3 	τιθωσι 					τιθωνται 
				dual
2	τιθητον 					τιθησθον 
3 	τιθητον 					τιθησθον 

			Present Optative
				singular
1   	τιθειην					τιθειμην
2   	τιθειης					τιθειο
3 	τιθειη					τιθειτο 
				plural
1    	τιθειμεν or τιθειημεν 		τιθειμεθα 
2    	τιθειτε 	     τιθειητε 		τιθεισθε 
3    	τιθειν 	     τιθειησαν 		τιθειντο 

				dual
2    	τιθειτον or τιθειητον		τιθεισθον 
3    	τιθειτην     τιθειητην 		τιθεισθην

			Present Imperative
				singular
2  	 	τιθει 				τιθεσο 
3 		τιθετω 				τιθεσθω 
				plural
2   		τιθετε 				τιθεσθε 
3 		τιθεντων 				τιθεσθων 
				dual
2   		τιθετον		 		τιθεσθον 
3 		τιθετων 				τιθεσθων 

INFIN 		τιθεναι 			τιθεσθαι 
PARTIC 	τιθεις, εισα, εν		τιθεμενος η ον 

VERBS IN μι 

S785 	Present System of  διδωμι (δο),  give
			Active 	Middle and Passive Indicative
	Present  		Imperfect 		Present 		Imperfect 
						singular
1   	διδωμι 		᾿εδιδουν 			διδομαι 		᾿εδιδομην 
2   	διδως 		᾿εδιδους 			διδοσαι		᾿εδιδοσο 
3 	διδωσι 		᾿εδιδου 			διδοται		᾿εδιδοτο 
						plural
1   	διδομεν 	᾿εδιδομεν 			διδομεθα 		᾿εδιδομεθα 
2   	διδοτε 		᾿εδιδοτε			διδοσθε 		᾿εδιδοσθε 
3 	διδοᾱσι 	᾿εδιδοσαν 			διδονται 		᾿εδιδοντο 

						dual
2   	διδοτον 	᾿εδιδοτον 			διδοσθον 		᾿εδιδοσθον 
3 	διδοτον 	᾿εδιδοτην 			διδοσθον 		᾿εδιδοσθην 

				Present Subjunctive	
					singular	
1   		διδω 					διδωμαι 
2   		διδῳς 					διδῳ 
3 		διδῳ 					διδωται 
					plural
1   		διδωμεν 					διδωμεθα
2   		διδωτε 					διδωσθε 
3 		διδωσι 					διδωνται 
					dual
2   		διδωτον 					διδωσθον 
3 		διδωτον 					διδωσθον 

			Present Optative
				singular
1	διδοιην 						διδοιμην
2	διδοιης 						διδοιο 
3	διδοιη	 					διδοιτο 
				plural
1	διδοιμεν 	διδοιημεν 			διδοιμεθα
2   	διδοιτε 		διδοιητε 			διδωσθε 
3 	διδοιεν 		διδοιησαν		διδωντο 

					dual
2   	διδοιτον  or  διδοιητον 			διδοισθον 
3 	διδοιτην 	διδοιητην 			διδοισθην 

				Present Imperative
					singular
2   		διδου 					διδοσο 
3 		διδωτω 					διδοσθω 
					plural
2   		διδοτε 					διδοσθε 
3 		διδοντων 					διδοσθων 
					dual
2   		διδοτον 					διδοσθον 
3 		διδωτων 					διδοσθων 

Infinitive 		διδοναι 				διδοσθαι 
Participle		διδους, ουσα, ον 		διδομενος, η ον 

VERBS IN μι 

S786 	Present System of  

			᾿ιστημι (στα), set, make stand

			Active 	   		Middle and Passive Indicative
	Present   		Imperfect 	Present 		Imperfect 
						singular
1   	᾿ιστημι		᾿ιστην		᾿ισταμαι		᾿ισταμην
2   	᾿ιστης		᾿ιστης		᾿ιστασαι		᾿ιστασο 
3  	᾿ιστησι		᾿ιστη		᾿ισταται		᾿ιστατο
						plural
1   	᾿ισταμεν	᾿ισταμεν			᾿ισταμεθα	᾿ισταμεθα
2   	᾿ιστατε	᾿ιστατε			᾿ιστασθε		᾿ιστασθε
3 	᾿ιστασι	᾿ιστασαν			᾿ιστανται		᾿ισταντο
						dual
2    	᾿ιστατον	᾿ιστατον			᾿ιστασθον	᾿ιστασθον
3 	᾿ιστατον	᾿ιστατην			᾿ιστασθον	᾿ιστασθην

				Present Subjunctive
					singular
1  		᾿ιστω					᾿ιστωμαι
2  		᾿ιστῃς					᾿ιστωῃ
3		᾿ιστῃ					᾿ιστηται
					plural
1  		᾿ιστωμεν					᾿ιστωμεθα
2  		᾿ιστητε					᾿ιστησθε
3		᾿ιστωσι					᾿ιστωνται
					dual
2  		᾿ιστητον					᾿ιστησθον
3		᾿ιστητον					᾿ιστησθον

			    Present Optative
					singular
1  	᾿ισταιην						᾿ισταιμην
2  	᾿ισταιης						᾿ισταιο
3	᾿ισταιη						᾿ισταιτο
					plural
1  	᾿ισταιμεν		᾿ισταιημεν		᾿ισταιμεθα
2  	᾿ισταιτε		᾿ισταιητε			᾿ισταισθε
3	᾿ισταιεν		᾿ισταιησαν		᾿ισταιντο

					dual
2  	᾿ισταιτον  or ᾿ισταιητον			᾿ισταισθον
3	᾿ισταιτην	᾿ισταιητην			᾿ισταισθην

		Present Imperative	
					singular
2  		᾿ι	στη					᾿ιστασο
3		᾿ιστατω					᾿ιστασθω
					plural
2  		᾿ιστατε					᾿ιστασθε
3		᾿ισταντων				᾿ιστασθων
					dual
2  		᾿ιστατον					᾿ιστασθον
3		᾿ιστατων					᾿ιστασθων

Infinitive		᾿ισταναι				᾿ιστασθαι 		

Participle		᾿ιστας, ασα, αν		᾿ισταμενος, η, ον

VERBS IN μι 

S787 	Present System of δεικνυμι (δεικ), show
			Active    				Middle and Passive Indicative
	Present 		Imperfect 		Present 		Imperfect 
						singular
1   	δεικνυμι		᾿εδεικνυν			δεικνυμαι	᾿εδεικνυμην
2   	δεικνυς		᾿εδεικνυς			δεικνυσαι	᾿εδεικνυσο 
3  	δεικνυσι		᾿εδεικνυ			δεικνυται		᾿εδεικνυτο
						plural
1   	δεικνυμεν	᾿εδεικνυμεν		δεικνυμεθα	᾿εδεικνυμεθα
2   	δεικνυτε		᾿εδεικνυτε		δεικνυσθε	᾿εδεικνυσθε
3 	δεικνυᾱσι	᾿εδεικνυσαν		δεικνυνται	᾿εδεικνυντο
						dual
2    	δεικνυτον	᾿εδεικνυτον		δεικνυσθον	᾿εδεικνυσθον
3 	δεικνυτον	᾿εδεικνυτην		δεικνυσθον	᾿εδεικνυσθην

				Present Subjunctive
					singular
1  		δεικνυω					δεικνυωμαι
2  		δεικνυῃς					δεικνυῃ
3		δεικνυῃ					δεικνυηται
					plural
1  		δεικνυωμεν				δεικνυωμεθα
2  		δεικνυητε				δεικνυησθε
3		δεικνυωσι				δεικνυνωται
					dual
2  		δεικνυητον				δεικνυησθον
3		δεικνυητον				δεικνυησθον

				Present Optative
					singular
1  		δεικνυοιμι				δεικνυοιμην
2  		δεικνυοις					δεικνυοιο
3		δεικνυοι					δεικνυοιτο
					plural
1  		δεικνυοιμεν				δεικνυοιμεθα
2  		δεικνυοιτε				δεικνυοισθε
3		δεικνυοιεν				δεικνυοιντο
					dual
2  		δεικνυοιτον				δεικνυοισθον
3		δεικνυοιτην				δεικνυοισθην

				Present Imperative
					singular
2  		δεικνυ					δεικνυσο
3		δεικνυτω					δεικνυσθω
					plural
2  		δεικνυτε					δεικνυσθε
3		δεικνυντων				δεικνυσθων
					dual
2  		δεικνυτον				δεικνυσθον
3		δεικνυτων				δεικνυσθων

Infinitive		δεικνυναι				δεικνυσθαι
Participle		δεικνυς, υσα, υν		δεικνυμενος, η, ον

VERBS IN μι 

S788 SECOND AORIST SYSTEM 

		of τιθημι (θε), place, put

    Active Indicative		Middle Indicative
			singular
1  						᾿εθεμην		
2  						᾿εθου		
3						᾿εθετο		
				plural
1    	᾿εθεμεν				᾿εθεμεθα		
2    	᾿εθετε				᾿εθεσθε		
3  	᾿εθεσαν				᾿εθεντο		
				dual
2    	᾿εθετον				᾿εθεσθον		
3  	᾿εθετην				᾿εθεσθην		

 Active Subjunctive		Middle Subjunctive
			singular
1  	θω					θημαι		
2  	θῃς					θῃ		
3	θῃ					θηται		
			plural
1  	θωμεν				θωμεθα		
2  	θητε					θησθε		
3	θωσι				θηνται		
			dual
2  	θητον				θησθον		
3	θητον				θησθον		

 Active Optative		Middle Optative  
			singular
1  	θειην		      		θειμην	
2  	θειης		      		θειο	
3	θειη		      			θειτο	
			plural
1    	θειμεν    θειημεν   		θειμεθα   	
2    	θειτε       θειητε     		θεισθε	
3  	θειν        θειησαν  		θειντο	

			dual
2    	θειτον or θειητον    	θεισθον   	
3  	θειτην     θειητην    	θεισθην   	

 Active Imperative 	Middle Imperative
			singular
2    	θες				θου		   	
3  	θετω			θεσθω	
			plural
2    	θετε				θεσθε		 
3  	θεντων			θεσθων	 
			dual
2    	θετον			θεσθον	
3  	θετων			θεσθων	

Infinative		θειναι			θεσθαι	 
Participle 	θεις,	θεισα, θεν     	θεμενος,η,ον 

VERBS IN μι 

S789 SECOND AORIST SYSTEM

	of  διδωμι (δο), give

     Active Indicative	Middle  Indicative
			singular
1  						᾿εδομην
2  						᾿εδου 
3						᾿εδοτο
			plural
1    	᾿εδομεν				᾿εδομεθα
2    	᾿εδοτε				᾿εδοσθε
3  	᾿εδοσαν				᾿εδοντο
			dual
2    	᾿εδοτον				᾿εδοσθον
3  	᾿εδοτην				᾿εδοσθην

   Active  Subjunctive	Middle  Subjunctive
			singular
1     δω		 			δωμαι
2     δῳς		 			δῳ
3    	δῳ		 			δωται
			plural
1     δωμεν	 			δωμεθα
2     δωτε					δωσθε
3    	δωσι					δωνται
			dual
2     δωτον	 			δωσθον
3    	δωτον	 			δωσθον

   Active Optative 		Middle Optative  
			singular
1   	δοιην	  			δοιμην
2     	δοιης	 			δοιο
3    	δοιη	 				δοιτο
			plural
1     	δοιμεν	δοιημεν		δοιμεθα
2     	δοιτε	δοιητε		δοισθε
3    	δοιεν	δοιησαν		δοιντο

			dual
2     	δοιτον  or δοιητον		δοισθον
3    	δοιτην	δοιητην		δοισθην

   Active Imperative	Middle Imperative
			singular
2 	δος		    		        δου
3  	δοτω		    		δοσθω
			plural
2    	δοτε		    			δοσθε
3  	δοντων		    	        δοσθων
			dual
2    	δοτον		    		δοσθον
3  	δοτων		    		δοσθων

Infinitive	  δουναι	    		δοσθαι 	
Participle	  δους,δουσα,δον   	δομενος,η,ον

S790 SECOND AORIST SYSTEM 

         of ᾿ιστημι (στα), set

	Active 		
    Second Aorist 
       Indicative
	singular
1   	᾿εστην, stood	
2   	᾿εστης		
3  	᾿εστη			

	plural
1   	᾿εστημεν		
2   	᾿εστητε		
3 	᾿εστησαν		

	dual
2    	᾿εστητον		
3 	᾿εστητην		

   Subjunctive
	singular
1   	στω 			
2   	στῃς 			
3 	στῃ 			

	plural
1   	στωμεν 		
2   	στητε 			
3 	στωσι  			

	dual
2   	στητον 		
3 	στητον 		

      Optative
	singular
1   	σταιην 		
2   	σταιης 		
3 	σταιη 

	plural			
1    	σταιμεν 	σταιημεν 	
2    	σταιτε 	σταιητε 	
3  	σταιεν 	σταιησαν 	

	dual
2    	σταιτον or σταιητον 	
3  	σταιτην 	αταιητην 	

     Ιmperative
	singular
2   	στηθι 			
3 	οτητω 	
	
	plural
2   	στητε 			
3 	στηντων		

	dual
2   	στητον		
3 	στητων 		

Infinitive 	στηναι 		
Participle στᾱς, στασα, σταν

S791 SECOND AORIST SYSTEM 

          of  δυω,  enter

	Active 	
       Second Aorist 	
        Indicative
	singular
1   	᾿εδυν
2   	᾿εδυς 
3  	᾿εδυ

	plural
1   	᾿εδυμεν
2   	᾿εδυτε
3 	᾿εδυσαν

	dual
2    	᾿εδυτον
3 	᾿εδυτην

    Second Perfect 
       Subjunctive
	singular
1   	δυω		
2   	δυῃς 		
3 	δυῃ 		

	plural
1   	δυωμεν 	
2   	δυητε 		
3 	δυωσι 		

	dual
2   	δυητον 	
3 	δυητον 	

   Optative
1   	
2   	
3 	

1    
2    
3  

2    
3  

   Imperative
	singular
2   	δυθι 			
3 	δυτω 			

	plural
2   	δυτε 			
3 	δυντων 		

	dual
2   	δυτον 			
3 	δυτων 		

Infinitive 	δυναι			
Participle  δυς, δυσα δυν 	

S792 SECOND PERFECT SYSTEM without Suffix 

                        of ᾿ιστημι (στα), set 

	                        Active 		
     Second Perfect    Second Pluperfect 
				Indicative
1   
2   
3 
				plural
1     ᾿εσταμεν				᾿εσταμεν
2     ᾿εστατε				᾿εστατε
3   	᾿εστασι				᾿εστασαν
				dual
2     ᾿εστατον				᾿εστατον
3   	᾿εστατον				᾿εστατην

	Second Perfect 
     	Subjunctive
	singular
1     ῾εστω 
2     ῾εστῃς 
3   	῾εστῃ 

	plural
1     ῾εστωμεν 
2     ῾εστητε 
3   	῾εστωσι 

	dual
2     ῾εστητον 
3   	῾εστητον 

    	Optative
	singular
1     ῾εσταιην 
2     ῾εσταιης 
3   	῾εσταιη 

			plural
1    	῾εσταιμεν 		῾εσταιημεν 
2    	῾εσταιτε 			῾εοταιητε 
3  	῾εσταιεν 			῾εσταιησαν 

			dual
2    	῾εσταιτον or	῾εσταιητον 
3  	῾εσταιτην 	῾εσταιητην 

        Imperative
	singular
2 	῾εσταθι 
3 	῾εοτατω 

	plural
2   	῾εστατε 
3 	῾εοταντων 

	dual
2   	῾εστατον 
3 	῾εοτατων 

Infinitive 	῾εσταναι 
Participle ῾εστως, ῾εστωσα, ῾εστος 

IRREGULAR VERBS IN μι 

S793 	 ᾿οιδα (᾿ιδ), know
		ACTIVE 	
	Second Perfect    Second Pluperfect
		  	Indicative
		    	singular
1   	᾿οιδα 		᾿ῃδη  or 	᾿ῃδειν 	 
2   	᾿οισθα 		᾿ῃδησθα or  ᾿ῃδεισθα 	
3 	᾿οιδε 		᾿ῃδει   or  ᾿ῃδειν 	
			plural
1   	᾿ισμεν 		᾿ῃσμεν 		
2   	᾿ιστε 		᾿ῃστε 			
3 	᾿ισασι	 	᾿ῃσαν or ᾿ῃδεσαν	
			dual
2   	᾿ιστον 		᾿ῃστον 			
3 	᾿ιστον 		᾿ῃστην 			

       Second Perfect 
	 Subjunctive
	singular
1   	᾿ειδω 					
2   	᾿ειδῃς 					
3 	᾿ειδῃ 					

	plural
1   	᾿ειδωμεν 			
2   	᾿ειδητε 			
3 	᾿ειδωσι 			

	dual
2   	᾿ειδητον 				
3 	᾿ειδητον 				

       Optative
	singular
1   	᾿ειδειην				
2   	᾿ειδειης				
3 	᾿ειδειη 				

			plural
1     ᾿ειδειμεν    or  ᾿ειδειημεν 		
2     ᾿ειδειτε 		᾿ειδειητε 		
3   	᾿ειδειεν 		᾿ειδιεησαν 		

	dual
2   	᾿ειδειτον  			
3 	᾿ειδειτην 			

        Imperative
	singular
2    ᾿ισθι 				
3    ᾿ιστω 			

	plural
2    ᾿ιστε 				
3    ᾿ιστων 			

	dual
2     ᾿ιστον 			
3    ᾿ιστων 			

Infinitive 	  ᾿ειδεναι 			
Participle  ᾿ειδως, ᾿ειδυια,᾿ειδος, genitive, ᾿ειδοτος, etc 

IRREGULAR VERBS IN μι 

S794    φημι (φα), say
		Active 
	Present 		Imperfect 
                  Indicative
		  singular
1   	φημι  		᾿εφην 
2   	φῃς or φης 	᾿εφησθα or ᾿εφης 
3 	φησι	 		᾿εφη 

		plural
1   	φαμεν 		᾿εφαμεν 
2   	φατε 		᾿εφατε 
3 	φασι 		᾿εφασαν 

		dual
2   	φατον 		᾿εφατον 
3 	φατον 		᾿εφατην 

       	Present
	Subjunctive 
	singular
1   	φω
2   	φῃς 
3 	φῃ 

	plural
1   	φωμεν
2   	φητε 
3 	φωσι 

	dual
2   	φητον
3 	φητον

       Optative
	singular
1   	φαιην
2   	φαιης 
3 	φαιη 

		     plural
1     φαιμεν 		φαιημεν 
2     φαιτε 		φαιητε
3   	φαιεν 		φαιησαν

		     dual
2   	φαιτον    or 	φαιητον 
3 	φαιτην 		φαιητην 

        Imperative
	singular
2    φαθι 
3    φατω

	plural
2    φατε 
3    φαντων 

	dual
2   φατον  
3   φατων 

Infinitive 	  φαναι 
Participle     

IRREGULAR VERBS IN μι 

S795 	 ᾿ειμι (᾿εσ), be

			Active
	Present 		Imperfect
		  	Indicative
		  	singular 
1   	᾿ειμι 		᾿η or ᾿ην 		
2   	᾿ει 			᾿ησθα 			
3 	᾿εστι 		᾿ην 			

			plural
1   	᾿εσμεν 		᾿ημεν 		
2   	᾿εστε 		᾿ηστε 	  ᾿ητε 		
3 	᾿ετσι 		᾿ησαν 			

			dual
2   	᾿εστον 		᾿ηστον or ᾿ητον 	
3 	᾿εστον 		᾿ηστην 	  ᾿ητην 		

 	 Present 	
	 Subjunctive
	 singular
1 	᾿ω 			
2 	᾿ῃς 		
3 	᾿ῃ		

	plural
1   	᾿ωμεν 		
2   	᾿ητε 		
3 	᾿ωσι 		

	dual
2   	᾿ητον 		
3 	᾿ητον 		

       Optative
	singular
1   	᾿ειην 		
2   	᾿ειης 		
3 	᾿ειη 		

		plural
1   	᾿ειμεν   	᾿ειημεν 	
2   	᾿ειτε 	᾿ειητε 	
3 	᾿ειεν 	᾿ειησαν	

		dual
2   	᾿ειτον or	᾿ειητον 	
3 	᾿ειτην    	᾿ειητην	

        Imperative
	  singular
2   	᾿ισθι 		
3 	᾿εστω 		

	plural
2 	᾿εστε		
3 	᾿εστων	 	

	dual
2 	᾿εστον 		
3 	᾿εστων	 	

Infinitive 	᾿ειναι		
Participle  ᾿ων, ουσα, ᾿ον, genitive ᾿οντος, etc 

IRREGULAR VERBS IN μι 

S796       ᾿ειμι (᾿ι), go

		    Active 
	Present 		Imperfect
		  	Indicative 	
 		  	singular
1   	᾿ειμι 		᾿ῃα  or  ᾿ῃειν 
2   	᾿ει 		     	᾿ῃεις   ᾿ῃεισθα 
3 	᾿εισι 		᾿ῃει     ᾿ῃειν 

			plural
1   	᾿ιμεν 		᾿ῃμεν 
2   	᾿ιτε 			᾿ῃτε 
3 	᾿ιᾱσι	 	᾿ῃσαν or ᾿ῃεσαν 

			dual
2   	᾿ιτον 		᾿ῃτον 
3 	᾿ιτον 		᾿ῃτην 
    
	Subjunctive
	singular
1   	᾿ιω 
2   	᾿ιῃς 
3 	᾿ιῃ 

	plural
1   	᾿ιωμεν 
2   	᾿ιητε 
3 	᾿ιωσι 

	dual
2   	᾿ιητον 
3 	᾿ιητον 

        Optative
	singular
1   	᾿ιοιμι or ᾿ιοιην
2   	᾿ιοις 
3 	᾿ιοι 

	plural
1   	᾿ιοιμεν 
2   	᾿ιοιτε 
3 	᾿ιοιεν 

	dual
2     ᾿ιοιτον 
3 	᾿ιοιτην 

        Imperative
	singular
2   	᾿ιθι 
3 	᾿ιτω 

	plural
2   	᾿ιτε 
3 	᾿ιοντων 

	dual
2   	᾿ιτον 
3 	᾿ιτων 

Infinitive 	  ᾿ιεναι 
Participle   ᾿ιων, ᾿ιουσα, ᾿ιον, genitive ᾿ιοντος, etc 

IRREGULAR VERBS IN μι 

S797 	   ᾿ιημι  (᾿ε), send 
	     Active                         	Middle and Passive 
   Present 	Imperfect 		Present 		Imperfect 
   Indicative   Indicative		  	Indicative	Indicative	
					singular
1 	᾿ιημι 		᾿ιην 			᾿ιεμαι 		᾿ιεμην
2 	᾿ιης 			᾿ιεις 		᾿ιεσαι 		᾿ιεσο 
3 	᾿ιησι 		᾿ιει 			᾿ιεται 		᾿ιετο 

					plural
1 	᾿ιεμεν 		᾿ιεμεν 		᾿ιεμεθα  		᾿ιεμεθα
2 	᾿ιετε 		᾿ιετε 		᾿ιεσθε 		᾿ιεσθε 
3 	᾿ιασι 		᾿ιεσαν		᾿ιενται 		᾿ιεντο 

					dual
2 	᾿ιετον 		᾿ιετον 		᾿ιεσθον 		᾿ιεσθον
3 	᾿ιετον 		᾿ιετην 		᾿ιεσθον  		᾿ιεσθην

	          	Present 	                		                    
	 		Subjunctive 	
			singular
1   	᾿ιω 						᾿ιωμαι 			
2   	᾿ιῃς 						᾿ιῃ 				
3 	᾿ιῃ 						᾿ιηται		 	

			plural
1   	᾿ιηωμεν 					᾿ιωμεν 			
2   	᾿ιητε					᾿ιησθε 			
3 	᾿ιωσι 					᾿ιωνται 			

			dual
2   	᾿ιητον 					᾿ιησθον			
3 	᾿ιητον 					᾿ιησθον			
			
			Optative
			singular
1 	᾿ιειην 	    				᾿ιειμην 
2 	᾿ιειης 	    				᾿ιειο 
3 	᾿ιειη 	    				᾿ιειτο 

			plural
1 	᾿ιειμεν or ᾿ιειημεν			᾿ιειμεθα 
2 	᾿ιειτε        ᾿ιειητε			᾿ιεισθε 	
3 	᾿ιειεν        ᾿ιειησαν			᾿ιειντο	

			dual
2 	᾿ιειτον or ᾿ιειητον			᾿ιεισθον 	
3 	᾿ιειτην	᾿ιειητην  			᾿ιεισθην 	

       		 	Imperative
			singular
2  	᾿ιει 						᾿ιεσο 
3	᾿ιετω 					᾿ιεσθω 
			plural
2  	᾿ιετε 					᾿ιεσθε 
3	᾿ιεντων 					᾿ιεσθων 
			dual
2  	᾿ιετον 					᾿ιεσθον 
3	᾿ιετων 					᾿ιεσθων

Infinitive 	᾿ιεναι 				᾿ιεσθαι 
Participle ᾿ιεις,᾿ιεισα,᾿ιεν   		᾿ιεμενος

S797 Continued

      			   ᾿ιημι  (᾿ε), send 

  	Active 				Middle 
    	Second Aorist        		Second Aorist
   	Indicative   			Indicative	
			singular
1 						᾿ειμην 
2 						᾿εισο 
3 						᾿ειτο 

			plural
1 	᾿ειμεν 				᾿ειμεθα 
2 	᾿ειτε 				᾿εισθε
3 	᾿εισαν 				᾿ειντο

			dual
2 	᾿ειτον 				᾿εισθον 
3 	᾿ειτην 				᾿εισθην 

		        Present 
 			Subjunctive
			singular 
1   	᾿ω  					᾿ωμαι  
2   	᾿ῃς					᾿ῃ
3 	᾿ῃ 					᾿ηται

			plural
1   	᾿ωμεν 				᾿ωμεθα 
2   	᾿ητε					᾿ησθε 
3 	᾿ωσι 				᾿ωνται 
			dual
2   	᾿ητον 				᾿ησθον 
3 	᾿ητον 				᾿ησθον 
			
       			Optative
			singular
1 	᾿ειην 				᾿ειμην
2 	᾿ειης 				᾿ειο 
3 	᾿ειη		 			᾿ειτο 

			plural
1 	᾿εμεν or ᾿ειημεν 		᾿ειμεθα 
2 	᾿ειτε      ᾿ειητε 		᾿εισθε
3 	᾿ειεν	     ᾿ειησαν 		᾿ειντο

			dual
2 	᾿ειτον or ᾿ειητον 		᾿εισθον 
3 	᾿ειτην     ᾿ειητην	 	᾿εισθην 

       		 Imperative
			singular
2  	᾿ες	 				᾿ου 
3	᾿ετω 				᾿εσθω 
			plural
2  	᾿ετε 					᾿εσθε 
3	᾿εντων				᾿εσθων 
			dual
2  	᾿ετον 				᾿εσθον 
3	᾿ετων 				᾿εσθων 

Infinitive 	᾿ειναι 			᾿εσθαι 
Participle ᾿εις, ᾿εισα, ᾿εν 	᾿εμενος 

IRREGULAR VERBS IN μι 

S798 	κειμαι (κει), lie
	Present   		Imperfect 
		  Indicative
		    singular	
1   	κειμαι 		᾿εκειμην 	
2   	κεισαι 		᾿εκεισο 	
3 	κειται 		᾿εκειτο 	

			plural
1   	κειμεθα		᾿εκειμεθα	
2   	κεισθε		᾿εκεισθε	
3 	κεινται 		᾿εκειντο	

			dual
2   	κεισθον		᾿εκεισθον 	
3 	κεισθον 		᾿εκεισθην 	

	Present
 	Subjunctive 
	singular	
1   	κεωμαι 	
2   	κεῃ 		
3 	κεηται 		

	plural
1   	κεωμεθα 	
2   	κεησθε 	
3 	κεωνται 	

	dual
2   	κεησθον 	
3 	κεησθον 	
 
       Optative
	singular
1   	κεοιμην 	
2   	κεοιο 		
3 	κεοιτο 		

	plural
1   	κεοιμεθα 	
2   	κεοισθε 	
3 	κεοιντο 	

	dual
2   	κεοισθον 	
3 	κεοισθην 	
 
        Imperative
	singular
2   	κεισο 		
3 	κεισθω 	

	plural
2   	κεισθε 		
3 	κεισθων 	

	dual
2   	κεισθον 	
3 	κεισθων 	

Infinitive 	    κεισθαι 	
Participle   κειμενος 

IRREGULAR VERBS IN μι 

S799  καθημαι (᾿ησ), sit down

	Present   				Imperfect 	
	Indicative			Indicative
			singular
1   	καθημαι 			᾿εκαθημην  or 	καθημην 
2   	καθησαι 			᾿εκαθησο 	καθησο 
3 	καθηται 			᾿εκαθητο 	καθηστο

			plural
1   	καθημεθα 		᾿εκαθημεθα 	καθημεθα
2   	καθησθε 			᾿εκαθησθε 	καθησθε 
3 	καθηνται 		᾿εκαθηντο 	καθηντο 

			dual
2   	καθησθον 		᾿εκαθησθον 	καθησθον 
3 	καθησθον 		᾿εκαθησθην 	καθησθην

	Present
	Subjunctive 
	singular
1   	καθωμαι 
2   	καθῃ 
3 	καθηται 

	plural
1   	καθωμεθα 
2   	καθησθε 
3 	καθωνται

	dual
2   	καθησθον 
3 	καθησθον 
 
       Optative
	singular
1   	καθοιμην 
2   	καθοιο 
3 	καθοιτο 

	plural
1   	καθοιμεθα 
2   	καθοισθε 
3 	καθοιντο

	dual
2   	καθοισθον 
3 	καθοισθην 
 
        Imperative
	singular
2   	καθησο 
3 	καθησθω 

	plural
2   	καθησθε 
3 	καθησθων 

	dual
2   	καθησθον 
3 	καθησθων 

Infinitive    καθησθαι 
Participle   καθημνος 

 
RULES OF SYNTAX. 

Subject and Predicate. 

800. The subject of a finite verb is in the nominative. Thus, ῾η ᾿οικια θυρας ᾿εχει, the house has doors. 

801. The subject of the infinitive is in the accusative; but it is generally omitted when it is the same as the subject or the object (direct or indirect) of the leading verb. See 461, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7. 

802. A verb agrees with its subject nominative in number and person; but a nominative in the neuter plural regularly takes a singular verb. Thus,  τα πλοια μικρα ᾿ην, the boats were small. 

803. With verbs signifying to be, become, appear, be named, chosen, made, thought, or regarded, and the like, a noun or adjective in the predicate is in the same case as the subject. Thus, ῾η ᾿εισβολη ᾿ην ῾οδος ῾αμαξιτος. the pass was a wagon road, ῾ο ποταμος καλειται Μαρσυας.  the river is called Marsyas. 

Apposition. 
804. A noun annexed to another noun to describe it, and denoting the same person or thing, agrees with it in case. This is called apposition, and the noun thus used is called an appositive. Thus, Κυρος, ᾿ο του Δαρειους, Περσης ᾿ην,   Cyrus, the son of Darius, was a Persian. 

Adjectives. 
805. Adjectives agree with their nouns in gender, number, and case. This applies also to the article and to adjective pronouns and participles. Thus, ῾η ᾿οδος στενη ᾿ην, the road was narrow,  ᾿επορευοντο ῾οι ῾Ελληνες την ῾ημετεραν ῾αρπαζοντες,  the Greeks advanced ravaging our land. 

806. An adjective or participle, generally with the article, may be used as a noun, Thus,  ῾οι πολλεμιοι,   the enemy,  το κωλυον,  the hindrance,  κακον, evil. 

The Article. 
807. Proper names may take the article. Thus,  ῾αι του Κυρου κωμαι, the villages of Cyrus. 

808. Abstract nouns often take the article. Thus, ῾η ᾿αληθεια, truth. 

809. Nouns with a possessive pronoun take the article when they refer to definite individuals, but not otherwise. Thus,   ῾ο ᾿εμος πατηρ,   my father, but ᾿εμος φιλος  a friend of mine.

810. The article is often used where we use a possessive pronoun, to mark something as belonging to a person or thing mentioned in the sentence. Thus, Κυρος ᾿επιβουλευσει τῳ ᾿αδελφῳ, Cyrus will plot against his brother. 

811. An adverb, a preposition with its case, or any similar expression may be used with the article to qualify a noun, like an attributive adjecctive. Here a noun denoting men or things is often omitted. Thus, ῾οι ᾿οικοι ᾿εχθροι,   his enemies at home,  ῾οι παρα βασιλεως ᾿αγγελλοι,  the messengers from the king, ῾οι ᾿οικοι, those at home, ῾οι ᾿αμφι Κυρον, Cyrus and his followers. 

812. An attributive adjective, or equivalent expression, which qualifies a noun with the article, commonly stands between the article and the noun. But the noun with the article may be followed by the adjective with the article repeated; here the first article is sometimes omitted. Thus, ῾η ῾Ελληνικη φυλακη, or ῾η φυλακη ῾η ῾Ελληνικη, or φυλακη ῾η ῾Ελληνικη, the Greek garrison, ῾η ᾿εις το πεδιον ᾿εισβολη, or ῾η ᾿εισβολη ῾η ᾿εις το πεδιον, or ᾿εισβολη ῾η ᾿εις το πεδιον, the pass leading into the plain. 

813. When an adjective either precedes the article, or follows the noun without taking an article, it is always a predicate adjective. Thus, μικραι ῾αι ᾿οικιαι ᾿ησαν, or ῾αι ᾿οικιαι μικραι ᾿ησαν, the houses were small. 

814. When a demonstrative pronoun agrees with a noun, it takes the article, and stands in the predicate position. See 158. 

815. In Attic prose the article retains its original demonstrative force chiefly in the expression 
῾ο μεν . . . ῾ο δε, the one. . . the other. ῾οδε, etc., sometimes means, and he, etc., even when no ῾ο μεν precedes. Thus,  τους μεν ᾿αρεκτεινε, τους, δ᾿ ᾿εξεβαλεν,  some he slew, others he banished, ᾿οτ δε ταυτα ᾿ελεξαν τοις στρατιωταις,   and they (the generals) told it to the soldiers. 

Pronouns. 

816. The nominatives of the personal pronouns are seldom used, except for emphasis. See 436. 

817. The personal pronoun of the third person, ῾ου, ῾οι, ῾ε, etc., is generally an indirect reflexive in Attic prose, i.e. it is used in a dependent clause to refer to the subject of the leading verb. See 437. 

818. ᾿αυτος has three uses: in all its cases it may mean self; when preceded by the article it means same; in its oblique cases it may mean him, her, it, them. See 160. 

819. The reflexive pronouns refer to the subject of the clause in which they stand. Sometimes in a dependent clause they refer to the subject of the leading verb,  i.e. they are indirect reflexives. See 446. 

820. The possessive pronouns (448) are generally equivalent to the possessive genitive (841, 1) of the personal pronouns. Thus, ῾ο ᾿εμος πατηρ = ῾ο πατηρ ᾿εμου, my father. 

821. ᾿εκεινος, that, is used of something remote;  ῾οδε, this, of something near or present. ῾ουτος is used in referring to something that has already been mentioned; ῾οδε, in referring to something which is about to be mentioned. See 159. 

822. The interrogative tis (353), who? what? may be either substantive or adjective. Thus, τις τουτο λεγει; who says this?  τινας ᾿ανδρας ᾿ειδον; what men did I see? 

823. τις may be used both in direct and in indirect questions. Thus, τις ῾ο θορυβος ᾿εστι;  what is the disturbance?  ᾿ερωτᾳ τις ῾ο θορυβος ᾿εστι, he asks what the disturbance is. 

824. The indefinite τις (354) may be either substantive or adjective. Thus, τουτο λεγει τις, or ᾿ανθρωπος τις τουτο λεγει, somebody says this. 

825. τις is sometimes nearly equivalent to English a or an. Thus, ᾿ειδον ᾿ανθρωπον τινα, I saw a certain man, or I saw a man. 

826. A relative agrees with its antecedent in gender and number, but its case depends on the construction of the clause in which it stands. Thus, ᾿εξελαυνουσιν ᾿επι τον ᾿Ευφρατην ποταμον, ῾ου ᾿ην το ᾿ευρος τετταρα σταδια, they marched on to the Euphrates, the breadth of which was four stades.
 
827. The antecedent of a relative may be omitted when it can easily be supplied from the context, especially if it is indefinite. Thus, καταπραξω ᾿εφ᾿  ῾α στρατευομαι, I shall accomplish (the objects) for which I am taking the field. 

828. When a relative would naturally be in the accusative as the object of a verb, it is generally assimilated to the case of the antecedent if this is a genitive or dative. Thus,  ᾿ανδρες ᾿αξιοι ᾿εισι της ᾿ελευθεριας ῾ης κεκτηνται,  they are men worthy of the freedom which they have. 

829. The antecedent is often attracted into the relative clause, and agrees with the relative. Thus, ᾿απεπεμψεν ῾ο ᾿ειχε στρατευμα,  he despatched what forces he had. 

Nominative and Vocative Cases.
830. The nominative is used chiefly as the subject of a finite verb, or in the predicate after verbs signifying to be, become, etc. See 800, 803. 

831. The vocative, with or without ᾿ω, is used in addressing a person or thing. Thus,  ῾η ᾿οδος, ᾿ω Κυρε, ᾿αγει ᾿εις πεδιον καλον, the road, Cyrus, leads into a beautiful plain, ᾿ανδρες στρατιωται,  fellow soldiers! 

Accusative Case. 
832. The direct object of the action of a transitive verb is put in the accusative. Thus, σφενδονην ᾿εχει, he has a sling. 

833. Any verb whose meaning permits it may take an accusative of kindred signification. This accusative repeats the idea already contained in the verb, and may follow intransitive as well as transitive verbs. It is called the cognate accusative. Thus, πολεμει ᾿αδικον πολεμον,  he  wages an unjust war,   τι σε ᾿ηδικησα;  what wrong have I done you? 

834. The accusative of specification may be joined with a verb, adjective, noun, or even a whole sentence, to denote a part, character, or quality to which the expression refers. Thus,  τα πολεμια ᾿αγαθος, skilled in matters pertaining to war,   ῾ο ποταμος ᾿εστι το ᾿ευρος πλεθρου,  the river is one hundred feet in width. 

835. An accusative in certain expressions has the force of an adverb. Thus, τα 
παντα νικωσι,   they are completely victorious,  τι δει ᾿αυτος  λυειν την γεφυραν,  why need they destroy the bridge?  

836. The accusative may denote extent of time or space. Thus, ᾿ενταυθα μενει ῾ημερας ῾επτα, he remained there a week, ᾿επορευοντο σταθμους πεντε, they proceeded five days journey. 

837. The accusative follows the adverbs of swearing νη and μα, by. An oath introduced by νη is affirmative; one introduced by μα is negative. Thus, νη Δια, yes, by Zeus!    μα τους θεους ᾿ουκ ᾿αυτους διωξω, by Heaven, I will not pursue them! 

838. Verbs signifying to ask, demand, teach, remind, clothe, unclothe, conceal, deprive, and take away may take two object accusatives. Thus, ῾ηγεμονα ᾿αιτειτε Κυρον, ask Cyrus for a guide,  τους παιδας σωφροσυνην διδασκουσι, they teach the lads self-control, ᾿αναμνησω γαρ ῾υμας τους κινδυνους, I will remind you of the dangers, το χρηματα Κυρον ᾿ουκ ᾿εκρυπτε, he did not conceal his possessions from Cyrus, τους ᾿ανδρας ᾿απεστερηκαμεν την ναυν, we have robbed the men of their ship. 

839. Verbs signifying to do anything to or to say anything of a person or thing take two accusatives. Thus, φιλους κακον τι ᾿εργασεσθε, you will do your friends some harm. 

840. Verbs signifying to name, choose or appoint, make, think or regard, and the like, may take a predicate accusative besides the object accusative. Thus, πατερα  Ξενοφωντα ᾿εκαλουν, they called Xenophon "father",  φιλον ποιησωμεν τουτον, let us make him our friend,  τον σατραπην φιλον ᾿ου νομιει, he will not regard the satrap as a friend. 

Genitive Case. 

841. A noun in the genitive may limit the meaning of another noun. This is called the attrributive genitive and expresses various relations, most of which are denoted by of or by the possessive case in English. Thus: 

1. Possession or other close relation, as τα βασιλεως βασιλεια, the Kings palace. The Possessive Genitive. 

2. The Subject of  an action or feeling, as ῾ο των βαρβαρρων φοβος, the fear of the barbarians, i.e. the fear which they felt. The Subjective Genitive, 

3. The Object of an action or feeling, as ῾ο των ῾Ελληνων φοβος, the fear of the Greeks, i.e. the fear which they inspired. The Objective Genitive. 

4. Material or Contents, including that of which anything consists, as πεντε μναι ᾿αργυριου, five minas of silver, Genitive of Material. 

5. Measure, of space, time, or value, as τριων ῾ημερων ῾οδος, a journey of three days, πεντε μηνων μισθος, five months  pay. Genitive of Measure. 

6. Cause or origin, as μεγαλων ᾿αδικηματων ᾿οργη, anger at great offenses. The causal Genitive. 

7. The  whole, after nouns denoting a part, as δια μεσου μωσου της πολεως, through the middle of the city. The partitive Genitive 

842. The partitive genitive (841, 7) may follow all nouns, pronouns, adjectives (especially superlatives), participles with the article, and adverbs, which denote a part, thus, τισ των ῾Ελληνων; who of the Greeks?  παντων παντα κρατιστος, best of all in everything, ῾υμων ῾ο βουλομενος, whoever of you wishes, τιμαται 
μαλιστα των ῾Ελληνων, he is honored more than any other Greek. 

843. Verbs signifying to be or become and other copulative verbs may have a predicate genitive expressing any of the relations of the attributive genitive (841). thus,  τινος ᾿εστιν ῾ο ῾ιππος; who owns the horse?   ῾ο Χαλος ᾿εστι το ᾿ευρος πλεθρου, the chalus is one hundred feet broad, ᾿ην δε και ῾ουτος των Μιλητον πολιορκουντων, he too was one of these who were besieging Miletus. 

844. Any verb may take a genitive if its action affects the object only in part. This principle applies especially to verbs signifying to share (give or take a part) or to enjoy. Thus, λαμβανουσι του βαρβαρικου στρατευματος, they take a part of the barbarian force, των ᾿επιτηδειων μετεσχετε, you had your share of provisions. 

845. The genitive follows verbs signifying to take hold of, touch, claim, aim at, hit, attain, miss, make trial of, begin. Thus, ᾿ελαβον της ζωνης, they took hold of his girdle, ᾿ουχ ῾απτεται της καρφης το ῾υδωρ, the water does not touch the hay, ῾ουτος αυτου ῾ημαρτε, this one missed him, ᾿ηρχε του λογου ῾ωδε, he began his speech as follows. 

846. The genitive follows verbs signifying to taste, smell, hear, perceive, comprehend, remember, forget, desire, care for, spare, neglect, wonder  at, admire, despise. Thus, ᾿ουποτε ῾ηδιονος ᾿οινου γεγευμαι, I have never  tasted finer wine, θορυβου ᾿ηκουσε, he heard a noise, τουτων μεμνησθε; do you remember this? 
των στρατιωτων ᾿επεμελειτο, he looked out for his men, μη ᾿αμελωμεν ῾ημων ᾿αυτων, let us not neglect ourselves. 

847. The genitive follows verbs signifying to rule, lead, or direct. thus, των ῾οπλιτων ᾿αρχει, he commands the hoplites, Κλεαρχος του δεξιου κερως ῾ηγειται, Clearchus leads the right wing. 

848. Verbs signifying fullness and want take the genitive of material (841, 4). Those signifying to fill take the accusative of the thing filled and the genitive of material. thus, ᾿ου στρατιωτων ᾿απορω, I am not in need of men, τας διφθερας ᾿επιμπλασαν  χορτου κουφου, they filled the skins with dry grass. 

849. The genitive (as ablative) may denote that from which anything is separated or distinguished. On this principle the genitive follows verbs denoting to remove, restrain, release, cease, fail, differ, give up, and the like. thus, διεσχον ᾿αλληλων ῾ως τριακοντα σταδια, they were about thirty furlongs distant from one another, ᾿επεσχον της πορειας,  they desisted from marching, πολεμου ῾ηδεως παυσεται, he will be glad to stop fighting. 

850. The genitive follows verbs signifying to surpass and be inferior, and all others which imply comparison. thus, ῾ουτως ᾿αν περιγενοιτο των ᾿εχθρων, he would thus get the better of his enemies, ῾υστερησε της μαχης ῾ημεραις πεντε, he was five days too late for the battle. 

851. The genitive often denotes a cause, especially with verbs expressing emotions, such as admiration, wonder, affection, hatred, pity, anger, envy, or revenge. Sometimes it denotes the source. thus, της ᾿ελευθεριας ῾υμας ᾿ευδαιμονιζω, I count you happy because of your freedom, θεοις χαριν ᾿εχουσι της νικης, they are grateful to the gods for victory, τουτων ᾿εμοι χαλεπαινετε, you are angry with me for this, ᾿ηκουσε ταυτα του ᾿αγγελλου, he heard this from the messenger. 

852. The genitive often depends on a preposition included in a compound verb. thus, των ᾿αλλων προτιμεσει, he will honor you above the rest, καταψηφιζονται ᾿αυτου θανατον, they condemn him to death (literally, they vote death against him). 

853. The genitive may denote the price or value of a thing. thus, ποσου διδασκεις; how much do you charge for your lessons? (literally, for what price do you teach?), φιαλη χρυση ᾿αξια δεκα μνων, a gold drinking-cup worth ten minas, φιλος πολλου ᾿αξιος,  a friend worth much ( ie. of great value). 

854. The genitive may denote the time within which anything takes place. thus,  ῾ωρματο της νυκτος, he set out in the night, ταυτα της ῾ημερας ᾿εγενετο, this  happened during the day. 

855. The objective genitive follows many verbal adjectives. These are chiefly  kindred (in meaning or derivation) to verbs which take the genitive. Thus, ᾿εμπειροι γαρ ᾿ησαν της χωρας, they were familiar with the country (845), της  χωρας ᾿εγκρατεις, masters or rulers of the land (847), κωμαι μεσται σιτου,  villages abounding in supplies (848). 

856. The genitive follows many adverbs, chiefly adverbs of place and those  derived from adjectives which take the genitive. thus, περαν του ᾿Ευφρατου,  across the Euphrates, ᾿εισω της πολεως, within the city, ᾿εγγυς του παραδεισου, near the park, ῾οι ᾿εμπειρως Κυρου ᾿εχοντες, those who are acquainted with  Cyrus. 

857. A noun and a participle not grammatically connected with the main  construction of the sentence may stand by themselves in the Genitive Absolute.  See 516. 

858. Adjectives and adverbs of the comparative degree take the geniitive  (without ᾿η, than). thus, κακιους των ᾿αλλων, more cowardly than the rest,  θαττον των ῾ιππων ᾿ετρεχον, they ran more swiftly than the horses. 

Dative Case. 
859. The indirect object of the action of a transitive verb is put in  the dative. this object is generally introduced in english by to. thus, διδωσι μισθον τῳ στρατευματι, he gives pay to the army. 

860. Certain intransitive verbs take the dative, many of which in english may  have a direct object without to. The verbs of this class which are not translated  with to in english are chiefly those signifying to benefit, serve, obey, defend,  assist, please, trust, satisfy, advise, exhort, or any of their opposites; also those  expressing friendliness, hostility, blame, abuse, repoach, envy, anger, threats.  Thus, ῾οι προσθεν ῾ημιν βοηθησαντες, those who have previously helped us,  πειθεται τῳ στρατηγῳ, he obeys his commander, πιστευουσι τῳ Κυρῳ, they trust  Cyrus, παρεκελευοντο ᾿αλληλοις, they exhorted one another, ᾿ωργιζοντο ᾿ισχυρως τῳ  Κλεαρχῳ, they were excessively angry with Clearchus. 

861. The person or thing for whose advantage or disadvantage anything is or is done is put in the dative. This dative is generally introduced in english by for. Thus, ᾿αλλο στρατευμα Κυρῳ συνελεγετο ᾿εν Χερρονησῳ, another force was collected for Cyrus in the Chersonese, ᾿εμοι κακον βουλευεις, you are plotting harm against me. Dative of advantage or Disadvantage. 

862. The dative with ᾿ειμι, γιγνομαι, and similar verbs may denote the possessor. thus, στρατιωται Κυρῳ ᾿ησαν ᾿αγαθοι, Cyrus had brave soldiers. Dative of the Possessor. 

863. The dative follows many adjectives and adverbs, and some verbal nouns of kindred meaning with the verbs of 860 and 861. Thus,  τῳ ᾿εμῳ ᾿αδελφῳ πολεμιος, ᾿εμοι δε φιλος και πιστος, hostile to my brother, but friendly and faithful to me, πηλος ταις ῾αμαξαις δυσπορευτος, mire hard for the wagons to get through. 

864. The dative is, used with all words implying likeness or unlikeness, agreement or disagreement, union, or approach. This includes verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and nouns. thus, ῾η πορεια ῾ομοια φυγῃ ᾿εγιγνετο, their march came to be like flight, Μαρσυας ᾿Απολλωνι ᾿ηρισε, Marsyas contended with Apollo, ᾿επολεμει τοις  θρᾳξι, he carried on war with the Thracians, ῾εψονται Κυρῳ, they will follow Cyrus, ῾αμα τῃ ῾ημερᾳ, at daybreak, πλησαιζει τοις πολεμιοις, he approaches the enemy. 

865. The dative follows many verbs compounded with ᾿εν, συν, or ᾿επι; and some compounded with προς, παρα, περι, and ῾υπο. thus, τοις στρατιωταις φοβον ᾿εμποιει, he inspires his soldiers with fear,  συμπεμπει τῳ στρατηγῳ ᾿αλλους στρατιςτας, he sends othelr soldiers with the general, Κυρῳ ᾿επιβουλευει, he plots against Cyrus. 

866. The dative is used to denote cause, manner, and means or instrument. Τhus, φιλιᾳ και ᾿ευνοιᾳ ᾿εβοηθουν ᾿αυτῳ, they helped him because of their friendship and good will, πορευονται κυκλῳ, they advance in a circle, ᾿αυτους φοβουσι τῃ κραυγῃ, they frighten them by their uproar, διαβαινουσι πλοιοις, they cross in boats, βουλεται ῾ημιν χρησθαι, he wishes to use ( ie. serve himself by) us, γενει προσηκει βασιλει, in family he is related to the king. 

867. The dative of manner is used with comparatives to denote the degree of difference. thus, πολλῳ μειζων ᾿εγιγνετο ῾η  βοη, the shouting grew much (literally, by much) louder. 

868. The dative sometimes denotes the agent with the perfect and pluperfect passive, rarely with other passive tenses. See 203. 

869. The dative is used to denote that by which any person or thing is accompanied. thus, ᾿ηλθε στρατευματι πολλῳ, he came with a mighty army. 

870. The dative without a preposition often denotes the time when an action takes place. This is confined chiefly to nouns denoting day, night, month, or year, and to names of festivals. Thus, τῃ ᾿αυτῃ ῾ημερᾳ, on the same day, τῃ ῾υστεραιᾳ, on the following (day), μιᾳ νυκτι παντες ᾿απεθανον, all perished in a single night. 

AUGMENT AND REDUPLICATION. VERB AND TENSE STEMS. PRINCIPAL PARTS OF IMPORTANT VERBS. 

871. 1. The diphthong ου is never augmented; ει and ευ are often without augment. 

2. Some verbs beginning with a single consonant have ει in the first perfect and perfect middle systems instead of the reduplication. See 106. 

3. Most verbs beginning with a mute and a liquid have the full reduplication. 

4. Some verbs whose stem begins with α, ε, or ο, followed by a single consonant, reduplicate the perfect and pluperfect by prefixing the first two letters of the stem, and lengthening the following vowel as in the temporal augment. This is called Attic reduplication. 

5. Some verbs whose stem begins with a vowel take the syllabic augment, as if the stem began with a consonant. These verbs also have a simple e for the reduplication. Some of them have the temporal in addition to the syllabic augment. When another ε follows, εε is contracted into ei. 

6. Some verbs derived from nouns or adjectives compounded with prepositions are augmented and reduplicated after the preposition, like compound verbs. 

7. A few compound verbs take the augment before the preposition, and others have both augments. 

8. Some vowel verbs retain the short vowel of the verb stem, contrary to the general rule (274), in all the systems in which the verb occurs. 

9. Some vowel verbs retain the short vowel only in some of the tense systems. 

10. Vowel stems which retain the short vowel (see 8, 9, above) and sorne others 
may add σ to the final vowel before all endings not beginning with σ in the perfect and pluperfect middle. Some verbs may have σ also before θε or θη in the first passive system. 

11. Some verbs with short verb stems ending in a mute or υ lengthen the short vowel in some of the tenses, α to η, ι to ει or οι, υ to ευ. The shorter verb stem generally appears in the second aorist active or passive. 

12. Stems consisting of a short vowel between two consonants sometimes drop the vowel. 

13. Some verbs add ε to the verb stem in some of the tense systems. 

14. Some verbs drop σ of the future stem and contract. 

15. Futures in ισω and ισομαι from verbs in ιζω of more than two syllables regularly drop σ and insert ε, and contract. The forms in 14 and 15 are called the Attic future. 

16. Some verbs, instead of a future in σομαι, or in addition to it, have a future in σεομι, contracted σουμαι, formed with the tense Suffix σε-ο/ε. this is called the Doric future. 

17. In many verbs the future active does not occur, and the future middle is used in instead. 

In the following, the numeral in parenthesis refers to the sections of 871, the asterisk to the notes below.

᾿αγω, lead, bring, 

᾿αξω 			᾿ηγαγον* 		᾿ηχα 		᾿ηγμαι 		᾿ηχθην  

* (The stem is reduplicated, αγαγ.)

᾿αινλω, praise
 
᾿αινεσω (9)		᾿ῃνεσα (9)		᾿ῃνεκα (9)	᾿ῃνημαι 		᾿ηνεθην (9) 

῾αιρεω (῾αιρε, ῾ελ), take, seize, middle take for oneself, choose, 

῾aιρησω   		᾿ειλον (5)  		῾ῃρηκα 		῾ῃρημαι 		῾ῃρεθην (9) 

᾿αισθανομαι (᾿αισθ),  perceive, 

᾿αισθησομαι (13) 	᾿ῃσθομην  		᾿ῃσθημαι (13) 

᾿ακουω, hear

᾿ακουσομαι (17) 	᾿ηκουσα    		᾿ακηκοα*(4) 				᾿ηκουσθην (10)  

 *  (υ is dropped.)

῾αλισκομαι (῾αλ, ῾αλο), be be captured, 

῾αλωσομαι 		῾εαλων*(5) 		῾εαλωκα (5) 
				῾ηλων* 			῾ηλωκα. 

* Second aorist of the μι form (789).

᾿αλλαττω (᾿αλλαγ),  change, 

᾿αλλαξω 			᾿ηλλαξα 			᾿ηλλαχα 		᾿ηλλαγμαι	᾿ηλλαχθην 
														᾿ηλλαγην 

῾αμαρτανω (῾αμαρτ),  miss, error do wrong.
	
῾αμαρτησομαι		᾿ημαρτον 		῾ημαρτηκα 	῾ημαρτημαι 	῾ημαρτηθην 
    (13, 17) 					              (13) 	   	      (13)                 (13)

᾿αν-οιγω,  open.

᾿αν-οιξω 			᾿αν-εῳξα (5) 		᾿αν-εῳχα (5) 	᾿αν-εῳγμαι (5)  ᾿αν-εῳχθην (5)
					        		᾿αν-εῳγα (5) 

βαινω (βα), go, 

βησομαι (17)		᾿εβην* 			βεβηκα 		βεβαμαι (9)	᾿εβαθην (9) *

* Second aorist of the μι form. (790). 

βαλλω (βαλ), throw.

βαλω 			᾿εβαλον 			βεβληκα 		βεβλημαι 	᾿εβληθην 

βλαπτω (βλαβ), injure.

βλαψω 			᾿εβλαψα 			βεβλαφα 		βεβλαμμαι 	᾿εβλαφθην 
														᾿εβλαβην 

βουλομαι, wish, will.

βουλησομαι  									βεβουλημαι  	᾿εβουληθην 
      (13)									                (13)               (13)

γιγνομαι ( γεν), become.

γενησομαι (13) 	᾿εγενομην 		γεγονα 		γεγενημαι (13) 

γιγνωσκω ( γνο), perceive, know. 

γνωσομαι  		᾿εγνων*  			᾿εγνωκα 		᾿εγνωσμαι (10) 	᾿εγνωσθην (10)   *

*  Second aorist of the μι form (789).

γραφω,  write, 

γραψω 			᾿εγραψα 			γεγραφα (3) 	γεγραμμαι (3) 		᾿εγραφην 

δεικνυμι (δεικ), point out, show.

δειξω 			᾿εδειξα 			δεδειχα 		δεδειγμαι 	᾿εδειχθην 

δερω, flay. 

δερω 			᾿εδειρα 						δεδαρμαι 	᾿εδαρην 

δεω, bind.

δησω 			᾿εδησα  			δεδεκα (9) 	δεδεμαι (9) 	᾿εδεθην (9) 

δεω, need, mid need, desire, request, 

δεησω (13) 		᾿εδεησα (13) 		δεδεκα (13) 	δεδεημαι (13) 	᾿εδεηθην (13) 

διδρασκω (δρα), run

δρασομαι (17) 	᾿εδραν*  			δεδρακα 

  * Second aorist of the μι form (790). 

διδωμι (δο), give. 

δωσω 			᾿εδωκα (700, 4) 	δεδωκα 		δεδομαι (9)	᾿εδοθην (9) 

δυναμαι (δυνα), be able, can. 

δυνησομαι 									δεδυνημαι 	᾿εδυνηθην 

δυω, make enter, intransitive enter.

δυσω 			᾿εδυσα 			δεδυκα 		δεδυμαι (9)	᾿εδυθην (9)
			 	᾿εδυν 

᾿εαω, permit.

᾿εασω 			᾿ειασα (5)		᾿ειακα (5)	᾿ειαμαι (5) 	᾿ειαθην (5) 

᾿εθελω, wish, desire.

᾿εθελησω (13) 	᾿ηθελησα (13) 	᾿ηθεληκα (13) 

᾿ειπον (᾿ειπ, ᾿επ, ῾ρε), said

᾿ερω 			᾿ειπον 			᾿ειρηκα (2)	᾿ειρημαι (2)	᾿ερρηθην (738, 2) 

᾿ελαυνω (᾿ελα), drive, set in motion, in trans ride, drive, march 

᾿ελω (14)			᾿ηλασα (8)		᾿εληλακα (4, 8)	᾿εληλαμαι (4, 8)  ᾿ηλαθην (8) 

᾿επισταμαι (᾿επιστα) understand know how.

᾿επιστησομοι 														᾿ηπιστηθην 

῾επομοι (σεπ)* follow accompany. 

῾εψομοι 			῾εσπομην (12)  

In ῾εσπομην the rough breathing is retained 
        irregularly.

*  ῾επομαι fοr σεπομαι αnd ῾εvομαι for σεψομαι  (738, 13).  

᾿εργαζομοι (᾿εργαδ) work. 

᾿εργασομοι 		᾿ειργοσαμην (5) 	᾿ειργασμαι (6) 

᾿ερχομοι (᾿επχ ᾿ελυθ ᾿ελθ) go come. 

᾿ελθον 			᾿εληλυθα (4) 

᾿εσθιω (᾿εσθι, ᾿εδ, ᾿εδο, φαγ)  eat. 

᾿εδομαι* 			᾿εφαγον 			᾿εδηδοκα 	᾿εδηδεσμαι 	᾿ηδεσθην 
                                   				    (4, 9)           (4, 9, 10, 13)    (9, 10, 13) 

*  A few irregular futures drop σ of the stem so that the future has the appearance of a present  

῾ευρισκω (῾ευρ) find discover. 

῾ευρησω (13)  		῾ηυρον 			῾ηυρηκα (13)	῾ηυρημαι (13) 		῾ηυρεθην (9 13) 

᾿εχω (σεχ, σχε)* have hold.    

῾εξω 			᾿εσχον (12) 		῾εσχηκa 		᾿εσχημaι 
σχησω    

* ᾿εχω for σεχω and ῾εξω for σεξω (738 13)

θαπτω (ταφ foρ θαφ)*  bury.

θαψω 			᾿εθοψο 						τεθαμμοι 	᾿ετοφην 

* See 738, 17.  

θαυμαζω (θαυμαδ) admire.

θουμασομαι (17) 	᾿εθουμασα 		τεθαυμακα 				᾿εθουμασθην 

θνῃσκω (θαν) die, be slain. 

θανουμοι (17) 		᾿εθανον 			τεθνηκα 

θυω  sacrifice.

θυσω 			᾿εθυσα 			τεθυκο (9) 	τεθυμαι (9) 	᾿ετυθην*  (9) 

 * θυ  becomes τυ before θην.

῾ιημι (῾ε) send.

῾ησω  			τκα* 			᾿εικα (5) 		῾ειμαι (5) 	῾ειθην (5) 

* Of the first aorist ᾿εqηκα (694, 5)

῾ικνεομαι (῾ικ) come. 

῾ιξομαι 			῾ικομην* 						῾ιγμαι* 

* ι is due to the augment and reduplication.

ιστημι (στα) set, maκe, stand, intransitive stand stop. 

στησω 			᾿εστησα 			῾εστηκα* 	῾εσταμαι (9)	᾿εσταθην (9) 
        			᾿εστην   

καλεω (καλε κλε) call. 

καλω (14) 		᾿εκαλεσα (9) 		κεκληκα 		κεκλημαι 	᾿εκληθην  

καω (καυ) burn. 

καυσω 			᾿εκαυσα 			κεκαυκα 		κεκαυμαι 	᾿εκαυθην 

κελευω order. 

κελευσω 			᾿εκελευσα 		κεκελευκα 	κεκελευσμαι (10)  ᾿εκελευσθην (10) 

κλειω shut. 

κλεισω 			᾿εκλεισα 						κεκλειμαι       	᾿εκλεισθην (10) 
				 							κεκλεισμαι (10) 

κλεπτω (κλεπ) steal. 

κλεvω 			᾿εκλεvα 			κεκλοφα 		κεκλεμμαι 	᾿εκλαπην 

κοπτω (κοπ)  cut. 

κοψω 			᾿εκοψα 			κεκοφα 		κεκομμαι 	᾿εκοπην 

κρεμαννυμι (κρεμα) hang up.

κρεμω (14) 		᾿εκρεμασα (9) 							᾿εκρεμασθην (9, 10) 

λαμβανω (λαβ) take. 

ληψομαι (11, 17) 	᾿ελαβον 			᾿ειληφα (2, 11)  ῾ειλημμαι (2, 11) 	᾿εληφθην (11) 

λανθανω (λαθ) escape the notice of,  middle,  forget. 

λησω (11) 		᾿ελαθον 			λεληθα (11) 	λελησμαι (11) 

λεγω  gather.

				᾿ελεξα 			᾿ειλοχα (2) 	᾿ειλεγμαι (2) 	᾿ελεγην   		᾿ελεχθην 

λεγω  say speak tell relate. 

λεξω 			᾿ελεξα 									λελεγμαι 		᾿ελεχθην 

λειπω (λιπ) leave. 

λειψω (11) 		᾿ελιπον 			λελοιπα (11) 		λελειμμαι (11) 	᾿ελειφθην (11) 

λυω loose. 

λυσω 			᾿ελυσα 			λελυκα (9) 	λελυμαι (9) 	᾿ελυθην (9) 

μανθανω (μαλλ) learn. 

μαθησομαι  		᾿εμαθον 			μεμαθηκα  
   (13,17)							      (13)

μαχομαι fight. 

μαχουμαι (13,14)	᾿εμαχεσαμην (9, 13) 			μεμαχημαι (13) 

μενω remain. 

μενω 			᾿εμεινα 			μεμενηκα (13) 

μιμνῃσκω (μνα) remind middle remember mention. 

μνησω 			᾿εμνησα 						μεμνημαι* 	᾿εμνησθην (10) 

* with full reduplication contrary to the rule (107)

νομιζω (νομιδ) think 

νομιω (15) 		᾿ενομισα 			νενομικα 		νενομισμαι  	᾿ενομισθην 

᾿οιομαι or ᾿οιμαι think believe. 

᾿οιησομαι (13) 	᾿ῳηθην (13) 

᾿ολλυμι (ολ)   destroy lose. 

᾿ολω 			᾿ωλεσα (9, 13) 	᾿ολωλεκα (4, 9, 13) 
				᾿ωλομην 			᾿ολωλα (4) 

᾿ομνυμι (᾿ομ ᾿ομο) swear. 

᾿ομουμαι (17) 		᾿ωμοσα (8) 		᾿ομωμοκα(4, 8)   	᾿ομωμομαι (4, 8)  	᾿ωμοθην (8) 
												᾿ομωμοσμαι     	᾿ωμοσθην 
												    (4, 8, 10)            (8, 10) 

῾οραω (῾ορα,῾ιδ,᾿οπ) see. 

᾿οψομαι 			᾿ειδον (5)			῾εορακα (5)	῾εωραμαι (5) 
				                    		῾εωρακα (5)	᾿ωμμαι      			᾿ωφθην 

᾿ορυττω (᾿οπυχ) dig. 

᾿ορυξω 			᾿ωρυξα 			᾿ορωρυχα (4)	᾿ορωρυγμαι (4) 		᾿ωρυχθην 

᾿οφειλω (᾿οφελ)*   owe 

᾿οφειλησω  		᾿ωφειλησα  		᾿ωφειληκα  						᾿ωφειληθην 	
     (13)			᾿ωφελον                        (13)               						(13)
				    (13)

᾿οφελω follows the anology of short stems ending in a mute (11) in 
lengthening οφελ to οφειλ in most of its tenses.

παιω    strike 

παισω 			᾿επαισα 			πεπαικα 						᾿επαισθην (10) 

πασχω (παθ πενθ) experience suffer. 

πεισομαι* 		᾿επαθον 			πεπονθα 

νθ are dropped before σ and the preceeding vowel is lengthened (738, 11).

πειθω (πιθ) persuade mid obey. 

πεισω (11) 		᾿επεισα (11) 		πεπεικα 		πεπεισμαι (11) 	᾿επεισθην (11)	    
								πεποιθα  
								  (11)

πιμπλημι (πλα)  fill. 

πλησω 			᾿επλησα 			πεπληκα 		πεπλημαι 		᾿επλησθην (10)    
											πεπλσμαι 
											     (10) 

πιπτω (πετ, πτο) fall. 

πεσουμαι (16, 17) 	᾿επεσον 			πεπτωκα 

πλεω (πλυ)  sail.
πλευσομαι(11,17)	᾿επλευσα  		πεπλευκα  	πεπλευσμαι    	
πλευσουμαι	           (11)			     (11)		     (10,11)         
(11, 16, 17)

πληττω (πληγ, πλαγ) smitε. 

πληξω 			᾿επληξα 			πεπληγα 		πεπληγμαι 		᾿επληγην 
															᾿επλαγην* 

* in compostion

πραττω (πραγ) do, act. 

πραξω 			᾿επραξα 			πεπραγα 		πεπραγμαι 		᾿επραχθην
								πεπραχα 

πυνθανομαι (πυθ) inquire learn by inquiry. 
 
πευσομαι (11) 	᾿επυθομην 					πεπυσμαι 

πεω (῾ρυ) flow. 

῾ρευσομαι (11,17) 	᾿ερρυηκα* (13) 	᾿ερρυην 

* For the reduplication see 738, 2.

῾ριπτω (῾ριφ ῾ριφ) throw. 

῾ριψω 			᾿ερριψα* 			᾿ερριφα* 		᾿ερριμμαι 	᾿ερριφθην 
													    	᾿ερριφην

* For the augment and reduplication see 738, 2.

σπαω draw. 

				᾿εσπασα (8)		᾿εσπακα (8)	῾εσπασμαι (8, 10) 	᾿εσπασθην (8, 10) 

σπειρω (σπερ) sow, scatter. 

σπερω 			᾿εσπειρα 						᾿εσπαρμαι 	᾿εσπαρην 

στελλω (στελ) put in order, equip, send. 

στελω 			᾿εστειλα 			᾿εσταλκα 	᾿εσταλμαι 	᾿εσταλην 

στρεφω   turn twist. 

στρεψω 			᾿εστρεψα 		᾿εστροφα 	᾿εστραμμαι 	᾿εστραφην 
									    					᾿εστρεφθην 

σῳζω (σω, σωδ)  save. 

σωσω 			᾿εσωσα 			σεσωκα 		σεσωμαι 		᾿εσωθην 
					  			σεσωσμαι 

τελεω cοmplete.

τελω (14) 		᾿ετελεσα (8) 		τετελεκα (8) 	τετελεσμαι (8, 10)    ᾿ετελεσθην (8, 10) 

τεμνω (τεμ) cut. 

τεμω 			᾿ετεμον 			τετμηκα 		τετμημαι 		᾿ετμηθην 
	 			᾿εταμον 

 
τηκω (τακ) melt. 

τησω (11) 		᾿ετηξα(11) 		τετηκα (11) 				᾿ετακην 
						       								᾿ετηχθην (11) 

τιθημι (θε) put, set, place. 

θησω 			᾿εθηκα (694, 5) 	τεθεικα* 		τεθειμαι*    	᾿ετεθην**
  
* The vowel of the verb stem is irregularly (274) lengthened
    to ει in the first perfect and perfect middle systems.

** θε becomes τε before θην.

τρεπω turn, bend, divert 

τρεψω 			᾿ετρεψα   		τετροφα 		τετραμμαι 	᾿ετραπην 
       				᾿ετραπον 				     					᾿ετρεφθην 

τρεφω (τρεφ for θρεφ)*  nourish, support.  

*See 738, 17.

θρεψω 			᾿εθρεψα 						τεθραμμαι 	᾿ετραφην 
						  								᾿εθρεφθην 

τρεχω (τρεχ δραμ) run. 

δραμουμαι (17) 	᾿εδραμον 		δεδραμηκα (13)  δεδραμημαι (13) 

τριβω (τριβ τριβ) rub. 

τριψω 			᾿ετριψα 			τετριφα 		τετριμμαι 	᾿ετριβην 
								 						᾿ετριφθην 

τυγχανω (τυχ) hit, attain, intransitive, happen. 

τευξομαι (11, 17)	᾿ετυχον 			τετυχηκα (13) 
								τετευχα (11) 

῾υπ-ισχνεομαι (σεχ σχε) hold oneself under, promise. 

῾υπο-σχησομαι 	῾υπ-εσχομην*  				῾υπεσχημαι 

* Compare ᾿εχω. 

φαινω (φαν) show. 

φανω   			᾿εφηνα   			πεφαγκα  	πεφασμαι 	᾿εφανθην 
				  				πεφηνα 		        		᾿εφανην 

φερω (φερ,᾿οι,᾿ενεκ,᾿ενεγκ) bear, bring, carry. 

᾿οισω  			᾿ηνεγκα* 		᾿ενηνοχα (4) 	᾿ενηνεγμαi (4)	 ᾿ηνεχθην 
	   			᾿ηνεγκον 
 
* Formed irregularly without σ on stem ᾿ενεγκ 

φευγω (φυγ)  flee. 

φευξομαi (11, 17)	᾿εφυγον   		πεφευγα (11) 
φευξουμαi(11, 16, 17) 

φθανω (φθα) get the start of, anticipate. 

φθησομαi (17) 	᾿εφθην* 
φθασω (9) 		᾿εφθασα (9) 

* Second aorist of the μι form.  Compare 790.  

φθεiρω (φθερ) destroy. 

φθερω 			᾿εφθειρα 			᾿εφθαρκα 	᾿εφθαρμαi 	᾿εφθαρην 

χραομαι use. 

χρησομαι*  		᾿εχρησαμην    		κεχρημαι (3) 

The α of the stem is irregularly (274) lengthened to η in all systems except the present.

S900.